National Science Foundation Fellowship Research Articles

Seasonal malaria chemoprevention and the spread of Plasmodium falciparum quintuple-mutant parasites resistant to sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine: a modelling study

Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine prevents millions of clinical malaria cases in children younger than 5years in Africa's Sahel region. However, Plasmodium falciparum parasites partially resistant to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (with quintuple mutations) potentially threaten the protective effectiveness of SMC. We evaluated the spread of quintuple-mutant parasites and the clinical consequences. We used an individual-based malaria transmission model with explicit parasite dynamics and drug pharmacological models to identify and quantify the influence of factors driving quintuple-mutant spread and predict the time needed for the mutant to spread from 1% to 50% of inoculations for several SMC deployment strategies. We estimated the impact of this spread on SMC effectiveness against clinical malaria. Higher transmission intensity, SMC coverage, and expanded age range of chemoprevention promoted mutant spread. When SMC was implemented in a high-transmission setting (40% parasite prevalence in children aged 2-10years) with four monthly cycles to children aged 3months to 5years (with 95% initial coverage declining each cycle), the quintuple mutant required 53·1years (95% CI 50·5-56·0) to spread from 1% to 50% of inoculations. This time increased in lower-transmission settings and reduced by half when SMC was extended to children aged 3months to 10years, or reduced by 10-13years when an additional monthly cycle of SMC was deployed. For the same setting, the effective reduction in clinical cases in children receiving SMC was 79·0% (95%CI 77·8-80·8) and 60·4% (58·6-62·3) during the months of SMC implementation when the quintuple mutant was absent or fixed in the population, respectively. SMC with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine leads to a relatively slow spread of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant quintuple mutants and remains effective at preventing clinical malaria despite the mutant spread. SMC with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine should be considered in seasonal settings where this mutant is already prevalent. Swiss National Science Foundation and Marie Curie Individual Fellowship.

A granular view of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease exploiting single-cell transcriptomics

Abstract X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is a rare monogenetic immunodeficiency primarily affecting phagocytes. Precipitated by mutations in the CYBB gene, patients exhibit a compromised oxidative burst, leading to recurrent infections which can be life-threatening. Curiously, autoimmune manifestations are also common in patients and carriers. Here, exploiting the cell type-specific nature of this disorder, we characterize X-CGD on a transcriptional level using single-cell sequencing. Peripheral blood from 14 X-CGD probands and 10 carriers signed onto IRB approved protocol NCT00404560, as well as from 15 controls was sampled, and PBMCs and isolated monocytes were subjected to single-cell sequencing. Probands exhibited a strong differential expression signal relative to controls. This was composed of not only genes previously described to be up-regulated in X-CGD such as IFI27, and indeed an autoimmunity-associated broader type I interferon response, but also previously undescribed genes involved in monocyte function (ARG1), antimicrobial proteins (CAMP, SLPI), and inflammasome components (AIM2). Surprisingly, expression variability was not greater in carriers relative to probands or controls, indicating a lack of cell autonomous effects from the deletion of CYBB. Interestingly, aggregate expression of differentially expressed genes in the probands was able to classify carriers from sex-matched controls with high accuracy (AUROC = 0.92), indicating the presence of an X-CGD-specific gene signature. This gene signature was also strongly co-expressed across 17 chordate species, pointing towards the disruption of ancestral pathways important in antimicrobial immunity in X-CGD probands and carriers. This work was partially supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation fellowship to S.M.

