National Spatial Data Infrastructure Research Articles

International exchange of geospatial information and cooperation in the field of land castras

It was determined that the modern development of geographic information systems (GIS) and the growing need for international exchange of geospatial information (GI) emphasize the importance of this area for solving global challenges. The diversity of standards and methodologies in different countries creates specific barriers to practical cooperation. However, introducing the latest technologies, such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence, opens up new opportunities for exchanging and using AI at the international level. The research focuses on analyzing existing GI exchange practices, examining issues that hinder cooperation, examining cases of successful international exchange, and identifying factors that facilitate or hinder effective exchange. The importance of developing international cooperation in the cadastre of natural resources is emphasized by the unification of practices and standards and the development of a common regulatory framework, which promotes a global approach to solving cadastral issues. The development of such infrastructures as the US National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is a vivid example of the successful implementation of integration and access to geospatial information that supports decision-making at the government level. Similar projects implemented in other countries and regions, including the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) and others, testify to the growing importance of joint efforts in this area. A vital aspect of the research is the analysis of challenges related to the international exchange of GIs and the search for ways to overcome them, in particular through the standardization of methods of collection, processing, and presentation of geospatial data, the use of open standards provided by the OGC consortium is defined as the basis for the development of web applications, that support sharing and collaboration in the field of GI. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the importance of continuous development and maintenance of spatial data infrastructures both for solving specific institutional tasks and for the general improvement of the availability and efficiency of geospatial information use, updating the technological base, regular data updates, and integration with modern information technologies, such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence are identified as critical elements of successful international exchange of geospatial information. Keywords: geospatial information, spatial data infrastructure, land cadastre, unified exchange format, GeoViewer, geoportal.

Harmonization strategy of the spatial information infrastructure of Ukraine with INSPIRE. system approach

Van Gigch's system approach was applied to consider the option of systemic harmonization of the National Spatial Information Infrastructure of Ukraine (NSII) with INSPIRE. The article focuses on its most important part - the strategy of harmonization or, more specifically, strategic harmonization. The proposed strategic harmonization is suitable for practical implementation. For this purpose, NSII is understood as an extension of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), and NSII and INSPIRE are represented by general systems (GS), whose practical feasibility is achieved by exemplification/interpretation by spatial information systems (SpIS) and certain their extensions - SpISb. The main attention is paid to the relation between the NSII and INSPIRE, with an emphasis on the harmonization relation. Possible alternatives to the problems or their solutions are not considered. In particular, the likely recent shift of interest from NSDI/NSII/INSPIRE to IGIF (Integrated Geospatial Information Framework) is not considered. This is possible because van Gigch's system approach used allows scaling, in this case - upwards, with the addition of higher levels of the hierarchy such as IGIF to the consideration. It is shown that, in the context of harmonization with INSPIRE, it is necessary to examine the harmonization of GS on at least three epistemological levels. GS corresponding to these levels can be called: strategic, tactical and operational. The GS for harmonization with INSPIRE can be represented by an integrated hierarchy or a unification of three GS components of these three levels. In the case of unification, each component of the collective agreement can be considered separately, but the context of harmonization must be mandatory. In particular, in strategic harmonization, it is mandatory to define its hierarchical relations with the "corresponding" tactical harmonization. Two main results were obtained in the article: 1) scientific - the structure of the phenomenon "harmonization of Ukrainian SII with INSPIRE" was defined, 2) practical - it was proved that the specified phenomenon is adequately represented by the GS and the corresponding SpISb.

