Nationwide Population-based Matched Cohort Study Research Articles

Psychiatric disorders among 5800 patients with microscopic colitis: A nationwide population-based matched cohort study.

Microscopic colitis (MC) is an inflammatory condition of the large intestine. Primarily diagnosed in middle-aged and older adults, the incidence of the disease has increased markedly during the past decades. While MC is associated with a reduced quality of life, large-scale studies on the association with future psychiatric disorders are lacking. We conducted a nationwide matched cohort study in Sweden from 2006 to 2021. Through a nationwide histopathology database (the ESPRESSO study), we identified 5,816 patients with a colorectal biopsy consistent with MC. These patients were matched with 21,509 reference individuals from the general population, all of whom with no previous record of psychiatric disorders. From 2006-2021, 519 patients with MC (median age 64.4 years (interquartile range = 49.5-73.3)) and 1,313 reference individuals were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders (9.9 vs. 6.5 events per 1,000 person-years), corresponding to one extra case of psychiatric disorder in 29 patients with MC over 10 years. After adjustments, the hazard ratio (HR) for psychiatric disorders was 1.57 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.42-1.74). We found significantly elevated estimates up to 10 years after MC diagnosis and a trend towards higher risk with increasing age. Specifically, we observed increased risks for unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, stress-related disorders, substance abuse, and suicide attempts.In sibling-controlled analysis the aHR was 1.76 (95%CI=1.44-2.15). Patients with MC are at increased risk of incident psychiatric disorders compared to the general population.

Microscopic Colitis and Risk of Incident Psoriasis: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.

Microscopic colitis (MC) has been associated with several immune-mediated diseases including psoriasis, but earlier research has been limited to psoriasis occurring before MC. Data from large-scale cohort studies investigating MC and risk of future psoriasis are lacking. To examine the association between MC and psoriasis. In a nationwide, population-based, matched cohort study in Sweden from 2007 to 2021, we identified 8404 patients with biopsy-verified MC (diagnosed in 2007-2017), 37,033 matched reference individuals, and 8381 siblings without MC. Information on MC was obtained through the ESPRESSO cohort (a Swedish histopathology database with nationwide coverage). Using Cox regression, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for psoriasis up until 2021. During a median follow-up of 9.2 years (interquartile range = 6.7-11.7), 179 MC patients and 440 reference individuals were diagnosed with psoriasis (241.1 vs 131.8 events per 100,000 person-years), corresponding to one extra case of psoriasis in 91 patients with MC over 10 years. After adjustment for the matching variables (birth year, sex, county of residence, and calendar period) and level of education, we computed an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.82 (95% CI = 1.53-2.17). Stratified by sex, estimates were similar and when examining the aHR across different lengths of follow-up, we found significantly elevated estimates up to 10 years after MC diagnosis. Compared to MC-free siblings, the aHR was 1.85 (95% CI = 1.36-2.51). Patients with MC are at an almost doubled risk of psoriasis compared to the general population. Clinicians need to consider psoriasis in MC patients with skin lesions.

Risk of cardiac conduction disorders, and pacemaker implantations among individuals tested for serum Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies, a nationwide, matched, population-based cohort study

ObjectivesTo investigate the short- and long-term risks of atrioventricular block and other cardiac conduction disorders associated with being tested for Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) antibodies or Bb seropositivity as measures of confounding by indication and Bb infection, respectively. MethodsWe performed a nationwide population-based matched cohort study (Denmark, 1993–2021). We included 52 200 Bb-seropositive individuals (stratified as only Bb-IgM-seropositive [n = 26 103], only Bb-IgG-seropositive [n = 18 698], and Bb-IgM-and-IgG-seropositive [n = 7399]) and two age- and sex-matched comparison cohorts: 104 400 Bb-seronegative individuals and 261 000 population controls. We investigated the risk associated with being tested for serum Bb antibodies and being Bb seropositive. Outcomes were atrioventricular block and other conduction disorders. We calculated short-term odds ratios (aOR) (within 1 month), and long-term hazard ratios (aHR) (after 1 month) adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, chronic heart failure, and kidney disease with 95% CI. ResultsCompared with population controls, individuals tested for Bb antibodies had increased short- and long-term risks of atrioventricular block (aOR 47.9, 95% CI: 30.0–76.7, aHR 1.3, 95% CI:1.2–1.3), and other conduction disorders (aOR 18.2, 95% CI: 10.1–32.8, aHR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.4). Compared with Bb-seronegative individuals, only Bb-IgM-and-IgG-seropositive individuals had increased short-term risk of atrioventricular block (aOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5–3.1). DiscussionThe results suggest that Bb antibody testing is included in the diagnostic work-up of conduction disorders. Finally, that Bb seropositivity is not associated with other conduction disorders than atrioventricular block or with increased long-term risk of conduction disorders.

