National Survey Of Mental Health Research Articles

A Stratified Cross Section of Resilience in Older Taiwanese Men and Women.

To determine if gender impacts associations between social relationships, socioeconomic, health, and behavioral factors with resilience among older Taiwanese adults. The data were obtained from a National Mental Health Survey conducted in Taiwan. The sample was created using multistage proportional probability. A questionnaire was used to interview participants at their homes. Study participants were ≥65 years. Predictor variables and the outcome, resilience, were clearly defined followed by statistical analysis. High- and low-resilience outcomes of older adults were determined based on the median value of the Friborg's Resilience Scale. An independent-sample t test, χ2, and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine predictors for resilience which were then stratified by gender. Older women were less likely to be resilient than older men. Social relationships, socioeconomic, health, and behavioral factors had both similar and differential impacts on resilience when stratified for gender. The relationships between gender, socioeconomics, health, and social and behavioral factors with resilience provide unique insights into how culture shapes trends in data.

Are there subgroup differences in the accuracy of 'screening' questions for mood and anxiety disorder diagnostic interviews?

To examine the impact of potential measurement bias (i.e., differential item functioning [DIF]) across sex, age, employment, location, and substance use disorders on the screening properties of epidemiological surveys that utilise screening questions when estimating prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders. Data comprised of 15,893 respondents who completed the 2020-2022 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Questions from the screening module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and DIF across subgroups of interest. Sensitivity, specificity, and classification rate were derived and compared across models that did and did not adjust for significant levels of DIF. Sources of DIF were identified across the items was due to age and sex at birth with relatively fewer items displaying DIF across employment, location, and substance use disorders. In terms of screening, the absolute differences in sensitivity and specificity between the DIF-free and DIF models ranged from 0.001 to 0.091. The current study found some evidence of DIF in the screening questions used to evaluate mental health disorder prevalence. However, the overall influence of DIF on screening into at least one mood and anxiety disorder module was found to be minimal.

Digitally Driven Short- and Intermediate-term Courses of Primary Care Psychiatry for Doctors: A Theme-based Analysis and Performance Audit.

The National Mental Health Survey of India 2015-2016 identified a substantial treatment gap in mental healthcare, emphasizing the urgent need for improved training of primary care doctors (PCDs) in managing psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three digitally delivered primary care psychiatry courses offered by the department of psychiatry in a tertiary neuropsychiatric center: the Certificate Course in Primary Mental Healthcare (CCPMH), the Diploma in Community Mental Health (DCMH), and the Diploma in Primary Care Psychiatry (DPCP). Based on the board of studies documents, including curriculum, delivery methods, accreditation criteria, and outcomes, a comparative and thematic analysis of the courses was conducted. The digital courses differed in duration, depth, and delivery methods. The DPCP, the most intensive and personalized program, was highly effective in translating knowledge into clinical practice. The CCPMH provided a foundational, short-term course for PCDs, while the DCMH covered a broader range of topics relevant to primary care psychiatry, supplemented with self-learning modules. All courses significantly contributed to reducing the mental health treatment gap by training a substantial number of PCDs. Digitally delivered courses are essential in addressing the mental health treatment gap in India. The DPCP, with its emphasis on practical training and personalized learning, demonstrates high effectiveness in equipping PCDs with the necessary skills to manage psychiatric disorders. However, further research is needed to evaluate long-term outcomes and to address the scalability and accessibility challenges of these.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Vulnerability to Mood and Anxiety Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic had a global impact on mental health. Identification of individuals at higher or lower risk of mental health problems may assist with targeting prevention, support and treatment efforts during future pandemics. Using a Canadian national mental health survey that collected data during the pandemic period (March 2022–December 2022), this study examined the vulnerability of participants reporting abuse during their childhood by examining the annual prevalence of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Psychiatric disorders were identified using a version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Because childhood adversities are well-known risk factors for mental disorders, the analysis focused on interactions between childhood adversities and pandemic-related stressors by estimating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RERIs provide evidence of synergy based on the occurrence of greater than additive interactions. Physical and sexual abuse interacted synergistically with pandemic-related stressors in predicting mood and anxiety disorders. No synergies were found for substance use disorders. Childhood adversities increase vulnerability to later stressors and may be useful for the identification of individuals more likely to have mental health needs during this type of public health emergency.

Latent Subtypes and Characteristics of Suicide Risk Among Korean Adults.

