Development Of National Innovation System Research Articles

Marketing of BRICS innovation clusters in the context of geopolitical instability

The modern stage of society development is characterized by an increased attention to the issues of formation and development of national innovation systems (NIS), which would ensure the integration of various elements of the innovation process, thereby contributing to the build-up of the country's competitive advantages in the global market. Independent development of countries in modern economic conditions is not possible due to the complexity and turbulence of the external economic circuit. In the new geopolitical realities, the fact that past globalization paradigms are no longer having an impact on the viability of the NIS of many countries is becoming evident. At the same time, due to the changing geopolitical landscape, the role of international associations, such as BRICS, is being significantly transformed and they are becoming new centers of influence, including in matters of scientific and technological cooperation. One of the priority conditions for the effective functioning of international S&T cooperation networks and the NIS of each individual country is the creation and maintenance of innovation infrastructure. Already functioning innovation clusters with technology parks, business incubators, accelerators, etc. can become such an infrastructure. Cluster structures are the most effective form of development of international scientific and technological cooperation, which allows to fully realize the potential of countries and structures involved in the interaction, as well as to obtain a significant synergistic and multiplicative effect. The issues of marketing support of innovative cluster associations, which contribute to the successful promotion of clusters in the professional community and target markets, are of particular relevance in this issue.

Institutional structure and state regulation of NIS

Сurrent geopolitical situation caused by unfriendly policies and sanctions against Russia by the states of Western Europe and the United States are the main reasons for the preservation and development of its state sovereignty, further improvement of innovation policy. In addition to the above, we can add the withdrawal of foreign companies from the Russian market, the ban on the supply of Russian high-tech products to foreign markets, the instability of the economic situation in domestic markets, in terms of import substitution of products and the reorientation of the Russian economy to the markets of Southeast Asia and China. Taking into account the modern transformation processes taking place in the domestic innovation market, a special role is assigned to the National Innovation System (NIS), consisting of a complex of interrelated business entities and institutional organizations interacting with each other in the process of innovation. The main element of the NIS is the state, which ensures the functioning and comprehensive support of innovation activities, as well as the formation of its strategic priorities, monitoring and coordination. The functions of state power to regulate economic development in the field of innovation, at the stage of formation and functioning of the NIS, are represented by organizational and financial support, the creation of incentives and conditions for the organization and implementation of innovative activities by business entities. With the targeted support of the state, the institutional structures of NIS are able to: increase the volume of modern high-tech technologies and high-tech industries, increase the output of competitive innovative products, stimulate the construction of innovative infrastructure and, in general, increase the level of development of the Russian economy. State regulation of innovation activity includes two management subsystems: the first one serves to ensure direct management of innovation activities, by virtue of its authority, and the second is intended for state regulation of innovations carried out by large corporations, high-tech enterprises, due to the importance of their activities for the state. As a scientific increment of the research results, the authors introduce the concept of institutional mechanism of NIS development, with the integration of key areas of development. The most important function of this mechanism is the scientific, industrial and technological sphere, using intellectual property and artificial intelligence technologies implemented in national technoparks, regional innovation centers, territories of advanced development of high technologies.

Perception of Scientific and Social Values in the Sustainable Development of National Innovation Systems

National innovation systems (NIS) are generally perceived as a set of interconnected organizations (or structures) that domestically produce and commercially implement scientific knowledge and technology. The development of any national innovation system is the key element for shaping up the scientific values in every country. Our paper identifies the trends in global innovation and technological scope associated with the formation of global economic relations, global investment, the flow of knowledge, technology, increased internationalization of R&D, and the formation of global innovation networks. In addition, it attempts to trace the relationship between instrumental values associated with the perception of science and technology and the development of NIS within the context of sustainable economic development using a case study from Russia. The paper carries out the analysis of values on the basis of the World Values Survey (WVS), as well as statistical indicators characterizing the development of the national innovation system. The obtained quantitative results stemming from our empirical model are further refined with the help of qualitative research, including the narrative economics approaches. Our results might be beneficial for the stakeholders and policymakers working with innovation policies and approaches in business, economics, and education.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM IN A GLOBALIZED ENVIRONMENT