Contributors

Contributors

The rewards of government work

The phone rang in my university office. “I'm pleased to tell you that we're funding your grant,” the program officer at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) told me. I was elated. I'd spent years trying to win support for my project on sea anemones—and now I could actually do the work. But hours later, I received another call—also from NSF, responding to an application I had filed 4 months earlier. “We'd like to offer you the job as program director,” said the caller. The choice before me was stark: I could continue on my academic path, or take a leap into a very different career. ![][1] ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER > “My job at NSF filled the void I felt in my academic work.” Eighteen years earlier, I'd started my faculty position eager to launch my research exploring symbiotic relationships in marine organisms. But over time, I'd become more interested in mentoring students and serving as a catalyst to help others reach their goals. When I looked back on a 4-year NSF-funded research project studying coral bleaching in the Bahamas, I realized that the most rewarding aspect of it wasn't the research; it was the impact the project had on the 18 undergraduates I took into the field with me. I'd seen them transformed by the opportunity to go beyond the classroom and get hands-on experience doing research, and I'd felt I made a difference in their lives. I had also started to feel I could have a bigger impact working outside of academia. A few years earlier, I'd taken a 2-year hiatus from my faculty job to serve as a rotating program officer at NSF, working on ocean education programs. I wanted to see how NSF worked from the inside so that I could help launch research programs at my predominantly undergraduate institution. When I went back to my faculty position, I was full of ideas about how I could help my university take advantage of NSF's programs. But my department chair told me to focus on my classes and normal faculty duties. I felt deflated. So the same month I applied for the grant, I also applied for a job overseeing NSF's fellowship program for graduate students. When both came through, I had a tough choice to make. Most of my colleagues advised me to stay in academia, where I had a satisfying job teaching and mentoring students. But my gut told me to take a chance and try something new—so I accepted the job offer. It wasn't an easy transition. My skill set and experiences were firmly rooted in academia, and at times I wondered whether I had what it takes to be an effective program director. But eventually, I realized that my academic experiences were assets to capitalize on, not obstacles to surmount. Teaching large classes had honed my communication skills, which proved essential when speaking with NSF's leadership team and the broader research community. Working with diverse students on class projects gave me the confidence to lead strong teams centered on common goals. I could also empathize with the academics I worked with and help them navigate the ins and outs of NSF. Best of all, my job at NSF filled the void I felt in my academic work. As a professor, I had an impact on scores of students each year. Now, I felt I was making a difference for the thousands of students who applied to the program each year—for instance, by revising the application materials to be more inclusive and by training reviewers to take a broader view of applicants' qualifications. I celebrated the fellows' successes as if I were their adviser. After 10 years at the agency, I retired this past May. If I'd stayed in academia, I would have maintained some status as a professor emeritus. But now, when I search for my name on NSF's staff directory, it's gone—as if I no longer exist. So, I remind myself why I chose the government: to enable others, especially students, to make new scientific discoveries and to chart their own—hopefully fulfilling—career paths. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif

Decoupling of dissolved and bedrock neodymium isotopes during sedimentary cycling

This project was funded by a Swiss National Science Foundation fellowship for prospective researchers (PBEZP2-137335), a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (PIEF-GA-2012-331501), and NERC Standard Grant NE/M001865/1. Fieldwork was supported by an Arctic Field Grant (219165/E10, The Research Council of Norway).

Senescent declines in elite tennis players are similar across the sexes

This work was supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation fellowship (Grant P2ZHP3_164990) and a Leverhulme Trust grant awarded to DJH (Grant RF-2015-001).

Russell A. Livigni: 2013 Charles Goodyear Medalist

Dr. Russell A. Livigni, retired from GenCorp as the vice president of corporate technology, was named the Rubber Division, ACS 2013 Charles Goodyear Medal winner for his pioneering work with high trans rubbers. Dr. Livigni led the discovery and development of high trans styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), a crystallizing rubber that has many of the properties and strengths of natural rubber (NR) but does not oxidize or degrade like NR. It was a major breakthrough in tire technology.Dr. Livigni is a native of Akron, Ohio. He graduated from Kenmore High School in 1952, where he was the winner of the Bausch & Lomb Award in Science. While attending high school, he worked part-time in the credit department at the M. O'Neil department store in downtown Akron. After graduating, he worked at the Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.'s control laboratory of its Synthetic Rubber Development facility. In 1956, Dr. Livigni completed his B.Sc. in chemistry and in 1960 his Ph.D. in polymer chemistry, with both degrees having been earned at the University of Akron. During his last two years as an undergraduate, he worked as a research assistant in the Institute of Rubber Research. He was the recipient of the Merck Award for undergraduate chemistry majors and was awarded the Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.'s Fellowship in his first two years of graduate studies. He was on a National Science Foundation Fellowship his last two years of graduate school.After receiving his Ph.D. degree, Dr. Livigni was first employed at the Ford Scientific Laboratory of the Ford Motor Co. in Dearborn, Michigan. In 1961, Dr. Livigni joined GenCorp (at that time, The General Tire & Rubber Co.) as a senior research chemist. Subsequently, he rose through a series of positions of increasing responsibility: Group Leader, Polymer Characterization (1962–1963); Section Head, Materials Chemistry & Polymer Characterization (1963–1975); Manager, Polymer & Analytical Chemistry (1975–1980); Associate Director, GenCorp Research (1980–1987); and Vice-President and Director, GenCorp Research (1988–1995). He became Vice-President, Corporate Technology, at GenCorp in 1995 and retired in 1996 to consult for Omnova, a spin-off of GenCorp. Presently, he is a consultant in polymer and rubber chemistry and R&D organization and a member of the advisory boards of the Arts & Sciences College and Chemistry Department of the University of Akron.Dr. Livigni has 37 U.S. patents and numerous technical publications. He discovered high trans SBR, a crystallizing rubber now used in tires. He was involved in the development and commercialization of Telagen used as a rocket propellant binder and poly(propylene oxide) polyols prepared with the zinc hexacyanocobaltate complex catalyst. A past chairman of the Gordon Elastomers Conference (1978), he was awarded the ACESS (Akron Council Engineering and Scientific Societies) Distinguished Award of Council (1991), Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award (1997), University of Akron Alumni Honor Award (2002), University of Akron Department of Polymer Science Outstanding Alumni Award (2002), and the University of Akron Buchtel Award in Natural Sciences (2008).