Worldwide Status of Geoportal and Geospatial Data Completeness at National Geoportals

Geoportal is a specific web portal used to share geospatial datasets. It is part of a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) which is used to disseminate geospatial data. In the NSDI framework, a geoportal is a platform where citizens can search, discover, and access geospatial datasets. Therefore, the availability of geoportal is an essential element in an NSDI. Further, the availability of geospatial datasets, particularly fundamental datasets, is indispensable. This paper aims to portray the worldwide status of geoportal and the completeness of fundamental datasets in those geoportals. We surveyed the availability of geoportal in the 193 countries in the world. We identify and list geoportal addresses worldwide. For every geoportal, we check the types of fundamental datasets available. Fourteen fundamental datasets have been identified and used as a benchmark. The availability of geoportal and fundamental datasets were then calculated and analysed. We found 105 countries in the world own geoportal. Of these geoportals, there were, on average, 63% fundamental datasets available. Only nine countries provide all fourteen fundamental datasets. Twenty-nine countries provide five or fewer fundamental datasets on their geoportal. We also classify geoportal and fundamental datasets availability based on four regions Asia-Pacific, Europe, Africa, and America. European countries have the highest percentage of countries with geoportal ownership as well as the highest available fundamental datasets. The finding complements a worldwide study on geoportal availability which has not been re-evaluated in recent years.

THE PREREQUISITES FOR CREATING A GEOSPATIAL DATASET OF THE STATE CADASTRE OF NATURAL TERRITORIES OF RESORTS

This article analyzes the key issues of the current state of geospatial data in the State Cadastre of Natural Areas of Resort, establishes requirements for the data and metadata of this cadastre, taking into account the current legislation in the field of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (hereinafter – NSDI). The authors have formulated and proposed some solutions for creating a set of geospatial data for the State Cadastre of Natural Areas of Resort, as well as a methodology for forming this dataset in terms of the boundaries of state-level resort areas, their districts, and sanitary (mining-sanitary) protection zones, considering existing urban planning and land management documentation. The research results will provide developers of planning documentation with baseline data and ensure compliance with restrictions on the use of natural resources within resort area districts. Additionally, the need for geospatial data on artesian wells located within resort territories has been identified with the aim of restoring the boundaries of the first sanitary (mining-sanitary) protection zone. The processing of the research’s initial data was carried out in the geoinformation environment of QGIS software, as well as in Digitals software.

Legal issues of information interaction between the State Land Cadastre and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Legal issues of information interaction between the State Land Cadastre and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure

The Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Traffic Volumes in South Korea: An Extreme Gradient Boosting Approach

This study explored how transportation accessibility and traffic volumes for automobiles, buses, and trucks are related. This study employed machine learning techniques, specifically the extreme gradient boosting decision tree model (XGB) and Shapley Values (SHAP), with national data sources in South Korea collected from the Korea Transport Institute, Statistics Korea, and National Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal. Several key findings of feature importance and plots in non-linear relationships are as follows: First, accessibility indicators exhibited around 5 to 10% of feature importance except for Mart (around 50%). Second, better accessibility to public transportation infrastructures, such as bus stops and transit stations, was associated with higher annual average daily traffic (AADT), particularly in metropolitan areas including Seoul and Busan. Third, access to large-scale markets may have unintended effects on traffic volumes for both vehicles and automobiles. Fourth, it was shown that lower rates of AADT were associated with higher accessibility to elementary schools for all three modes of transportation. This study contributes to (1) understanding complex relationships between the variables, (2) emphasizing the role of transportation accessibility in transportation plans and policies, and (3) offering relevant policy implications.

Assessing the Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) of Bangladesh

National spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) is an essential framework for managing and sharing geospatial data across different sectors and organizations. In Bangladesh, the development of NSDI is still in its early stages, and there are several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure its effective implementation. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the status of NSDI implementation in Bangladesh using Eelderink’s fourteen key variables. The paper examines the current state of NSDI implementation in Bangladesh, identifies strengths and weaknesses, and suggests recommendations for improvement. The findings suggest that while some progress has been made in establishing NSDI in Bangladesh, there are still significant challenges, such as limited funding; weak coordination among stakeholders; and a lack of skilled manpower, awareness, and capacity among users. To address these challenges, in this paper, we recommend several measures to improve the NSDI framework in Bangladesh. These include increasing funding support for NSDI development and maintenance, improving coordination among stakeholders through the establishment of a national coordinating body, enhancing awareness and capacity-building programs for NSDI users, and promoting the use of open data standards to improve data quality and interoperability. It is hoped that these recommendations will be taken into consideration by policymakers and other stakeholders to further enhance the development of NSDI in Bangladesh.