The activation of innovation processes always requires the presence of an appropriate enabling environment - an effective national innovation system (NIS), which determines the country’s ability to generate and implement various kinds of innovations. However, the formation of a full-fledged country’s innovation system is quite difficult, at least for two reasons: the presence of purely national features of the functioning of the main agents of change, as well as the specifics of the modern world, when many important processes for innovation go beyond individual countries, forming a globalized environment, the presence and the specifics of which determine the potential and strategic directions for the further development of each NIS. The scientific and methodological approach proposed in the paper is generally based on the hypothesis of the expediency of regulating a particular national innovation system development, taking into account its belonging to a certain basic type, which determines the specific features of development. For its implementation, the methods of genetic algorithms, cluster analysis, and neural network training were used. Within the framework of the study, four basic types of NIS were identified and qualitatively interpreted, which have characteristic features in the context of the quadruple helix concept of development. To identify the national innovation system, a neural network, which simplifies the modeling of its development, was built. As a demonstration of the additional possibilities of the toolkit, four supranational associations of countries have been identified and analyzed. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of conducting variable analytical and predictive studies in the course of substantiating the optimal directions for the further development of the national innovation system in terms of global and cluster trends.

National Innovation System and Economic Development in Nigeria

The paper analyzed the National Innovation System (NIS) and economic development in developing countries like Nigeria. The objectives of the paper were to examine the nature of innovation systems in Nigeria. It also investigates the effects of NIS on economic growth and development in Nigeria. The review of literature suggests that NIS is more than just technological innovations, it includes the interrelationships between firms, governmental institutions, NGOs, and international institutions who engage in one form of R&D activity or the other in a country. The paper employed both descriptive statistics and generalized linear models (GLM) to explain the NIS and economic development in Nigeria. The results from the descriptive analysis revealed that the nature of the Nigerian innovation system is weak and still evolving. It reveals that low performance and high variations in NIS indicators such as industrial design applications, patent right applications, trademark applications, methodology assessment of statistical capacity, high technology exports, ICT goods exports, ICT goods imports and ICT services exports, and agricultural raw materials exports and imports in Nigeria. The regression results also revealed that NIS (R&D expenditures) is a significant positive determinant of economic growth and development in Nigeria. The paper also showed that human capital, industrial production, stock market capitalization, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and exchange rate regimes are significant determinants of economic growth and development in the NIS in Nigeria. Projecting economic growth and development to higher levels and achieving the projections remains the main objective of government policies in Nigeria.

Strategic priorities of the national innovation system of Ukraine in favorable innovation environmental for economy

The article systematizes measures to increase the international innovation capacity of Ukraine's economy within globalization. The strategic directions to ensure favorable innovative environment of Ukraine's economy within globalization are defined. The principles for developing innovative activity within the national innovation system of Ukraine are systematized. The study substantiates priority directions of the strategic innovation policy of Ukraine. Key words: innovation capacity, innovation environment, national innovation system, strategic priorities, innovation model, innovation policy, strategy of national innovation system development.

SELECTION OF FINANCIAL STIMULATION INSTRUMENTS OF ENTERPRISE’S INNOVATION ACTIVITY IN OPEN ECONOMY: THE CASE OF UKRAINE

Abstract. The article's purpose is the priorities justification during the selection of the financial stimulation instruments of the enterprise innovative activities under the conditions of the economic openness. For the research of interdependencies between various indicators it was used the econometrical approaches. Based on analysis of chosen indications with the example of Ukrainian case it is proved that the efficiency of usage the indirect influence instruments is higher in comparison with direct. The importance of national innovation system development was reasoned as a basis for forming of the appropriate level of trust among economical subjects and institutional modernization of the financial regulation system of the innovational activity. The arguments of the conducted research in favor of the indirect instruments usage of innovations financial stimulation in Ukraine are simultaneously the arguments in favor of the creative component development of the national economy. The stress was made on the perspectives of the implementation of the crowdfunding and crowdsourcing instruments for the optimization of enterprise innovational activity structure. Key words: enterprise innovative activity, financial stimulation instruments, open economy, efficiency of instruments, crowd-technologies, Ukraine.