We aimed to identify subgroups of suicide risk and their characteristics among Korean adults. We used data from the National Mental Health Survey of Korea 2021. Participants were 5,511 adults aged 18-79 years. Latent class analysis was conducted to identify patterns of suicide risk using suicidal thoughts, plans, attempts, and self-harm. Sociodemographic and health-related characteristics according to the subtype of suicide risk were compared. Suicide risk was classified into three latent classes: low suicide risk (89.5%, Class 3 [C3]), high suicidal ideation and low suicidal behavior (8.7%, Class 2 [C2]), and high suicidal thoughts and behavior (1.8%, Class 1 [C1]). Risk factors associated with C1 and C2 were the absence of a spouse, low educational and economic status, and unstable occupational status. C1 and C2 had more physical and psychological problems than did C3. Prevalence of mental disorders and mental health service use were higher in C1 than in C2. Suicide risk types have different demographic, physical health-related, and mental health-related characteristics. Therefore, a focused and individualized suicide preventive strategy should be implemented.

Associations of non-employment with common mental disorder subcomponents among working age population: analysis of national data from 1993, 2000, 2007 and 2014.

Associations between employment status and mental health are well-recognised and such associations may have multiple modifying factors which may also contribute to variations in results. We aimed to investigate associations between non-employment and CMD subcomponents and the extent of their variation across age groups using nationally representative data in Britain. We used a series of national mental health surveys of adults living in private households: the British National Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity of 1993, 2000, 2007 and 2014. Employment status was the primary exposure of interest. Presence or absence of each fourteen symptoms of common mental disorder (CMD), as the primary outcome, was ascertained identically in all surveys from the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Odds ratio for the association between exposure and outcome and population attributional fractions (PAFs) for each association was calculated. Within the highest-risk 45 to 54 years age group, all odds ratios were statistically significant and strongest associations were observed with panic symptoms (OR = 2.33), followed by depressive symptoms (1.90), worry about physical health (1.84), depression (1.82), forgetfulness (1.82) and somatic symptoms (1.70). In the 55 to 64 years age group, highest population attributable fractions were observed for non-employment as a hypothetical risk factor for panic symptoms (51.7%), phobias (44.2%), forgetfulness (39.5%), depressive symptoms (38.5%), worries about physical health (37.9%) and somatic symptoms (36.0%). The particularly high impact in middle-aged, pre-retirement groups of non-employment on CMD suggests a policy focus on alleviating stressors and providing support for those made redundant and/or compelled to take unwanted early retirement.

NAP's national survey of workplace mental health and well-being

NAP's national survey of workplace mental health and well-being

Heightened suicidal risk in ADHD and subthreshold ADHD: Understanding the role of psychiatric comorbidities

ObjectivesRecently, adult ADHD diagnoses have increased, complicating treatment when comorbid with other disorders. Subthreshold ADHD(sADHD) also poses challenges, especially with comorbidities and suicidality. This study explores psychiatric comorbidities' role in ADHD and sADHD suicidality. MethodsWe analyzed microdata from the National Mental Health Survey of Korea 2021 to examine the association of ADHD on comorbidities and suicide-related behaviors. ResultsOf the 5511 participants, 194(3.52 %) were diagnosed with ADHD, and 775(14.1 %) had sADHD. In 12-month prevalence, suicidal ideation and plans were more prevalent in both ADHD and sADHD patients than in controls, with higher odds ratios(ADHD vs. control OR 12.87; suicidal ideation, 54.06; suicidal plan, sADHD vs control OR 8.26; suicidal ideation, 17.63; suicidal plans). Lifetime suicidal ideation and plans were notably associated with alcohol use disorder(OR 6.15 in ideation, 3.83; plan) and nicotine use disorder in participants with ADHD(OR 5.36 in ideation, 5.31; plan), whereas sADHD associations were found with alcohol use disorder(OR 1.80 in ideation) and depressive disorder(OR 1.90 in ideation) compared to the controls. Additionally, differences in suicidal behavior between sADHD and ADHD were identified for alcohol use disorder(OR 3.42 in ideation, 4.15; plan) and nicotine use disorder(OR 4.02 in ideation, 4.98 in plan). ConclusionThese results indicated a heightened risk of psychiatric comorbidities and suicidal ideation or plans in the ADHD and sADHD groups. These results suggest the need for a more diverse focus on comprehensive mental health assessments and proactive support for patients with ADHD, regardless of symptom severity.

Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of internet gaming disorder and problematic game use: national mental health survey of Korea 2021.