Risk of tuberculosis after endoscopic resection and gastrectomy in gastric cancer: nationwide population-based matched cohort study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between gastrectomy and endoscopic resection for gastric cancer and the subsequent tuberculosis incidence. We conducted a nationwide matched cohort study using data from the Korea National Health Insurance Service from 2013 to 2019. We created two cohorts: patients who underwent gastrectomy and those who had endoscopic resection. Each patient was matched 1:1 with an unexposed individual based on index year, age, sex, income, and various comorbidities. The primary outcome was the incidence of tuberculosis during the follow-up period. Our study comprised 90,886 gastrectomy patients and 46,759 endoscopic resection patients. The tuberculosis incidence was significantly higher in the gastrectomy group compared to its matched non-gastrectomy group (IRR 1.69, 95% CI 1.43-1.99, p < .001). In contrast, there was no significant difference in tuberculosis incidence between the endoscopic resection group and its matched non-resection group (IRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.19, p = 0.627). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence also did not differ between the two groups. However, tuberculosis incidence significantly increased in the first year after endoscopic resection. Gastrectomy for gastric cancer is associated with a higher incidence of subsequent tuberculosis, while no significant association was observed for endoscopic resection. However, tuberculosis incidence increases significantly during the first year after endoscopic resection.

Effects of urinary tract infection during the first years of life in subsequent growth: a nationwide comparative matched cohort study.

Although various childhood illnesses are known to influence growth status, the impact of urinary tract infections (UTI) on subsequent childhood growth remains unclear. This study was conducted to examine the association between UTI during infancy and growth status at 30-36 months. Nationwide population-based matched cohort study was done using data from the Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) and the Korean National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (NHSPIC) between January 2018 and December 2020. Height and weight standard deviation scores (SDSs) at the fourth Korean NHSPIC conducted at 30-36 months were compared between children who experienced UTI during infancy and age- and sex-matched controls. We used weighted multiple linear regression analysis with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and identified differences between the two groups using β coefficient with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We analyzed 84,519 children diagnosed with UTI during infancy and 84,519 age- and sex-matched controls. The height SDS between children who experienced UTI and the control group was not statistically different (β coefficient for height SDS, -0.0034; 95% CI: -0.0121 to 0.0054). However, the body mass index (BMI) SDS was significantly higher in children who had experienced UTI (β coefficient for BMI SDS, 00426; 95% CI: 0.0304 to 0.0547). Subgroup and sensitivity analysis showed consistent results. Our findings suggest that a history of UTI during infancy is associated with high BMI measured at 30-36 months.

Risk of haematologic cancers among individuals tested for Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies, and Borrelia burgdorferi seropositive individuals: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study