Further Erosion of State Consumer Protection Remedies for U.S. Telecommunications: Flawed Federal Preemption Under At&T Mobility v. Concepcion

Further Erosion of State Consumer Protection Remedies for U.S. Telecommunications: Flawed Federal Preemption Under At&T Mobility v. Concepcion

Abstract LB-96: Extrinsic and intrinsic force and GBM aggression

Abstract Despite concerted effort the mean survival time for patients with aggressive GBM remains unchanged with a mean of 14 months. Indeed, high grade GBMs are notoriously resistant to therapy and typically disseminate throughout the brain tissue, severely compromising patient treatment. In this respect, the most lethal GBMs arise within the SVZ region of the brain which is rich in stem cells. This has lead to speculation that GBM aggression is related to their stem-like origin. Consistently, using AFM indentation we determined that analogous to neural stem cells (NSCs), high grade GBMs are very soft and express high levels of the Notch regulated gene HES-1. We also found that high grade GBMs and NSCs both express elevated levels of the stemness-promoting repressor NCoR2. We further determined that NCoR2 expression correlates with poor GBM patient prognosis, which is an observation that accords with our recent finding that NCoR2 enhances breast tumor survival in response to radiation, chemotherapy and immune activators in vitro and in vivo. These findings are consistent with a stem-like origin for GBMs and identify NCoR2 as a putative unique survival mechanism that could explain the treatment resistance of this disease. Interestingly, AFM measurements of freshly excised murine brain tumor slices showed that GBMs arising within the SVZ region are also quite stiff. Preliminary findings also showed that isolated high grade GBM cells but not low grade oligodendroglioma cells have a greatly enhanced mechano-responsiveness e.g. they spread more on soft gels and possess a vastly altered glycocalyx; traits that predict elevated contractility and integrin signaling. Given MRI data indicating very aggressive GBMs in the SVZ region are highly vascularized and experience elevated compression the findings support the idea that tumors that arise within this highly mechanically-challenged SVZ microenvironment have a unique mechano-behavior that could facilitate their growth, survival and dissemination. Indeed, the high compliance, contractility and mechanical resistance of GBMs would facilitate their growth, survival and expansion within compressed brain tissue and would foster their ability to navigate and disseminate into the dense GBM-associated ECM. Because reducing tumor force can revert the malignant phenotype of cancerous tissue and will reduce tumor cell invasion, growth, and survival and inhibit tumor progression and decrease tumor incidence we predict that the altered force microenvironment and intrinsic mechanobehavior of GBMs contribute to their aggression. Consequently, studies are now underway to clarify the interplay between cell and tissue force and GBM behavior and to determine the relevance of NCoR2 to GBM treatment resistance. (Supp by: NCI grants U54CA143836–01 and NIH/NCI R01 CA138818–01A1 to V.M.W. and a National Science Foundation (GRFP) Fellowship to Y.A.M.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-96. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-96