This study investigated the prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of Internet Gaming Disorder and problematic game use among the general population in Korea. The data of 2,764 individuals aged 18 to 49 years who participated in the National Mental Health Survey of Korea 2021 were analyzed. The diagnostic assessments were based on the Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The Game Overuse Screening Questionnaire assessed problematic game use. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, and a complex sampling design analysis was applied. The 12-month prevalence rate of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) was 0.8% and the 1-month prevalence rate of problematic game use was 8.4%. IGD was higher in men, younger people, unemployed, and in those with low physical activity, dissatisfaction with their quality of life, and who perceived more loneliness and social isolation. While both alcohol use disorder (AUD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were significantly associated with IGD, only ADHD was significantly associated with problematic game use. IGD and problematic game use are relatively prevalent in the Korean adult population and are comorbid with AUD and ADHD. Therefore, a preventive strategy for IGD and problematic game use is needed for game users who are more likely to be addicted, such as younger male users. In addition, mental health screening and appropriate treatment for both game addiction and comorbid psychiatric disorders should be provided to individuals with IGD and problematic game use.

Relationship between qualitative and quantitative loneliness and suicidal ideation by occupational classification in the working-age population: a nationally-representative survey

BackgroundRising digitalization and individualism in the workplace after the COVID-19 pandemic have increased loneliness and related problems in the working-age population. The potential effects of various forms of loneliness on suicidal ideation may differ depending on employment status.MethodThis is a cross-sectional study based on a national survey of mental health in the general Korean population. We classified occupations as “employed,” “self-employed,” or “unemployed.” Loneliness was assessed using the UCLA Loneliness Scale, which measures both qualitative and quantitative aspects of loneliness. Suicidal ideation was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.ResultsA total of 1770 participants aged 30–65 years (mean age: 47.7 years) were included. The mean loneliness score was 43.9 (SD = 10.4), and 28% of the participants experienced a high level of loneliness. The prevalence ratio for suicidal ideation in the group with high levels of loneliness was 3.06 (95% CI 2.57, 3.63) compared to the group with low levels of loneliness. In our subgroup analysis, we consistently observed an association between loneliness and suicidal ideation across the employed group; however, the employed was more related with qualitative loneliness, the self-employed and the unemployed were more related with quantitative loneliness.ConclusionsLoneliness was associated with suicidal ideation. According to employment status, the associations were consistent, but there were interactions between type of loneliness and employment status. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce loneliness and prevent suicidal ideation should be tailored to specific employment groups, focusing on qualitative aspects for employed individuals and quantitative aspects for self-employed and unemployed individuals.

Prevalence and correlates of mental disorders among women: results from the Saudi National Mental Health Survey

BackgroundMental disorders account for a significant proportion of the world’s disease burden and are more significant among females than males. However, most global mental health research is sex neutral, including in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study, therefore, estimated the prevalence of mental disorders and investigated the sociodemographic correlates, sex disadvantage factors, and treatment-seeking in Saudi women concerning lifetime and 12-month mental disorders.MethodThe Saudi National Mental Health Survey is a stratified multistage clustered area probability design. Lifetime and 12-month mental disorders were assessed through the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). The correlates considered for this study included age-at-interview, education, marital status, employment status, socioeconomic status (SES), any chronic condition and household characteristics (region, urbanicity, and income), as well as domestic violence, age at marriage and in a polygamous marriage. Data was analysed using PROC SURVEYFREQ procedure as well as logistic regression in SAS 9.2.ResultsOverall, 24.7% and 35.9% of Saudi women experienced at least one of the disorders in the prior 12 months and at least once in their lifetime, respectively. Anxiety disorders were the most frequently reported 12-month and lifetime disorders, followed by mood disorders. The region, urbanicity, chronic conditions, employment status, as well as certain sex disadvantage factors were significantly associated with both 12-month and lifetime disorders. Most women did not seek treatment for 12-month mental disorders (86.2%) and lifetime disorders (73.8%).ConclusionOur study confirms that mental health issues, particularly anxiety and mood disorders, are highly prevalent among Saudi women, influenced by chronic conditions and sex-related factors like domestic violence and polygamy. Future research should focus on improving mental health literacy, using rigorous study designs to explore female-specific variables, and investigating genetic and environmental factors.

Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude of Allied Health Sciences Students Regarding Depression Among Patients

ABSTRACT: A prevalent and dangerous medical condition that hurts a person's feelings, thoughts, and behavior is depression. As stated by WHO, “A typical symptom of depression is a loss of interest in activities that one usually enjoys and a persistent sadness that lasts for at least two weeks, making it difficult to carry out daily activities”. Additional symptoms include low energy, altered appetite, increased or decreased sleep, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, difficulty making decisions, restlessness, feelings of guilt, hopelessness, or unworthiness, and suicidal thoughts. In 2015, it was projected that there were over 300 million cases of depression worldwide or 4.3% of the world's population. As per the 2015-2016 National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), one in every 20 Indians has depression, and approximately 15% of adult Indians require active care for one or more mental health conditions. According to statistics, depression accounts for 7.5% of all years survived with an infirmity in 2015, making it the leading cause of disability worldwide. When depression reaches its worst, it can result in suicide, which claims the lives of over 800,000 individuals annually. For those aged 15 to 29, it is the second most common cause of death1. Allied Health Sciences Students as primary health care workers/professionals will play an important part in identifying the symptoms of depression if any in a patient even when they come for a different health issue.