ObjectivesIn a nationwide, matched cohort study, we aimed to investigate risks of haematologic cancers among individuals tested for Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) antibodies, and among serum Bb seropositive individuals. MethodsWe identified all Bb seropositive individuals in Denmark (1993–2020) (n = 52 200) and constructed two age- and sex-matched comparison cohorts: (a) Bb seronegative controls (n = 104 400) and (b) background population controls (n = 261 000). We calculated short-term OR (aOR) (<1 month of study inclusion), and long-term hazard ratios (aHR) (>1 month after study inclusion) adjusted for age and sex. We stratified seropositive individuals on only Bb-IgM seropositive (n = 26 103), only Bb-IgG seropositive (n = 18 698), and Bb-IgM-and-IgG seropositive (n = 7399). ResultsCompared with the background population, individuals tested for Bb antibodies had increased short-term (aOR: 12.6, 95% CI: 10.1–15.6) and long-term (aHR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2–1.4) risk of haematologic cancers. The Bb seropositive individuals had no increased risk of haematologic cancers compared with those who tested negative for Bb, except that Bb-IgM-and-IgG seropositive individuals had increased long-term risk of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (aHR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2–3.4). DiscussionOur results suggest that Bb antibody testing is included in the work-up of unspecific symptoms preceding diagnosis of haematologic cancers. Bb-IgM-and-IgG seropositivity was associated with a two-fold increased long-term risk of chronic lymphatic leukaemia, which warrants further investigation.

Cancer risk and temporal trends in people with HIV during a quarter of a century – a nationwide population-based matched cohort study

Background It is important to understand current trends in cancer risk among people living with HIV (PLWH) to improve outcomes and to commission and delivery appropriate services. Methods Nationwide, population-based, matched cohort study on all adult PLWH treated at Danish HIV health care centres since 1 January 1995 and a comparison cohort, randomly selected from the background population and matched on sex and date of birth. Results We included 6327 PLWH and 63,270 individuals in the comparison cohort − 74% were men and median age was 37 (interquartile range: 30–46). For both smoking related cancers, virological cancers and other cancers, incidence was substantially higher in the first year of observation for PLWH than for the remaining observation period. The risk of smoking related cancer remained stably increased throughout the observation period, whereas the relative risk of virological cancers decreased, especially in the first year of follow up. Finally, the risk of other cancers for PLWH decreased to a level below that of the background population during the study period. Conclusion The fact that the risk of other cancers was probably not higher among PLWH than in the comparison cohort is encouraging, as the excess risk of virological and smoking related cancers is potentially preventable by timely treatment of HIV and smoking cessation.

Microscopic colitis and risk of incident rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide population-based matched cohort study.

Microscopic colitis (MC) has been linked to several autoimmune conditions. Results from previous studies on the association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been inconsistent. To assess the risk of future RA in MC. We conducted a nationwide matched cohort study in Sweden of 8179 patients with biopsy-verified MC (diagnosed in 2007-2017), 36,400 matched reference individuals and 8202 siblings without MC, with follow-up until 2021. Information on MC was obtained from all of Sweden's regional pathology registers (n = 28) through the ESPRESSO cohort. Data on incident RA were collected from the National Patient Register. Using Cox regression, we calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a median follow-up of 9.1 years (interquartile range = 6.7-11.7), 73 MC patients and 183 reference individuals from the general population were diagnosed with RA (99 vs. 55 events per 100,000 person-years), equivalent to one extra case of RA in 226 patients with MC followed for 10 years. These rates corresponded to an aHR of 1.83 (95% CI = 1.39-2.41). The aHR was highest during the first year of follow-up (2.31 [95% CI = 1.08-4.97]) and remained significantly elevated up to 5 years after MC diagnosis (aHR 2.16; 95% CI = 1.42-3.30). Compared to siblings, without MC, the aHR was 2.04 (95% CI = 1.18-3.56). Patients with MC are at a nearly two-fold risk of developing RA compared to the general population. Knowledge of this increased risk may expedite evaluation for RA in patients with MC presenting with joint symptoms and/or arthralgia, thus preventing delay until RA diagnosis.

Excess mortality and long-term disability from healthcare-associated carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: A nationwide population-based matched cohort study.

