National Pension Insurance Research Articles

A Comparative of Social Security for Non-Standard Employed Persons in China and the United Kingdom

The different protections for flexible employment in the UK and the different forms and tendencies of flexible employment in China have resulted in different policies and forms of tendency. The essay focuses on comparing the social security of flexibly employed people and is divided into two parts to examine the differences. The first part: China uses the dichotomy of labour relations for non-standard employment in most cases. The UK has more comprehensive laws and adopts more lenient laws to provide protection for workers, and basic rights do not depend on long-term regular labour relations. The second section compares the different social security situations in the two countries. The Chinese section focuses on the trend of national pension insurance to promote universal coverage and the construction of occupational injury protection in today's society. The UK section focuses on the promotion of non-standard employment through the pension insurance programme and places greater emphasis on social assistance in social security. These comparisons can serve as a reference for China.

Sustainability and inequality of Taiwan's National Pension Insurance

AbstractTaiwan's National Pension Insurance (NPI) is a compulsory defined benefit pension insurance scheme. However, paying the NPI premium is not mandatory. We use the NPI administrative data of more than 489 million observations to investigate the NPI's sustainability and inequalities for various groups. We find that NPI participants pay their premiums either consistently or not at all. Although the overall willingness to pay the premiums has been declining, one group of the insured persons consistently pays, thereby maintaining the sustainability of the NPI. Intergenerational and intragenerational inequalities are both found in the NPI; however, the government's premium subsidy reduces intragenerational inequality, except for young adult males who need the NPI and regularly pay premiums. Our empirical results suggest that subsidising these young male citizens strengthens the NPI's sustainability and mitigates the intergenerational and intragenerational inequalities of the NPI.

Additional Forms of Retirement Savings under the Third Pillar of the Polish Retirement Protection System

The purpose of the article is to present the additional forms of retirement savings under the third pillar of the Polish retirement protection system as well as in the broader context of the national pension insurance system, taking into consideration legal regulations concerning pension benefits paid by the Polish Social Insurance Institution (ZUS). The author synthetically discusses various schemes operating in the third pension pillar (EPS, IRA, IRPA and ECP), and analyses the adequacy of the adopted solutions in the light of the basic aim of this system which is to complement benefits paid under the national pension system. In addition, benefits paid out to the participants to the third pillar schemes are discussed in detail in the context of the overall objective of the third pillar.

Algorithm based on Decision Trees for the optimal choice of the Peruvian Pension System

This article details how fundamental pension insurance is, taking into account that there are two systems: The Private Pension System (AFP), in which the worker receives what he has received throughout the period he has worked, such as a personal savings account and the National Pension Insurance (ONP), which is a public body that allocates the money contributed by workers (common fund) and is disbursed as a concept of pensions to retirees. Taking into account the problem of the lack of information on Pension Insurance provided by both public and private entities, it was decided to build an algorithm for adequate information and thus achieve relevant decision-making for each worker who accesses the payroll forthe first time or for those who decide to start independently,

ON THE BASIC SOCIAL RIGHTS OF SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS

The relevance of the article is that the legal status of individuals is a complex legal phenomenon, which for many years has caused intense scientific debate in domestic and foreign legal circles. Rights as one of the elements of legal status – the opportunities that according to current legislation belong to this category of persons – is one of the important aspects in the process of disclosing the issue of social security of self-employed persons in Ukraine. In general, social human rights are a special group of rights – their implementation and enforcement are associated with the establishment of harmonization between the state and society. Man’s realization of these rights ensures his full existence in society. The purpose of the article is to establish the basic social rights of self-employed persons. The relevance of the article is that the legal status of individuals is a complex legal phenomenon, which for many years has caused intense scientific debate in domestic and foreign legal circles. Rights as one of the elements of legal status – the opportunities that according to current legislation belong to this category of persons – is one of the important aspects in the process of disclosing the issue of social security of self-employed persons in Ukraine. In general, social human rights are a special group of rights – their implementation and enforcement are associated with the establishment of harmonization between the state and society. Man’s realization of these rights ensures his full existence in society. The purpose of the article is to establish the basic social rights of self-employed persons. The article analyzes the concept of “social rights”, which is closely related to such as “social protection” and “social law”. The article stipulates that self-employed persons can simultaneously act as subjects-recipients of social security and those persons who actually provide this security. It is concluded that the subjective rights of self-employed persons in the field of social security in general should be noted: the right to demand the provision of one or another type of security (pension, benefits, compensation, social services, benefits) in the statutory amount and in the prescribed manner, and also implementation by the obligated subject of other actions for the purpose of realization by the citizen of all opportunities provided to it by the law. Individual entrepreneurs who act as employers in the field of socially secure relations have the right to: provide additional material compensation, freely dispose of various social funds of the enterprise, and so on. However, if self-employed people can decide on support measures according to their own wishes and abilities, they also need to pay attention to the legal obligations of social security workers in the process of work. Such responsibilities include: insurance premiums, including – on compulsory national pension insurance, the obligation to provide relevant information (on dismissed employees; on the state of labor protection of enterprises, institutions, organizations), etc.