Magnitude, Extent, and Burden of Substance-use Disorders in West Bengal: Findings from the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), 2016.

Substance-use disorders (SUDs) are a public health problem. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) and National Family Health Survey (NFHS) provide evidence of high usage. Hence, the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) WB data were analyzed to estimate the prevalence, pattern, disability burden, and service utilization of SUD. The usual NMHS methodology was used. Four districts were selected, and thereafter, a multistage random sampling was done. The validated Bengali version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and other instruments like the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), disability, and health care utilization modules were used. A total of 2,646 eligible members (age >18 years as per 2011 census) were interviewed. It was found that alcohol use as per MINI at least 3 drinks of alcohol within 3 hours on 3 or more occasions was 3.9%, and the weighted prevalence of alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and tobacco-use disorder (TUD) was 3.04% and 14%, respectively. The AUD and TUD prevalence was lower than the national prevalence, yet they were more prevalent in urban areas than in the national trend. The ratio of women to men suffering from AUD in WB (1:5) was one of the highest in the country (all India average 1:18). Also, the treatment gap of 89.2% was more than the national average. SUDs are an important public health problem in the state of WB, which requires further research, particularly among women, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and in urban areas.

Mental health services in rural India: a big challenge still to be met

There has been a decline in the rural population of India from nearly 82% to about 65% over the past six decades. The National Mental Health Survey of India (2015–2016) reported a lower prevalence of mental disorders in rural areas compared with urban ones. Mental health services in the country are skewed towards the urban areas, and more families are pushed below the poverty line while getting treatment for a member with mental illness. India has expanded its District Mental Health Programme over the past two decades, and it now covers nearly all the districts in the country. Despite that, significant numbers of people with mental disorders, ranging from 70–90%, do not receive adequate treatment. This paper discusses the rural–urban divide in the mental health services, examining the problem and need, and the initiatives taken by the government of India in this direction.

Systematic review of the epidemiology of eating disorders in the Arab world.

The Arab world is dealing with modernization and sociocultural changes both associated with eating disorders. The present review provides an update of 'Eating disorders in the Arab world: a literature review', which was published in 2020. There are 22 recent epidemiological studies on eating disorders in five different countries in the Arab world. A large-scale national mental health survey reported a 12-month eating disorder prevalence of 3.2% and an eating disorder lifetime prevalence of 6.1%. Binge-eating disorder was the most common eating disorder (12-month prevalence = 2.1%, lifetime prevalence = 2.6%), 1.6% was at high risk for binge-eating disorder. Overall, between 23.8 and 34.8% was at high risk for any eating disorder. Body-shape dissatisfaction, a high BMI and separated/widowed/single marital status were associated with eating disorder pathology. Although there is still a lack of studies compared to the western world, the number of epidemiological studies on eating disorders in the Arab world is growing and there is an increase in studies using appropriate assessment-tools and norms. It is recommended to offer specialized treatment and to implement preventive programs.

Characteristics of children with a psychiatric disorder in 1999, 2004 and 2017: an analysis of the national child mental health surveys of England.

While research has described the profile of children with poor mental health, little is known about whether this profile and their needs have changed over time. Our aim was to investigate whether levels of difficulties and functional impact faced by children with a psychiatric disorder have changed over time, and whether sociodemographic and family correlates have changed. Samples were three national probability surveys undertaken in England in 1999, 2004 and 2017 including children aged 5-15 years. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), a standardised multi-informant diagnostic tool based on the tenth International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The impact and difficulties of having a disorder (emotional, behavioural or hyperkinetic) were compared over time using total difficulty and impact scores from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Analyses explored the impact of having any disorder, as well as for each disorder separately. Regression analyses compared associations between disorders and sociodemographic factors over time. Parent- and adolescent-reported total SDQ difficulty and impact scores increased between 1999 and 2017 for children and adolescents with disorders. No differences were noted when using teacher ratings. No differences in total SDQ difficulty score were found for children without a disorder. Comparison of sociodemographic correlates across the surveys over time revealed that ethnic minority status, living in rented accommodation and being in the lowest income quintile had a weaker association with disorder in 2017 compared to 1999. Our study reveals a concerning trend; children with a disorder in 2017 experienced more severe difficulties and greater impact on functioning at school, home and in their daily lives, compared to children with a disorder in earlier decades. Research is needed to identify and understand factors that may explain the changing nature and level of need among children with a disorder.