Carbapenem resistance is perceived as a clinical challenge in the management of debilitated and immunocompromised patients who eventually will die from underlying diseases. We aimed to examine whether carbapenem resistance per se, rather than the underlying diseases, negatively affect outcomes, by comparing the excess mortality and morbidity from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii (CSAB). This was a nationwide retrospective matched cohort study of hospitalized patients in 96 hospitals which participated in Taiwan Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (TNIS). A total of 2,213 patients with A. baumannii HAIs were individually matched to 4,426 patients without HAIs. Main outcomes were excess risks for one-year all-cause mortality and one-year new-onset chronic ventilator dependence or dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease. Excess one-year mortality was 27.2% in CRAB patients, compared with their matched uninfected inpatients, as well as 15.4% in CSAB patients (also compared with their matched uninfected inpatients), resulting in an attributable mortality of 11.8% (P <0.001) associated with carbapenem resistance. The excess risk associated with carbapenem resistance for new-onset chronic ventilator dependence was 5.2% (P <0.001). Carbapenem resistance was also associated with an extra cost of $2,511 per case of A. baumannii HAIs (P <0.001). Carbapenem resistance is associated with a significant disease burden in terms of excess mortality, long-term ventilator dependence, and medical cost. Further studies on effects of antimicrobial stewardship programs in decreasing this burden are warranted.

Risk of Depression in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Nationwide Population-based Matched Cohort Study.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with depression. However, previous studies have not addressed familial factors. Nationwide, population-based, matched cohort study of people with HIV (PWH) in Denmark between 1995 and 2021 who were matched on sex and date of birth with a comparison cohort randomly selected from the Danish population. Family-related factors were examined by inclusion of siblings of those in the cohorts. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for depression, receipt of antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and suicide, as well as the yearly proportions of study cohorts with psychiatric hospital contact due to depression and receipt of antidepressants from 10 years before to 10 years after study inclusion. We included 5943 PWH and 59 430 comparison cohort members. Median age was 38 years, and 25% were women. We observed an increased risk of depression, receipt of antidepressants, ECT, and suicide among PWH in the 2 first years of observation (HR, 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-4.4), HR, 3.0 (95% CI: 2.7-3.4), HR, 2.8 (95% CI: .9-8.6), and HR, 10.7 (95% CI: 5.2-22.2), thereafter the risk subsided but remained increased. The proportions of PWH with psychiatric hospital contact due to depression and receipt of antidepressants were increased prior to and especially after HIV diagnosis. Risk of all outcomes was substantially lower among siblings of PWH than among PWH (HR for receipt of antidepressants, 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0-1.2). PWH have an increased risk of depression. Family-related factors are unlikely to explain this risk.

Temporal trends in mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a Danish population-based matched cohort study.

To investigate the 5-year all-cause mortality in patients with RA compared with the general population. This was a nationwide population-based matched cohort study. RA patients diagnosed between 1996 and the end of 2015 were identified using administrative heath registries and followed until the end of 2020 allowing 5 years of follow-up. Patients with incident RA were matched 1:5 on year of birth and sex with non-RA individuals from the Danish general population. Time-to-event analyses were performed using the pseudo-observation approach. Compared with matched controls in 1996-2000, the risk difference for RA patients ranged from 3.5% (95% CI 2.7%, 4.4%) in 1996-2000 to -1.6% (95% CI -2.3%, -1.0%) in 2011-15, and the relative risk from 1.3 (95% CI 1.2, 1.4) in 1996-2000 to 0.9 (95% CI 0.8, 0.9) in 2011-15. The age-adjusted 5-year cumulative incidence proportion of death for a 60-year-old RA patient decreased from 8.1% (95% CI 7.3%, 8.9%) when diagnosed in 1996-2000 to 2.9% (95% CI 2.3%, 3.5%) in 2011-15, and for matched controls from 4.6% (95% CI 4.2%, 4.9%) to 2.1% (95% CI 1.9%, 2.4%). Excess mortality persisted in women with RA throughout the study period, while the mortality risk for men with RA in 2011-15 was similar to their matched controls. Enhanced improvement in mortality was found in RA patients compared with matched controls, but for sex-specific differences excess mortality was only persistent in women with RA.

Microscopic Colitis and Risk of Incident Acute Pancreatitis: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.