Master of Abstraction

I was supposed to meet Alberto in the spring of 1986. I was a graduating senior with a National Science Foundation (NSF) fellowship in hand and acceptance letters from the University of California, Berkeley, and Stanford, so I decided to visit the Bay Area on my spring break to decide which university to attend. I had told the NSF that I was hoping to work on analog circuit synthesis, and it was already clear that the best place in the world to do that would be in the research groups of Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli and Richard Newton. However, I was more aggressive than that! My intention was to complete an IC-focused one year master's degree at Stanford first and then transfer to Berkeley for my Ph.D., saving the time of a master's thesis while getting the benefits of two world-class institutions. For my plan to work, I needed to know that there would be a spot for me at Berkeley—in what was then called the CAD group—in a year.

Discoveries in Bacterial Nucleotide Metabolism

Discoveries in Bacterial Nucleotide Metabolism

QnAs with Karl Mahlburg

In April 2006, PNAS awarded its first Paper of the Year prize to Karl Mahlburg, a mathematics graduate student studying with number theorist Ken Ono at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Mahlburg's work (1) “adds a lustrous chapter,” as mathematician George E. Andrews said in a Commentary, to the study of a long-standing problem involving partition theory and the crank function—all of which began with an observation by the famed Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan in 1920. Mahlburg, who was funded by a National Science Foundation fellowship and will start the C. L. E. Moore Instructorship at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) in the fall, took a break from writing his thesis to talk with PNAS. Karl Mahlburg at the spring PNAS Editorial Board Meeting, 2006. > PNAS:Why did you choose PNAS to publish your paper? > Mahlburg:PNAS certainly doesn't publish a lot of mathematics papers. I was aware of that, but because of my contact with George Andrews, who was quite interested in my work, he offered to submit it. He recently was elected to the Academy. Once that came up, it did seem like a wonderful idea. > > PNAS is, of course, …

Conversation with M. Douglas Anglin

Conversation with M. Douglas Anglin

An Engineering Survey of Radiating Shock Layers

John Anderson received his Bachelor of Aeronautical Engineering Degree from the University of Florida in 1959 and his Ph.D. in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from Ohio State University in 1966. From 1959 to 1962, Dr. Anderson served as a Lieutenant and Task Scientist in the U.S. Air Force at the Aerospace Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. At Ohio State University from 1962 to 1966, he studied under National Science Foundation and NASA graduate fellowships. Since 1966, Dr. Anderson has been Chief of the Hypersonics Group, Aerophysics Division, at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Maryland. Also since 1966, he has been a Lecturer in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Catholic University. Dr. Anderson is a member of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, Sigma Tau, AIAA, and the American Physical Society. He has published in the areas of radiation gas dynamics, high-temperature nonequilibrium flows, and hypersonic aerodynamics. In science, by a fiction as remarkable as any to be found in law, what has once been published, even though it be in the Russian language, is spoken of as known, and it is too often forgotten that the rediscovery in the library may be a more difficult and uncertain process than the first discovery in the laboratory. Lord Ravleigh-1884.

Social norms, social value, and judgments of responsibility 1Preparation of this paper was supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation Fellowship. We thank Jessica Kadis for her valuable help in putting the finishing touches to this paper.

We investigated the impact of social norms on responsibility attribution. We hypothesized that an actor would be held more responsible for a negative outcome when adopting a counternormative, rather than normative, conduct. Under these circumstances, judging someone responsible consists of casting the negative social value of the conduct onto the actor. In three experiments, we found that an HIV-positive person was judged more responsible for the infection when his or her conduct transgressed a social norm than when it did not. As expected, this effect was mediated by the social value attributed to the actor, but not by the affective reactions toward him or her. In addition, we ruled out several alternative interpretations of these findings. In Experiment 1, judgments of responsibility were unrelated to causal inferences. In Experiment 2, the salience of the counternormative conduct did not affect the impact of the social norm on responsibility attribution. In Experiment 3, the validation (commonness) of the conduct did not moderate the effect of its normativeness. Overall, the results provide strong support for the idea that responsibility attribution is based on the social desirability of behaviors.