Organization of geoinformation monitoring of geospatial data of green plants of the street and road network of the city of Odesa

The purpose of this work is the introduction of a permanent system of real-time observations of green spaces to update geospatial data. Methodology: To achieve this goal, we monitored green spaces with the help of GIS technologies, displaying up-to-date information for each plant and storing the history of changes in each object. This work is divided into two stages. The first stage involves making an inventory of green spaces and compiling an object passport. The second stage involves making real-time changes such as planting, pruning, uprooting a stump, damage due to natural disasters, etc. Thus, there is a database of green plants at any point in time and a chronology of plant care. By incorporating green spaces into the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) using consistent methods, we can better understand their impact. Digital topographic data is essential in geoinformation systems for making informed management decisions, creating and maintaining cadastres for various purposes. Scientific novelty and practical significance: The issues of accounting for green spaces in settlements are becoming quite acute in the modern world. Equally important is the issue of maintaining the relevance of the data obtained. The geoportal, "Monitoring of green spaces in the city of Odesa," implements a permanent system of continuous observations to update the geospatial data of green spaces, and tracks changes for each individual tree. This will help in making management decisions regarding urban greening, significantly reduce budget costs for green management in the future, and control the quantity and quality of the work performed.

Is it possible to create a unified urban greenery management system (UGMS) on a national scale? The concept for EU Member State of Poland

MotivesCurrently developed urban greenery management systems (UGMS) are limited in scope and profiled towards solving particular issues. Moreover, due to the lack of common standards and solutions, UGMS implementation requires considerable financial effort, which is only feasible for wealthy urban centres. There is a need for universal, cost-effective technological solutions which could constitute a common urban green infrastructure at all country administrative levels. AimThis research aims to present a technological architecture of a universal UGMS capable of data integration and analysis at both local and central administrative levels, and present its prospective data management functionality through a proof-of-concept implementation by the example of Olsztyn city, located in the EU Member State of Poland. MethodsEmpirical study has been conducted by means of qualitative assessment through state-of-the-art analysis of green information systems, national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) including land administration system (called Integrated Real Estate Information System) and Geoportal, development and testing of a proof-of-concept solution through management, analysis and visualizations of green areas, objects and related phenomena; quantitative assessment has been performed through in-situ inventory of urban greenery in the City of Olsztyn, Poland. ResultsThe presented study resulted in a concept UGMS architecture based on existing NSDI. The projected functionality of the designed UGMS has been implemented and tested on a real-world urban greenery database. The research thesis, that open databases integrated with national SDI data are sufficient to create a uniform and complete nationwide UGMS was confirmed.

Legal aspects of national spatial data infrastructure of Republic of Armenia

Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a framework for collecting, storing, managing, and distributing spatial data. It is a critical component of any modern geographic information system (GIS) and is used in a wide range of applications, including land management, environmental monitoring, and emergency response. One important aspect of SDI is the legal component, which includes the laws and regulations that govern the collection, use, and sharing of spatial data. These laws and regulations can vary depending on the jurisdiction and can include issues such as data ownership, privacy and intellectual property rights. In the Republic of Armenia, with the concept of “Integrated Cadastre”, it is planned to implement and develop a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). Nevertheless, in the Republic of Armenia, not all stages of the implementation of NSDI have been developed yet, including a legal document defining the availability of data at different levels. For the implementation and effective policy development of NSDI, it is necessary to give attention to the regulation of legal relations regarding spatial data at different levels. For this purpose, we studied the legal documents related to the regulation of the field of spatial data in the Republic of Armenia, identified the contradictions and problems in the existing legal documents, which made it possible to highlight the necessary relevant legal provisions.