Several gastrointestinal diseases have been linked to acute pancreatitis, but the risk of acute pancreatitis in microscopic colitis (MC) has not been studied. We conducted a nationwide, population-based, matched cohort study in Sweden of 12,140 patients with biopsy-verified MC (diagnosed in 2003-2017), 57,806 matched reference individuals, and 12,781 siblings without MC with a follow-up until 2021. Data on MC were obtained from all of Sweden's regional pathology registers (n = 28) through the ESPRESSO cohort. Data on acute pancreatitis were collected from the National Patient Register. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox regression. During a mean follow-up of 9.9 years (SD = 4.3), 146 patients with MC and 437 reference individuals were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis (127.8 vs 80.1 per 100,000 person-years), corresponding to an aHR of 1.57 (95% CI = 1.30-1.90). Moreover, we found a positive association between MC and acute nongallstone-related pancreatitis (aHR 1.99 [95% CI = 1.57-2.51]), but not with acute gallstone-related pancreatitis (aHR 1.08 [95% CI = 0.78-1.49]). Comparing patients with MC with their unaffected siblings yielded an aHR of 1.28 (95% CI = 0.92-1.78). The risk of acute pancreatitis remained elevated also for patients with MC with a follow-up exceeding 10 years (aHR 1.75 [95% CI = 1.14-2.67]). This nationwide study of more than 12,000 patients with MC demonstrated an increased risk of acute pancreatitis after MC. Hence, clinicians should have a low threshold for the evaluation of acute pancreatitis in patients with MC. In addition, these patients should receive advice and care aimed at reducing the risk of acute pancreatitis.

Celiac disease and risk of microscopic colitis: A nationwide population-based matched cohort study.

An association has been reported between celiac disease (CD) and microscopic colitis (MC). However, large, population-based cohort studies are rare. To systematically examine the association between CD and MC in a large, nationwide cohort. We conducted a nationwide population-based matched cohort study in Sweden of 45,138 patients with biopsy-verified CD (diagnosed in 1990-2016), 223,149 reference individuals, and 51,449 siblings of CD patients. Data on CD and MC were obtained from all (n=28) pathology departments in Sweden. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were calculated using Cox regression. During follow-up, 452 CD patients and 197 reference individuals received an MC diagnosis (86.1 vs. 7.5 per 100,000person-years). This difference corresponded to an aHR of 11.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]=9.8-13.8) or eight extra MC cases in 1000 CD patients followed up for 10years. Although the risk of MC was highest during the first year of follow-up (aHR 35.2; 95% CI=20.1-61.6), it remained elevated even after 10years (aHR 8.1; 95% CI=6.0-10.9). Examining MC subtypes lymphocytic colitis (LC) and collagenous colitis (CC) separately, the aHR was 12.4 (95% CI=10.0-15.3) for LC and 10.2 (95% CI=7.7-13.6) for CC. MC was also more common before CD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=52.7; 95% CI=31.4-88.4). Compared to siblings, risk estimates decreased but remained elevated (CD and later MC: HR=6.2; CD and earlier MC: aOR=7.9). Our study demonstrated a very strong association of MC with CD with an increased risk of future and previous MC in CD patients. The magnitude of the associations underscores the need to consider the concomitance of these diagnoses in cases in which gastrointestinal symptoms persist or recur despite a gluten-free diet or conventional MC treatment. The comparatively lower risk estimates in sibling comparisons suggest that shared genetic and early environmental factors may contribute to the association between CD and MC.

Childhood diabetes mellitus and early-onset kidney diseases later in life: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study