Technological progress, non-price factors competitiveness, and changes in trade income elasticities: empirical evidence from South Korea and Hong Kong*

In the balance-of-payments-constrained growth model literature, income elasticities (IEs) are considered as the crucial element determining a country's long-run growth rate. Although the extant literature accepts that technology matters for IEs magnitude, explanations linking technology and IEs magnitude are limited. In this paper, we make use of the National Innovation System (NIS) concept from the Evolutionary School to explain the channels through which the size of a country's IEs is influenced by the level of development of its NIS, which in turn is a channel through which the non-price competitiveness factors work. Additionally, we empirically test the hypothesis that the catch-up allowed by NIS developments achieved in South Korea and Hong Kong improved their IEs over the 1980–1995 period. Our empirical results suggest a link between the level of NIS development and the size of the IEs.

Beyond catch-up: could China become the global innovation powerhouse? China’s innovation progress and challenges from a holistic innovation perspective

Over the past century and a half, global technological leadership has shifted from Europe to the United States, while scholars argue that the world has seen that it is now shifting from the United States to China due to China’s extraordinary catch-up in the past four decades, in which the public policy-oriented national innovation system development plays a critical role that might provide an alternative way for innovation-driven development especially for emerging markets. Even though encountering many challenges ahead, China is positioning itself to take over the global innovation leadership in the next few decades. Here in this article, we introduce a serious yet underexplored question: could China go beyond catch-up and become the global innovation powerhouse? Specifically, drawing from the holistic innovation perspective, which is an original theoretical paradigm for the mission-oriented innovation policy change, this article critically reviews, both qualitatively and quantitatively, China’s remarkable innovation progress and main drivers in comparison with G7 countries plus South Korea and India, trying to provide a comprehensive and critical view of state-of-the-art research on China’s innovation catch-up. We further explore the five major challenges that China must take seriously when marching toward the global innovation powerhouse. Finally, we propose a mission-oriented holistic STI policy design framework for both China and other emerging economies to go beyond catch-up in a competitive dynamic world. This article provides a new and holistic perspective to access China’s innovation progress and challenges, also generates novel insights for scholars and public agencies to contribute to global innovation development, with a shared goal of achieving global sustainable development in the post-COVID-19 pandemic world.

CLUSTERS IN NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS

The experience of developed countries demonstrates the use of the cluster concept as an effective tool, that promotes the development of entrepreneurship and innovations, improving the competitiveness of both individual regions of clusters and the country as a whole. As analysis result of indicators of innovation development and competitiveness of countries, a close link was noted between the factors under study. This circumstance confirms the importance of the cluster concept in the development of national innovation systems. As part of the study were used the methods of bibliographic and logical analysis, as well as the method of linear correlation and regression analysis.

РОЛЬ ГОСУДАРСТВА В СОЗДАНИИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ РАЗВИВАЮЩИХСЯ СТРАН

Цель: цель исследования – изучение и сравнительный анализ становления и развития национальных инновационных систем (НИС) трех развивающихся стран: Индии, Южной Кореи и Саудовской Аравии. Обсуждение: на сегодняшний момент в экономической политике государства особое внимание уделяется развитию национальной инновационной системы. Опыт развивающихся стран показывает, что внедрение инноваций в различные области экономики в целом положительно влияет на экономический рост и отражается на благосостоянии государства. В работе анализируются развитие образовательной и финансовой систем, исследовательских институтов и промышленного сектора трех стран в рамках государственных планов развития, выявляются основные направления государственной политики и характерные особенности НИС. Актуальность исследования связана с важной ролью НИС в социально-экономическом развитии стран, а следовательно, необходимостью анализа положительных и отрицательных сторон развития НИС. Результаты: проведенный сравнительный анализ национальных инновационных систем развивающихся стран показывает, что государственная инновационная политика направлена на интенсификацию инновационной деятельности и дальнейший экономический рост. Исследование позволило выявить как схожие, так и различные стороны процесса формирования НИС.

National innovation system of India: genesis and key performance indicators

The article discusses the formation of the India’s national innovation system (NIS), which passes through the phases of protectionism, liberalism and duality. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the India’s innovation system based on efficiency indicators, such as gross domestic expenditures on research and development, exports of high-tech products, as well as foreign direct investment in high technology sector. The paper notes that India is one of the most attractive countries for investing in the innovation sector. The author also highlights the negative aspects of NIS development in India, such as imbalances in income and wages, low literacy and high levels of poverty, uneven inflow of foreign investment in different regions, lack of innovation culture in manufactured products, etc. The article especially notes that India after the start of the process of economic liberalization has grown economically in terms of GDP, exports, employment, investment, the inflow of foreign technology and investment, the ICT industry, and the internationalization of investment in research and development sphere.