Особливості інтеграції геопросторових даних автомобільних доріг із застосуванням операції з’єднання (JOIN)

The purpose of the article is to research the integration of attributes of the set of geospatial data “Roads”, which was created on the basis of the topographic database of the Main State Topographic Map, and the geoinformation system of roads of the State Agency of Roads of Ukraine (hereinafter – Ukravtodor) for the creation and maintenance of core reference data of roads of the national spatial data infrastructure (hereinafter – NSDI) using an operation Theta-JOIN in object-relational database management systems (hereinafter referred to as DBMS). Method. The basis of the research is the analysis of the possibilities of applying the theory of spatial databases and knowledge bases, international and national harmonized standards in the field of Geographic Information/Geomatics to solve the issue of integration of spatial data using the Theta-JOIN operation in object-relational database management systems. The results. The article analyzes the geo-information model of the road, based on the data of which it is possible to make management decisions during planning, design, operation, management, organization of road safety, etc. The requirements for the presentation of this model are defined in the GDF 5.1 standard, which is used for modeling road infrastructure in a geographic information environment using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Model Management Architecture (MDA) technologies. This allows for data interoperability at different levels, for example, national and pan-European. The geoinformation model of a public road of state importance in the topographic database is a continuous feature that is an aggregation of the features of the road and transport network through which this model passes. Also, on the basis of regulatory and technical support, the geographic identifier of the highway was established – the road index, the structure and principles of which are defined in the draft of the national standard DSTU xxx:20xx “Geoinformation system of public highways. Part 1. Composition, content and requirements for the database”. Two sets of spatial data TDB of the Main state topographic map and GIS roads of Ukravtodor were combined using the theta-JOIN operation in the PostgreSQL/PostGIS. The scientific novelty and practical significance is in the fact that the integration of sets of core reference and thematic spatial data of roads was investigated using the theta-join operation of relational algebra, which is implemented in modern GIS and DBMS for the development of the national spatial data infrastructure. This will make it possible to expand the attributes of road features contained in TDB, due to the official data of Ukravtodor, joining these sets with a geographic identifier, road index.

INDONESIA'S SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE (CASE STUDY: BANGKALAN, SAMPANG AND BLITAR REGENCIES)

The paper examines the current state of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) in Indonesia, with a focus on identifying strengths, weaknesses, and organizational structures of the national SDIs. This paper aims to inform the design and implementation of a future regional SDI for the local government especially at the Bangkalan, Sampang and Blitar Regency. The evaluation is conducted using a survey with 46 questions, which assess the factors that affect execution the of SDI in the region. The survey is classified according to the five basic components of an SDI: policy elements, institutional elements, human resources, standard elements, geospatial data and information, and technology elements. The results of the survey are analyzed to identify the current state of SDI implementation in the region and to serve as a reference point for future updates. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for technical and organizational solutions to address present problems in the geospatial data management and interoperability in order to fully exploit the potential of geospatial information in decision making.

Построение регулярного поля скоростей Tашкентского региона на основе интерполяции данных ГНСС пунктов

The Republic of Uzbekistan is actively developing a network of stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which is an integral part of the country’s national spatial data infrastructure. Particular attention in the republic has recently been paid to the practical use of the results of GNSS measurements and geoinformation security in areas with increased seismic hazard, especially near man-caused objects. The paper considers the territory of the Tashkent region—one of the most seismically active regions of the republic. GNSS measurements are often sparse and unevenly distributed, and to refine the “block” or “continuous” tectonic models and identify patterns of modern movements in this area, a spatial velocity model is needed, which can be obtained by interpolating discrete points to the remaining area not covered by measurements. The work used measurements at 14 GNSS points for the period from 2018 to 2020. Point velocities or the so-called velocity model obtained in the GAMIT/GLOBK program made it possible to estimate horizontal point velocities, the range of which varies from 21 mm/yr to 33 mm/yr. With respect to the “stable” Eurasian tectonic plate, the values of local displacements of the area were also calculated, which can be both a consequence of the movement of microblocks and the influence of technogenic factors (mining in the area of the Angren and Almalyk points). To obtain a continuous distribution field of the horizontal velocities of the region, the method of coupled interpolation of two-dimensional vectors of the velocity field was used, implemented in the GMT (Generic Mapping Tools) program. It was found that according to the geological data of the region, the interpolation method quite accurately allows to determine the main trends in the movements of the earth’s crust in the region. A rotational movement along the Karzhantau, Kumbel and Chatkal tectonic plates has been revealed. The values of horizontal displacements of points reached a minimum value of 3 mm in the plain part, and maximum values of up to 10 mm were noted in the mountainous areas of the region. The average velocity of stations in the region was 4 mm/year.