Attracting Minorities to Science

The article “Wanted: A better way to boost numbers of minority Ph.D.s” by Jeffrey Mervis (News of the Week, 28 Aug., p. [1268][1]) addresses a serious problem. Some programs have been successful in creating magnets of promise. One that Mervis mentions is the Leadership Alliance, with headquarters at Brown University. James Wyche, a microbial geneticist and Associate Provost, heads a consortium that links approximately 28 institutions, including major research universities and ethnic colleges. This project has, over the past 7 years, proved that a climate supportive of minority scientists can bind participating institutions and envelop students in an expanded network of encouragement and interaction. We at Harvard are participants in the Consortium. In the graduate programs (Ph.D.) of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences located at the Harvard Medical School, we currently have 35 members of underrepresented groups enrolled. This number does not include students enrolled in the M.D/Ph.D. program. For the years 1992–1996 (those covered by Mervis), we graduated an average of five such students per year. At the high school level, the Macy High School Science Program, now called “Ventures in Education,” and the Meyerhoff program at the University of Maryland Baltimore County are both successful. Why not follow the suggestion of Joel Oppenheim and mount a conference to promote an exchange of views among those whose programs are working? ![Figure][2] Participants at a recent Leadership Alliance conference CREDIT: RICK KOZAK As a white male recipient of a 1998 National Science Foundation (NSF) graduate fellowship, I have several observations on the ending of minority graduate fellowships First, the political climate dictates that affirmative action will end, and we must find innovative new ways to recruit minority scientists. I believe that scientists are well positioned to do this: In a previous generation, scientists were leaders in opening university doors to foreigners. International cooperation was common in science even during the Cold War and remains strong today. American scientists are even leading our efforts to foster ties with Cuba by lobbying to ease restrictions on their first-rate scientific community ([1][3]). We diversified our profession internationally without affirmative action, and I believe that we can integrate our profession domestically in the same manner. Second, I applaud suggestions to reduce the importance of scores on the Graduate Record Examination in awarding fellowships. This is a matter of common sense rather than equity: A multiple-choice test cannot measure the traits necessary for research success nearly as well as transcripts, resumes, and recommendations. Making allowances for candidates from smaller schools with fewer resources for advanced courses and research would also be a good step. Finally, I think we should put the loss of minority fellowships in perspective: The decision to pursue a career in science begins at the undergraduate level, when NSF fellowships are not yet an issue for prospective scientists. Also, many talented white students who are not likely to receive NSF fellowships still apply for graduate study and work as teaching assistants; why should we assume that minorities will lack the same chutzpah? Finally, minority fellowships were never intended for marginal cases in need of encouragement to remain in science. They are instead for dynamic and talented minorities for whom no recruitment is necessary. These are the people we want in science, and the only way to increase their ranks is to cast our nets wider long before they reach graduate school. 1. [↵][4]1. J. Kumagai , Phys. Today 51, 56 (August 1998). [OpenUrl][5] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.281.5381.1268 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [5]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPhys.%2BToday%26rft.volume%253D51%26rft.spage%253D56%26rft.atitle%253DPHYS%2BTODAY%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx

NSF Fellowships available

Applications are available for National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Fellowships and Minority Graduate Fellowships for 1987–1988. These fellowships provide an annual stipend of $11,100 and a cost‐of‐education allowance of $6000 per year. The education allowance is provided to each fellow's educational institution in lieu of all tuition and fees. These fellowships are renewable for up to 3 years, depending on the availability of NSF funds.

On the exponent of norm residue groups

We compute the exponent of some norm residue groups in the number theoretic case (global fields). We use the method of Galois cohomology and the theory of the Brauer group over global field. Let n be natural number and let K/k be Galois extension of arbitrary fields with bicyclic group G = Z/n X Z/n generated by s and t. By Hr(G, K *), r g Z, we mean the Tate cohomology groups of G with coefficients in the multiplicative group of K. We consider the following diagram of sub fields of K and relative norms: ,A. :■; K(s) = K^ N ~W = K(o We use the known structure of the third Galois cohomological groups (see [4 and 5]): (1) H3(G, K*) = Z3/B3 = NXK2* n N2K*/NK*. where the 3-cocycles are Z3 = [c = (a, b) g K* X &2*\N2aNxb = l} and the 3-coboundaries are B3 = {c= (a,b) G AT* x there exists (x, y, z) g K* X K2* X AT* such that t(x)Nlz = ax, s(y) = byN2z) . The sets Z3 and B3 are multiplicative groups through the operation (a, b)(a b') = (aa bb'). The isomorphism in (1) is induced by the map Z3 -» /VjA^* n N2KX*/NK * which sends c = (a, b) to A/2a = /Vj/b1 mod NK*. The Diophantine equation N(x) = a, g k*, x an indeterminate with value in AT, is of interest. Lemma. Let K/k be Galois extension of arbitrary fields with group G = Z/n X Z/n, n G N. If H3(G, A*) = 0, then k*/NK* has exponent at most n, that is, every nth power of k* is norm. Proof. For all g k*, the 3-cocycle c = (a, a1) is coboundary. Hence the equation N(x) — a has solution. Received by the editors January 16, 1984. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 12A60; Secondary 12G05, 12E15. 'This is joint work done while the first author was staying at Yale University under Swiss National Science Foundation fellowship. ©1985 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/85 $1.00 + $.25 per page