A cognitive model for managing the national innovation system parameters based on international comparisons (the case of the EU countries)

To carry out a comparative analysis of the EU countries’ national innovation systems (NIS), a feature vector has been compiled, covering three modules, namely, science, education, and innovation. The feature vector is a valid multidimensional data set of sixteen official statistics indices and two sub-indices of the Global Innovation Index. The development of a cognitive model for managing the NIS parameters required a preliminary three-stage empirical study to determine its elements. In the first stage, cluster analysis was performed (the k-means, metric – Euclidean distance algorithm was used). As a result, the EU countries were divided into four clusters (following multidimensional scaling estimates). In the second stage, a classification analysis (using decision trees) was carried out, which allowed determining three parameters that distinguish clusters (or classes) optimally. These parameters are recognized as important ones in terms of positioning the countries in the general ranking; that is, they can be considered as a priority for the NIS development and improving the countries’ positions in international comparisons. In the third stage, based on the authors’ approach, the significance (information content) of each key parameter is estimated. As a result, a cognitive model was compiled, taking into account the parameter significance. The model can be used in managing the NIS parameters, seeking to increase the system performance and improve the international position of a specific country. The model can also be used by partner countries, for example, Ukraine, as it demonstrates the landscape of EU innovative development and outlines the directions for priority development of NIS towards the European progress.

Review of the monograph “International High-tech Transfer and National Security: Trends, Challenges, Prospects”

Review is given to monograph “International High-tech Transfer and National Security:Trends, Challenges, Prospects”, which deals with the problems of innovation-based national securityproviding policy.The monograph deals with the wide range of topical issues of international high technologiestransfer and their impact on the national economy development. Particular attention is paid to strategicaspects of high-tech sectors of national innovation system development in the innovation globalizationcontext.For lecturers and students of economic and technical specialties of higher educational institutions,as well as a wide range of readers, who are interested in issues of national security management andinnovation development under the globalization conditions.

Formation of Innovative Strategies of Regional Economic Development

The new contours of innovative development of economic systems associated with the appearance of network models of innovation and new types of innovation: social, sustainable, user and inclusive,  differ from the traditional approach to the functioning of the raw material model of the economy. The role and place of innovation infrastructure of economic systems in the development of national innovation systems remains paramount.  In this research, the essence of the definition of "innovation infrastructure" in relation to economic systems is supplemented and expanded. In doing so, it specifies the factors providing the formation of the infrastructure of innovative activity of the economic systems which have an impact on the innovativeness of elements of economic systems at the micro-, meso- and macro level. The subject-object structure of information infrastructure of innovative activity of economic systems including business environment, innovative environment, information environment and communication environment is proposed. In addition, it also proposes the model of development of infrastructure of innovative activity focused on technological innovations on the basis of implementation of technological platforms. The worked out model of development of technological infrastructure of innovative activity of the economic system (macro level) contains the directions of transformation of the meso- and micro level where a special role is assigned to the creation of free economic zones which contribute to the development of new forms of interaction of the R&D sector with the real sector of the economy, which will increase the susceptibility of the economic system of Russia and society as a whole to innovation and lead to the development of technological entrepreneurship and the formation of an innovative economy of a new type.

The vector of state government participation in the innovation process: federal and regional aspects

Introduction. The article presents the authors' concept of state government as a regulator of the innovation process. The transition to an ongoing innovation process is an important feature of the modern period of scientific and technological development of the world economy. However it is impossible to approach the scientific and technological level required for developed countries in a centralized regulatory manner using only direct financing without the formation of innovative infrastructure. Materials and methods . The authors used the data of the Russian Statistic Bulletin and the analytical materials the Far East Investment and Exports Support Agency. The methodological basis includes the convergence and holistic scientific methods and approaches inherent in the institutional-evolutionary direction. Research result . As a result of the analysis, a new vision of the state government role as a regulator which is necessary to achieve the goals of scientific and technological development in the context of commercialization of the innovation process is outlined. Reducing the public functions does not contradict the concept of the active position of the state government in the formation of the institutional and infrastructure environment. The authors substantiate that it is necessary at the stage of forecasting and formation of the regional strategy. This point follows from the main directions of the economic policy on improving the investment climate in the scientific and technological sphere of the Far Eastern Federal District and the experience of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, which the Russian Far East belongs to. The hierarchy of structures of innovative development is offered: The Federal Executive authorities - the institutional level represented by the Institute coordinating investment development and the financial instrument of development - administrative services of the entity of the Russian Federation - public institutions. Together these structures form an organizational mechanism for the development and implementation of the national innovation system development strategy. The formation of investment institutions complements the hierarchy of innovation development structures. Regional institutions created to promote the improvement of the investment climate should at the same time be innovation development institutions built into the hierarchy of policy levels of the regulator. Discussion and conclusion . The article discusses the evaluation of possibilities and conditions for combining and distribution by the Federal and Regional Authorities of functions to organize business engagement in the scientific-technological sphere and to overcome the regional and sectoral barriers. The authors substantiate the principles of a new technical and economic paradigm of innovative development: reducing the public functions, changing the nature of public institutions, changing the financial architecture, updating and mobility of production factors, virtualization of society.