Psychological resilience and suicidality in the general population: A cross-sectional study based on data from the National Mental Health Survey of Korea 2021

BackgroundThe relationship between suicidality and resilience is underexplored among the general population. This study aimed to explore the relationship between lifetime, one-year, and one-month prevalence of suicidality (ideation, plan, attempt) and resilience in the general population. MethodsData on suicidality, resilience, prevalence of major mental disorders, and other key psychological factors were collected from the National Mental Health Survey of Korea 2021. Interviewees comprised 5511 South Koreans aged 18–79 years. The contribution of resilience to suicidality was evaluated using Rao–Scot logistic regression, adjusting for possible confounders such as mental disorder prevalence and demographic and psychological characteristics. ResultsSignificantly lower resilience levels were noted among participants who reported lifetime, one-year, and one-month suicidal ideation, plan, or attempts. High resilience levels predicted no suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts in the lifetime, and no suicidal ideation and plans in the one-year and one-month time frames. LimitationsFirst, this study's cross-sectional design has limitations for ascertaining a causal relationship between resilience and suicidality. Second, because the number of participants who had attempted suicide in the past year and reported suicidal thoughts/attempts in the past month was small, there were limitations in the analysis of suicidality in these time frames. Third, it was difficult to rule out the mediating effects of personality and temperament on the relationship between resilience and suicidality. ConclusionsHigh resilience levels predicted lower lifetime and current suicidal ideation and suicidal planning in the general population. This study shows that psychological resilience is an important factor in evaluating an individual's current suicidality.

Association of loneliness with mental disorders in Korean adults: national mental health survey of Korea 2021.

Loneliness is a risk factor for mental and physical disorders. Rapid individualization, with increasing associated social burden, is a contributing factor to loneliness among Koreans. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between loneliness and mental disorders, as well as to determine whether long-term loneliness is a factor predicting the occurrence of mental disorders in adults. The National Mental Health Survey of Korea 2021, a nationally representative survey on mental disorders, was conducted. Responses from 5511 participants were collected using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder, and the World Health Organization Adult Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) self-report scale. Loneliness and its duration were investigated among these participants. Loneliness was reported by approximately 2.9% of the general population. Loneliness was associated with an increased adulthood prevalence of alcohol use disorders, nicotine use disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, adult ADHD, and internet gaming disorders. Long-term loneliness was significantly associated with an elevated risk of alcohol use disorders, nicotine use disorders, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders. Internet gaming disorder was associated with loneliness lasting > 1 year. Various adult psychiatric disorders were associated with loneliness. The significant dose-effect relationship indicated the importance of early detection of and intervention for loneliness to reduce its negative consequences on mental health.

Endoxifen Usage in Bipolar Disorders Patients: My Experiential Journey

Bipolar affective disorder is a severe mental illness that affects 0.3% of the Indian population, as estimated in the National Mental Health Survey 2016.1 Antipsychotic drugs and mood stabilizers have both been used as first-line agents in the treatment of the manic phase of bipolar I disorder, either singly or in combination. Tamoxifen, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, has shown efficacy in the treatment of the manic phase of bipolar I disorder. Tamoxifen is recommended as a third-line agent in the treatment of bipolar mania, as per CANMAT and ISBD 2019 treatment guidelines on bipolar disorder.2

Prevalence, Correlates, and Comorbidities Among Young Adults Who Screened Positive for ADHD in South Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: This study examined the prevalence, associated factors, and psychiatric comorbidities of adult ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic by analyzing nationally representative data. Methods: Among the 5,511 respondents of the 2021 National Mental Health Survey, South Korea, 2,764 (18–49 years) were selected. The Korean versions of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder were used as diagnostic assessments. Results: The 6-month prevalence of positive screens for adult ADHD was 3.1%. In individuals aged 18 to 29 years exhibiting adult ADHD symptoms, high prevalence rates of alcohol use, depression, and Internet gaming disorders were observed in the last 12 months. Adults who screened positive for ADHD reported significantly lower life satisfaction and resilience, and higher loneliness and social isolation (vs. non-ADHD group). Conclusion: Adult ADHD symptoms significantly influenced mental well-being, highlighting the need for an appropriate treatment/prevention system, particularly for individuals aged 18 to 29 years.