NSF Fellowships

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has announced that 650 fellowships will be awarded next spring for advanced study in science, mathematics, and engineering, including interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary areas. The fellowships are available to citizens and nationals of the United States and will be awarded on the basis of merit for full‐time study. Fellowships are available in three categories, including 540 graduate fellowships, 60 minority graduate fellowships, and 50 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) postdoctoral fellowships.The graduate fellowships include a stipend of $11,000 for a 12‐month tenure and a cost of‐education allowance of up to $6,000 per year to be provided to the educational institution in lieu of tuition and fee charges. These fellowships are renewable for up to 3 years, depending on availability of NSF funds. Application deadline is November 21. Fellowships will be awarded mid‐March 1985. For more information and applications, contact the Fellowship Office, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418 (telephone: 202‐334‐2872).

Some Psychological Concomitants and Consequences of the Black Personality: Mental Health Implications

Journal of Non-White Concerns in Personnel and GuidanceVolume 11, Issue 2 p. 59-66 Some Psychological Concomitants and Consequences of the Black Personality: Mental Health Implications Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo, Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo Doctoral Candidate Daudi Ajani ya Azibo (Donald Allen) is an advanced doctoral candidate in psychology at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. He has a National Science Foundation Fellowship and is interested in Black personality theory and research, African-American's mental disorders from an Afrocentric framework, and culturally specific (Black) tests. Gratitude is expressed to the following for assistance of various sorts in this article: Robert L. Williams, William L. Dotson, David E. Weldon, Arthur Shulman, Craig Brown, Bridgette Jenkins, and the participants without whom there would have been no research.Search for more papers by this authorDonald F. Allen, Donald F. Allen Daudi Ajani ya Azibo (Donald Allen) is an advanced doctoral candidate in psychology at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. He has a National Science Foundation Fellowship and is interested in Black personality theory and research, African-American's mental disorders from an Afrocentric framework, and culturally specific (Black) tests. Gratitude is expressed to the following for assistance of various sorts in this article: Robert L. Williams, William L. Dotson, David E. Weldon, Arthur Shulman, Craig Brown, Bridgette Jenkins, and the participants without whom there would have been no research.Search for more papers by this author Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo, Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo Doctoral Candidate Daudi Ajani ya Azibo (Donald Allen) is an advanced doctoral candidate in psychology at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. He has a National Science Foundation Fellowship and is interested in Black personality theory and research, African-American's mental disorders from an Afrocentric framework, and culturally specific (Black) tests. Gratitude is expressed to the following for assistance of various sorts in this article: Robert L. Williams, William L. Dotson, David E. Weldon, Arthur Shulman, Craig Brown, Bridgette Jenkins, and the participants without whom there would have been no research.Search for more papers by this authorDonald F. Allen, Donald F. Allen Daudi Ajani ya Azibo (Donald Allen) is an advanced doctoral candidate in psychology at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. He has a National Science Foundation Fellowship and is interested in Black personality theory and research, African-American's mental disorders from an Afrocentric framework, and culturally specific (Black) tests. Gratitude is expressed to the following for assistance of various sorts in this article: Robert L. Williams, William L. Dotson, David E. Weldon, Arthur Shulman, Craig Brown, Bridgette Jenkins, and the participants without whom there would have been no research.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1983 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4950.1983.tb00102.xCitations: 11 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue2April 1983Pages 59-66 RelatedInformation