The Formation and Quality Assurance Directions of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure

The Formation and Quality Assurance Directions of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure

True2 Orthoimage Map Generation

Digital/true orthoimage maps (D/TOMs) are one of the most important forms of national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI). The traditional generation of D/TOM is to orthorectify an aerial image into its upright and correct position by deleting displacements on and distortions of imagery. This results in the generated D/TOM having no building façade texture when the D/TOM superimposes on the digital building model (DBM). This phenomenon is no longer tolerated for certain applications, such as micro-climate investigation. For this reason, this paper presents the generation of a true2 orthoimage map (T2OM), which is radically different from the traditional D/TOM. The basic idea for the T2OM generation of a single building is to orthorectify the DBM-based building roof from up to down, the building façade from front to back, from back to front, from left side to right side, and from right side to left side, as well as complete a digital terrain model (DTM)-based T2OM, of which a superpixel is proposed to store building ID, texture ID, the elevation of each pixel, and gray information. Two study areas are applied to verify the methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the T2OM not only maintains the traditional characteristics of D/TOM, but also displays building façade texture and three-dimensional (3D) coordinates (XYZ) measurable at any point, and the accuracy of 3D measurement on a T2OM can achieve 0.025 m (0.3 pixel).

Lessons of DRDSI pilot projects in Ukraine

The work considers practical examples of processes realization of product-process model of the National (N) Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI, together – NSDI) of Ukraine [Chabaniuk, Dyshlyk, 2021], which meet two of the four dynamic principles of the latter building [Chabaniuk, 2018]. They were obtained in 2016 as part of pilot projects (pilots) of the regional European project to create the so-called Danube Reference Data and Services Infrastructure [DRDSI, Dusart, et al., 2016]. Pilots were implemented for the territory of 3 districts of Odessa region of Ukraine adjacent to Moldova. Despite the 6 years that have passed since then, these results not only remain, but become even more actual. The growing actuality is explained by several reasons, among which the most important are three: 1) [Law of Ukraine “About NGDI”, 2020] noncompliance with the recommendations (requirements) of INSPIRE; 2) inconsistency of the SDI (Spatial Data Infrustructure) model enshrined in the said Law with the Ukrainian reality; 3) the needs of practice. The results of the work are useful for determining [Law of Ukraine “About NGDI”, 2020] changes, the model of which must be changed to “correct” and “feasible” [Chabaniuk, Dyshlyk, 2021]. Due to the use of open technologies in pilots, the latter can be used in practical projects without the cost of purchasing commercial software.

ГЕОДЕЗІЯ, КАРТОГРАФІЯ І АЕРОФОТОЗНІМАННЯ

The purpose of this work is to study the integration of sets of core reference and thematic geospatial data based on the JOIN operation of relational algebra and its interaction with geocoding of geospatial features, which is implemented in modern geographic information systems (GIS) and database management systems (hereinafter – DBMS) for the development of the national spatial data infrastructure (hereinafter – NSDI). Method. The research is based on the analysis of the possibilities of applying the theory of geospatial databases and knowledge bases, international and national harmonized standards in the field of Geographic Information/ Geomatics to solve the problem of integration of geospatial data using the operation JOIN relational algebra in object-relational database management systems (OR DBMS). Results. The paper examines the models of the Join operation of relational algebra, which underlie the geocoding of features and the creation of electronic gazetteers, and proves its effectiveness: the Join operation integrates of core reference and thematic geospatial datasets. There is a need to define the required geographic identifiers, which must be present among the attributes of the core reference and thematic geospatial datasets to perform the join. The variety of uses of the Join operation covers all possible cases that arise in their practical application. Thus, the use of the Join operation involves identifying these required geographic identifiers at the geospatial database design stage. In particular, it is expedient to determine mandatory geographical identifiers (codes) of features according to the official national systems of features classification (codification) in the relevant sectoral thematic registers, which are responsible for certain holders of thematic data in accordance with Annex 2 of the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers “The order for the functioning of the national spatial data infrastructure” of May 26, 2021, № 532. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The integration of core reference data and thematic geospatial datasets based on JOIN operation models of relational algebra and their interaction with geocoding of geospatial features is researched, which is implemented in modern GIS and DBMS for the development of national spatial data infrastructure. The research was performed on a set of core reference spatial data, namely: information on administrative-territorial units of the Cherkasy region, including their borders; the data from the statistical bulletin of the socio-economic situation of the Cherkasy region for January 2021 of the Main Department of Statistics in Cherkasy region of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine were selected as thematic data. It has been shown that relational algebra join (JOIN) operations can be used to integrate other thematic geospatial data with core reference data using geographic identifiers that contain these datasets.