Methodological Aspects of Formation and Development of National Innovation Systems

The article considers various approaches to the understanding of the term "national innovation system", presents the author's vision of this category. The history of the emergence and evolution of the development of the concept of a national innovation system has been studied, the main directions for the development of national innovation systems in foreign countries, and tools to support the national innovation system are presented. The characteristic of models of national innovation systems is given.

Evolution of universities in innovation digitalizing economy

The study aims to analyze the transformation of universities into the innovation actors and their role in the national innovation system development. We described the concepts of university role in modern society.

INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS ON THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

Development of modern economic system is taking place based on the concept of “knowledge economy”. And thus the main method to stimulate economic development is to introduce innovations. Within the functioning of national innovation systems, there is the integration of science, education, capital, and production that, on the one hand, allows creating innovations and, on the other, stimulates the development of the economy precisely due to the formation of the synergetic effect of cooperation of many participants of innovative process. The subject of research is the interrelation of innovative activity with economic efficiency and economic growth at the macrolevel. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to evaluate influence of development of national innovation systems on the economic efficiency, and a number of tasks are carried out in order to achieve it: development of integrated indicators to evaluate operating efficiency of national innovation systems, identification of relationship between the level of development of national innovation systems and the level of economic development of countries, evaluation of development of individual national innovation systems, and determination of influence of the level of national innovation systems’ development on the economic growth of countries. The methodology of research of influence of development level of national innovation systems on the economic growth of countries is based on building integral indices, which are calculated by using the method of geometric average of partial indices and construction of regression models, which allow evaluating the influence of development of national innovation systems on the economic efficiency. In the paper, the author’s method of forming integral indicator to evaluate the level of development of national innovation systems is developed and a method of evaluating their influence on the economy is proposed. Testing of the methodology of evaluation of national innovation systems’ development is carried out based on data of national innovation systems of six countries: Ukraine, Great Britain, Latvia, Germany, Poland, and France. The work proves the existence of a close positive interrelation between the index of national innovation systems’ development and the index of GDP per capita, which is peculiar for all countries under study. Also, there are built regression models according to data of calculation of the index of national innovation systems’ development and its elements with a quite high reliability, which allows using them in order to forecast GDP per capita under conditions of national innovation systems’ development. Moreover, the paper identifies individual features of the influence of separate directions of the functioning of innovation systems on the level of economic development of the countries under study, which provides an opportunity to conduct strategic management for separate directions of the functioning of national innovation systems.

Basic factors of law in the field innovative activity special modes formation

In this paper author considers the content and purpose of special economic regime as interconnected phenomena. The key elements of special economic regime tend to be governmental aid, additional guarantees of rights of business entities and privileges. Special innovation activity regime should be aimed at realization and protection of interests of innovation activities participants and minimization of risks which accompany this activity. However, the author stresses on impossibilities to a special mode of innovation in the form of a universal constant that would be equally effective for all objects of such regime. Therefore, when forming special innovation activities regimes, it is proposed to apply such methodological approaches that take into account the specifics of an individual is aimed at relations, which direct object is a certain innovative product or technology; subjective approach stipulates peculiarities of innovation activity subjects functioning. The conclusion emphasizes that key factors in special economy regimes formation in the sphere of innovation should be development of national innovation system and especially its infrastructure element, development of legislation in the field of cooperation between each other and with other economic entities and innovative clusters formation