BackgroundThe empirical evidence remains inconclusive for an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and early-onset kidney disease later in life, and little is known about the effects of DM types (i.e., type 1 diabetes [T1DM] and type 2 diabetes [T2DM]) in childhood on type-specific kidney diseases. We aimed to evaluate the association of childhood DM with overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseases later in life.MethodsThe population-based matched cohort study included 9356 individuals with DM (T1DM: 8470, T2DM: 886) diagnosed in childhood (< 18 years) who were born between 1977 and 2016, and 93,560 individuals without DM matched on sex and year of birth in Denmark. The main outcomes were overall and type-specific early-onset kidney diseases. The follow-up period of all included participants was from the date of DM diagnosis in the exposure group until the first diagnosis of kidney disease, emigration, or 31 December 2018, whichever came first.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 13 years, children with DM had a 154% increased risk of early-onset kidney diseases than children without DM (adjusted hazard ratios 2.54, 95% confidence intervals 2.38–2.72), and T1DM (2.48, 2.31–2.67) and T2DM (2.75, 2.28–3.31) showed similar results. Children with DM also had a higher risk of multiple specific kidney diseases including glomerular diseases, renal tubulo-interstitial diseases, renal failure, and urolithiasis. The risks of type-specific kidney diseases including glomerular diseases and renal failure tended to be higher for children with T2DM (glomerular diseases: 5.84, 3.69–9.24; renal failure: 14.77, 8.53–25.59) than those with T1DM (glomerular diseases: 3.14, 2.57–3.83; renal failure: 8.24, 6.66–10.20).ConclusionsChildren with DM had a higher increased risk of early-onset overall and specific kidney diseases later in life. Early prevention and treatment of both T1DM and T2DM in childhood may significantly reduce the risk of kidney diseases later in life.

Survival in Swedish patients with systemic sclerosis: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study.

To conduct the first-ever nationwide, population-based cohort study investigating survival patterns of all patients with incident SSc in Sweden compared with matched individuals from the Swedish general population. We used the National Patient Register to identify patients with incident SSc diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 and the Total Population Register to identify comparators (1:5), matched on sex, birth year and residential area. We followed them until death, emigration or the end of 2016. Follow-up of the general population comparators started the same date as their matched patients were included. We estimated all-cause survival using the Kaplan-Meier method, crude mortality rates and hazard ratios (HRs) using flexible parametric models. We identified 1139 incident patients with SSc and 5613 matched comparators. The median follow-up was 5.0 years in patients with SSc and 6.0 years for their comparators. During follow-up, 268 deaths occurred in patients with SSc and 554 in their comparators. The 5-year survival was 79.8% and the 10-year survival was 67.7% among patients with SSc vs 92.9% and 84.8%, respectively, for the comparators (P < 0.0001). The mortality rate in patients with SSc was 42.1 per 1000 person-years and 15.8 per 1000 person-years in their comparators, corresponding to an HR of 3.7 (95% CI 2.9, 4.7) at the end of the first year of follow-up and 2.0 (95% CI 1.4, 2.8) at the end of the follow-up period. Despite advances in understanding the disease and in diagnostic methods over the past decades, survival is still severely impacted in Swedish patients diagnosed with SSc between 2004 and 2015.

Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhages and aneurysms in Danish people with HIV

It remains unclear whether people with HIV (PWH) have increased risk of aneurysms. We aimed to investigate if the risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, aortic aneurysm and other arterial aneurysms and dissections is increased in PWH compared with the general population. We performed a nationwide population-based matched cohort study. We compared PWH with age-matched and sex-matched comparison cohort members to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) of subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, aortic aneurysm and other arterial aneurysms and dissections as well as surgery for these conditions. We included all PWH, who were Danish residents and treated at a HIV healthcare centre between January 1995 and February 2018 ( n = 6935) and an age-matched and sex-matched comparison cohort ( n = 55 480). PWH had increased risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage (IRR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.1-2.6), but no increased risk of surgery for this condition. PWH had no increased risk of cerebral aneurysm or aortic aneurysm or surgery for these conditions. The risk of other arterial aneurysms and dissections was increased in PWH (IRR 2.0, 95% CI, 1.4-2.9), but this only applied for PWH who reported intravenous substance use as a route of HIV transmission (IRR 18.4, 95% CI, 9.3-36.6), and not for PWH without reported injection drug use (IRR 1.2, 95% CI, 0.73-1.7). PWH were not at an increased risk of cerebral, aortic or other arterial aneurysms and dissections. Although PWH were at an increased risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhages were rare among PWH.

Human Papillomavirus Infection and the Risk of Erectile Dysfunction: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.