UPDATING THE STATISTICAL REGISTER OF HOUSING IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA USING OPEN-SOURCE GIS TECHNOLOGIES

his article describes the possibilities of promoting and implementing open-source geoinformation technologies in the field of statistical activity in the Republic of Moldova, which will simplify and streamline the process of analysis, collection, systematization of data, as well as their dissemination. Since 2019, the National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova, according to the recommendations of the United Nations, has proposed the creation of the geo-coded Statistical Register of Housing (SRH). With the creation of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), this goal can be achieved, as SRH will form the basis of the Population and Housing Census (PHC) from the 2020 round. The geospatial data from SRH will be used to delimit the census enumeration areas, and the reviewed population will be attached to the geographical coordinates of the dwelling. These enumeration areas will cover the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova and will serve to plan human resources, organize field activities and ensure the full coverage of census units (for people, households and dwellings).

The Potential of GIS Tools for Diagnosing the SFS of Multi-Family Housing towards Friendly Cities—A Case Study of the EU Member State of Poland

Motives: The need for sustainable urban development, including an improvement in residents’ quality of life, requires ongoing urban diagnostics. Assessments of multi-family housing estates play a very important role in this process. Population growth influences the expansion of housing estates in limited urban space. The extent to which spatial and functional structures (SFS) in housing developments meet the residents’ current needs should be evaluated. These needs undergo dynamic change and are influenced by economic, socio-cultural, sanitary, and ecological factors. Aim: The main objective of this study was to develop a methodology for assessing SFS solutions in open spaces in multi-family residential estates (MFREs) based on a complete list of SFS indicators, and to determine the potential of GIS tools and selected open data sources for automating this process. GIS was used to represent data. The intermediate goal was to determine differences in the SFS solutions of two MFREs that were built with different technologies and urban layouts in the last 70 years in the city of Olsztyn (Poland). Methods: An empirical study was conducted with the use of qualitative and quantitative methods based on a review of the literature, the results of a resident survey, and an analysis of spatial data in ArcGIS and QGIS software. Results: The residents’ needs for SFS in MFREs were identified. A list of 26 SFS indicators and their values (on a 3-point scale) was developed to assess multi-family housing. The applicability of GIS software and spatial data from the national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) and other sources was assessed in the process. The research method was tested to reveal differences in SFS solutions in the compared MFREs.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Adoption of Volunteered Geographic Information in the Context of National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) have been implemented for the last four decades in most countries. One of the key objectives of SDIs is to ensure the quick availability and accessibility of spatial data. The success of SDI depends on the underlying spatial datasets. Many developing countries such as Pakistan are facing problems in implementing SDI because of the unavailability of spatial data. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is an alternate source for obtaining spatial data. Therefore, the question is what factors hamper the adoption of VGI for making it part of SDI in Pakistan. The intention behind this paper is to explore such factors as the key research question. To do so, we make use of the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework along with the partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to empirically analyze the factors impeding VGI from becoming part of SDI in the country. The study concludes that many technical, organizational, and environmental factors affect the adoption of VGI to be part of SDI in Pakistan.