Changing dynamics of social policy in democracy: comparing pension and health reforms in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Much research attaches importance of democracy to welfare expansion. We offer a revised argument to neutralize this view. Drawing on the insights of historical institutionalism, we examine the reforms of the National Pension Insurance and National Health Insurance in Taiwan, and compare their policy processes alongside four dimensions: actor constellations, interactive modes of policymaking, policy networks, and power relationships. We highlight the diverse political dynamics in terms of the state capacity and state-society relationships that led to different policy outcomes. The present study offers an insight for understanding the intricate relationships between democratization and social policy in East Asia.

Mortality Differential and Social Insurance: A Case Study in Taiwan

The mortality differential is important information for planning social insurance programs, such as health insurance and public pensions. It can be used to evaluate whether certain areas need more medical facilities and traffic infrastructure. The ignorance of mortality differentials can result in adverse selection and problems of pricing and liability. In this study, we use mortality models to estimate the mortality differentials of two social pension plans in Taiwan, National Pension Insurance (NPI) and Farmer Health Insurance (FHI), which account for more than one-third of the population of Taiwan (about 9 million). We compare the mortality profiles of the two pension groups in terms of economic status and geographic region. Empirical study leads to several policy implications, such as the feasibility of unifying the FHI and NPI systems, reallocating more premium subsidy according to mortality difference and corresponding annuity cost, and the antiselection effect in suburban areas with lower annuity costs and lower willingness to pay premiums.

ANALISIS PENYELENGGARAAN JAMINAN PENSIUN HARAPAN DAN TANTANGAN IMPLEMENTASI PP NO. 45 TAHUN 2015

In addition to mandated in the Constitution of 1945, the pension insurance program for all citizens is a necessity given Indonesian demographic projections that show significant change in the structure of the population of Indonesia. Demographic projections show that the dependency ratio is higher due to increasing in life expectancy and decreasing in fertility of women. Anticipating these conditions, Indonesian government implemented a national pension insurance program by issuing PP 45/2015. However, there are some problems in the implementation of the program. Problem related to national budget is the emergence of fiscal risks due to an imbalance of the amount of funds derived from contributions to the pension benefit payment liabilities. From the operational side, the concern arises from the ability of fund managers in implementing good corporate governance and their ability to provide adequate information technology infrastructure. Besides, informal sector workers and women should receive more attention in the pension insurance program.

Economic and public health benefits: The result of increased regular physical activity

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate mathematical algorithms that could quantify the burden of disease in Hungary and to determine the extent of savings in sick-allowance which could be achieved if inactive lifestyles could be reduced. MethodsData was collected from the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund Administration, the Central Administration for the National Pension Insurance, the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, and a national large-sample survey (n=1158). Direct costs and indirect burden of various diseases were analysed using economic and labour-related assumptions. The distribution of medical cost coverage between the state, households and employees is described, taking Hungarian commodity- and labour market specifics into consideration. We used the method of population Attributable Risk to quantify the possible savings in sick-allowance due to a reduction in inactivity. ResultsComparison of economic burdens of illnesses between 2005 and 2009 decreased in inflation-corrected real terms. Expanding physical activity was a trigger factor, as logistic regression showed significant correlation between regular sporting activity and sick days of the previous year (p=0.03; Exp(β)=0.760). In 2009, 2.3%–23.6% of all workers applying for sick-allowance lived inactively, and 16 billion HUF in sick-allowances could have been saved had the population inactivity rate not been 77%. Calculation of illness-related burden relating to obesity, hyperlipidaemia, high blood pressure, stroke and type-II diabetes related to metabolic syndrome highlights specific areas where increased physical activity could have a positive effect. ConclusionOnly a 10% increase in physical activity would result in more than 28 billion HUF (ca. 73.7 million GBP) savings for the Hungarian economy.