Background: Male patients with genital warts are known for higher rates of sexual dysfunction. This study was conducted to investigate whether human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection is associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods: Patients aged over 18 with HPV infection (n = 13,296) and propensity score-matched controls (n = 53,184) were recruited from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID). The primary endpoint was the diagnosis of ED. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the distribution of demographic characteristics. The Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of ED in both groups, after adjusting for sex, age, relevant comorbidities, co-medication, and surgery. Results: ED developed in 181 patients of the study group. The incidence density of ED was 2.53 per 1000 person-years for the HPV group and 1.51 per 1000 person-years for the non-HPV group, with an adjusted HR (95% CI) of 1.63 (1.37–1.94). In stratification analysis, adjusted HR of diabetes-, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD-), and stroke-subgroup were 2.39, 2.51, and 4.82, with significant p values for interaction, respectively. Sensitivity analysis yields consistent findings. Conclusions: The patients with HPV infection had a higher risk of subsequent ED in comparison to the non-HPV controls. The mechanism behind such association and its possible role in ED prevention deserves further study in the future.

Mental Health Among Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Danish Nationwide Study of Psychotropic Drug Use in 7,201 Patients and 36,005 Matched Comparators

Introduction: A cancer diagnosis is associated with profound psychological distress that potentially can lead to mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogenous group of indolent and aggressive cancer diseases with high variability in treatment selections and patient outcomes. Some patients are chronically ill with recurrent need for mild chemotherapy whereas others face immediately life-threatening, yet curable disease. To gain valuable insights into the psychological distress associated with NHLs, the present study investigated the incident psychotropic drug (PD - antidepressants, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics) use, contact patterns to psychiatric departments, and intentional self-harm (including suicide) in Danish NHL patients relative to sex- and age matched individuals from the background population.Methods: The study was carried out as a nationwide population-based matched cohort study based on prospectively collected data from several Danish registries. All adult NHL patients (≥18 years) diagnosed between 2005 and 2015 were identified in the Danish Lymphoma Registry and included if they had not been treated with any kind of PD within the last 10 years prior to date of NHL diagnosis (index date). NHL patients were matched on age and sex with five random comparators from the Danish background population on the index date. Comparators had to be alive and without PD use 10 years prior to the index date. Incident PD use was defined as first redeemed prescription of PD after index date. Prescriptions were captured in the National Prescription Registry and described by cumulative incidences using the Aalen-Johansen estimator with death and NHL relapse as competing risk. Contacts with psychiatric departments and registration of intentional self-harm or completed suicide were captured in the Danish National Patient Registry. Patients were subcategorized according to type of lymphoma (Table 1).Results: In total, 7,201 NHL patients and 36,005 matched comparators were included (median follow-up 7.1 years). Follicular lymphoma (FL, 44.4%) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, 41.0%) were the most common subtypes (Table 2). Two-year cumulative incidence of PD use was higher in NHL patients overall (16.2%, 95%CI 15.4-17.0%) compared to matched comparators (5.7%, 95%CI 5.5-5.9%). Patients with aggressive NHL subtypes tended to have the highest incidence of PD use (Figure 1). Antidepressants (two-year cumulative incidence, 9.0%, 95%CI 8.4-9.6) and anxiolytics (8.2%, 95%CI 7.6-8.8) were the most used PDs in all NHL subtypes. The risk of PD use was higher in the first years following diagnosis, but except for patients with indolent NHL subtypes, the risk of PD use normalized over time to that of the background population. As for the risk of any psychiatric department contacts, there was no difference in two-year cumulative incidences between NHL patients (range 0.6-0.9%) and the matched comparators (range 0.6%-0.9%), whereas the two-year cumulative incidence of intentional self-harm and suicide was slightly higher for NHL patients (0.3%) compared to the matched comparators (0.2%, p=0.01).Conclusion: This study suggests that NHL patients have a significantly higher risk of mental health problems compared to the Danish background population, (when) using PD prescriptions as a proxy measure. The risk of intentional self-harm and completed suicide was also higher, but numerical differences were very small. Overall, the results emphasize the need for directing clinical attention on mental health in newly diagnosed NHL patients and screening for relevant symptoms during follow-up to provide best possible support to patients suffering from anxiety and depression. [Display omitted] DisclosuresØvlisen: Abbvie: Other: Travel expenses. Kragholm: Novartis: Honoraria. Nielsen: Lundbeck: Honoraria, Other: Investigator, Research Funding; Otsuka Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Other: Prior Advisor, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Astra Zeneca: Honoraria, Other: Prior advisor; Janssen & Cilag: Honoraria, Other: Investigator; Servier: Honoraria; Teva A/S: Honoraria; Eli Lilly: Honoraria, Other: Prior Advisor; Takeda: Other: Prior advisor; Medivir: Other; Boehringer: Other: Investigator. Brown: BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartys: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Dahl-Soerensen: Takeda: Other: Travel grant. Frederiksen: Novartis: Research Funding; Alexion: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Mannering: Novartis: Research Funding; Swedish Orphan Biovitrum (SOBI): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Jørgensen: Gilead: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy. Clausen: Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel expences ASH 2019; Gilead: Consultancy, Other: Travel expences 15th ICML . El-Galaly: ROCHE Ltd: Ended employment in the past 24 months; Abbvie: Other: Speakers fee.

Fractures and Osteoporosis in Patients With Diabetes With Charcot Foot.

Charcot foot is a serious complication of diabetes, with degeneration of the bones and joints in the foot and ankle. It is unknown whether patients with diabetes with a Charcot foot have an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with diabetes with a Charcot foot have an increased risk of fracture and/or osteoporosis compared with patients with diabetes without Charcot foot. A Danish register-based, nationwide population-based matched cohort study was conducted. During 1995-2018, we identified 1,602 patients with diabetes with Charcot foot and matched them on sex and date of diagnosis of diabetes with 16,296 patients with diabetes without Charcot foot. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for fracture and osteoporosis. Information about exposure, outcome, and comorbidities was retrieved from the Danish National Patient Register. Diabetes patients with Charcot foot had higher risk of fractures compared with those without Charcot foot (i.e., ORs for any fracture, lower-leg fracture, foot fracture, and osteoporotic fracture were 1.8 [95% CI 1.6-2.0], 2.4 [2.0-2.8], 2.9 [2.6-3.3], and 1.3 [1.1-1.4], respectively). Furthermore, patients with diabetes with Charcot foot had higher risk of osteoporosis compared with the patients without Charcot foot, with an OR of 1.3 (95% CI 1.1-1.5). Patients with diabetes with a Charcot foot have an increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis compared with patients with diabetes without a Charcot foot.

Absence of Association between Previous Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Subsequent Myasthenia Gravis: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is not only one of the most common pathogenic bacteria for respiratory infection but also a trigger for many autoimmune diseases. Its infection process shared many similarities with the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG) at cellular and cytokine levels. Recent case reports demonstrated patients present with MG after M. pneumoniae infection. However, no epidemiological studies ever looked into the association between the two. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between M. pneumoniae infection and subsequent development of MG. In this population-based retrospective cohort study, the risk of MG was analyzed in patients who were newly diagnosed with M. pneumoniae infection between 2000 and 2013. A total of 2428 M. pneumoniae patients were included and matched with the non-M. pneumoniae control cohort at a 1:4 ratio by age, sex, and index date. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was applied to analyze the risk of MG development after adjusting for sex, age, and comorbidities, with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The incidence rates of MG in the non-M. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae cohorts were 0.96 and 1.97 per 10,000 person-years, respectively. Another case–control study of patients with MG (n = 515) was conducted to analyze the impact of M. pneumoniae on MG occurrence as a sensitivity analysis. The analysis yielded consistent absence of a link between M. pneumoniae and MG. Although previous studies have reported that M. pneumoniae infection and MG may share associated immunologic pathways, we found no statistical significance between M. pneumoniae infection and subsequent development of MG in this study.