Anwendung der ICF Core Sets in der Begutachtung von Patienten mit lumbalen Rückenschmerzen und generalisiertem Schmerzsyndrom

Medical reports of the national pension insurance are essential for the national pension regulatory authority to decide on granting services regarding participation as well as retirement pensions due to inability to work. There are guidelines regarding the content of medical reports. It is also generally accepted that the evaluation of functioning is an essential component of them. However, it is still an open question to what extent the standardisation and the objectiveness of medical reports can be improved. The ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) is a framework as well as a common language for describing functioning and disability. ICF Core Sets are lists of disease-specific relevant ICF categories and can be a useful practicable tool for medical reports for national pension insurance. They could support the standardization of the medical reports. The aim of this planned project is to examine whether the ICF Core Sets for low back pain and chronic widespread pain could serve as a useful basis for medical reports for national pension insurance regarding the patients suffering low back pain or chronic widespread pain. Six hundred medical reports from patients with low back pain or chronic widespread pain, respectively, will be translated into the language of the ICF using a retrospective qualitative study design. For this translation ('linking') process specialised physicians from the national pension insurance and members of the Institute for Health and Rehabilitations Science will be trained to use established linking rules. STATE OF THE PROJECT: Currently, a total of 244 medical reports from the national pension insurance with the health conditions low back pain or chronic widespread pain were selected by members of the national pension insurance. The medical reports are anonymised in different federal states according to the appropriate requirements. The first 10 medical reports have already being analysed. First analyses show that the structure of medical reports varies enormously. Therefore a comparison of the content without having a common basis is hardly possible. This demonstrates the importance of the project and the possible usefulness of the ICF and the ICF Core Sets for structuring the content of medical reports for the national pension insurance.

Krankheitslast

A synopsis of different socio-medical consequences of inflammatory rheumatic diseases is not yet available for Germany. Therefore, the data reported during the past decade for rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematodes, and Wegener's granulomatosis are summarized in this article. Apart from clinical studies, relevant data sources were the national data base of the German collaborative arthritis centres, statistical figures from the compulsory health insurance and the national pension insurance scheme. Data were mainly available for sick leave and work disability showing limitations, which frequently occurred during the early course of diseases and increased with disease duration. Furthermore, different risk factors were identified. Measures to maintain continued participation in the labour force, such as part-time employment, partial work disability instead of full work disability, were not being adequately utilized. Only few data regarding the need of help and care were available. The proportion of patients in need of help and care increased with the duration of rheumatoid arthritis to more than 50% after more than 2 decades. This review presents detailed information concerning aspects of the burden of rheumatic diseases, which are frequently not adequately taken into account. They may be useful for the advice and care of individual patients as well as for decision processes concerning the health care system.

Regionale Qualitätssicherung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation. Qualitätsgemeinschaft medizinische Rehabilitation in Schleswig-Holstein - Hauptstudie und Ergebnisse aus orthopädischen Kliniken

The "Quality Community Medical Rehabilitation" (QGmR) is a voluntary association of several rehabilitation clinics in Schleswig-Holstein. The QGmR is closely oriented along the quality assurance programme of the national pension insurance scheme. As local initiative its emphasis lies in patient outcomes. The patients of the QGmR were interviewed twice (pre-post: before and four months after rehabilitation), and all patients were included consecutively during a defined period of time. After a pilot phase the main study of the QGmR was accomplished between 2002 and 2004. Twenty Schleswig-Holstein rehabilitation clinics with six diagnostic groups and a total of 3094 patients participated (2026 at both points of measurement). The majority of the patients interviewed were orthopaedic patients, and the smallest number were patients with heart disease and neurologic conditions. Most patients showed clearly health-related impairments before rehabilitation compared with population-referred data, four months after rehabilitation patients showed significant improvements in all health-related parameters. In addition to health improvement the patients showed a high satisfaction with all areas of the rehabilitation treatment and processes they were asked to judge (administration, therapy, care) independent of diagnostic group or rehabilitation clinic. But, also independent of diagnostic group and clinic, there were clear deficits in the field of post-rehabilitative treatment. Some of the results varied according to diagnostic group and clinic. The results of a comparison between the clinics showed some differences to the effect that some clinics were better than others, but these differences were not very large although statistically significant in a few cases. Nevertheless the "best" can be determined, which could motivate the clinics to participate in regular quality assurance working groups.