National Hockey League Teams Research Articles

International Tax Planning: Taxation of Professional Athletes—Stickhandling Through the Maze

Recent changes in Canadian tax laws have important implications for many professional athletes relocating to Canada from the United States or other countries. At the federal level, proposed changes to the alternative minimum tax, foreign-income reporting requirements, and a broad range of other taxes have introduced complexity and potential traps for the unwary. At the provincial level, the five provinces with a National Hockey League team have raised their top marginal tax rates over the last 10 years. Because the financial stakes can be high, understanding the tax laws and the tax-planning opportunities for professional athletes has become more important than ever. This article addresses some key income tax issues and planning opportunities for professional athletes earning income from the provision of cross-border services in Canada and the United States.

Analysis of Player Performance and Financial Costs Associated With Implementation of an Updated National Hockey League Concussion Protocol: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

An updated National Hockey League (NHL) concussion protocol (NHLCP) was established in the 2016-2017 season to mitigate the negative outcomes of sport-related concussions. However, few studies on the effects of implementing the NHLCP have been performed. To define concussion incidence and investigate differences in NHL player performance after a concussion during periods before and after NHLCP implementation and assess the financial impact on NHL teams associated with NHLCP implementation. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. This was a retrospective review of NHL players who sustained a concussion before (2000-2001 to 2015-2016 seasons) and after (2016-2017 to 2020-2021 seasons) implementing the NHLCP (pre-NHLCP and post-NHLCP groups). For each group, multiple performance metrics-including 30 days, 1 season, and 3 seasons before and after concussion-were compared for both groups. Return to play, total concussion cost, and association of return to play with cost were investigated using regression analysis. A total of 452 players (423 skaters, 29 goalies) sustained concussions during the study period, including 331 players (315 skaters, 16 goalies) in the pre-NHLCP group and 121 players (108 skaters, 13 goalies) in the post-NHLCP group. For both groups, no significant differences in standard performance were observed during the 30-day and 1-season periods before and after concussion. The mean return to play was significantly higher in the pre-NHLCP group than in the post-NHLCP group (20.1 vs 15.7 days; P = .022). The mean adjusted player salary was not different between groups; nonetheless, the mean adjusted replacement player salary was significantly higher in the post-NHLCP group ($744,505 vs $896,942; P = .032). The mean cost of time missed did not differ between groups. The mean return to play time significantly decreased over the entire study period (R2 = 0.33; P = .005), and the mean return to play time was positively associated with cost R2 = 0.215; P = .030). Concussion incidence did not change after implementation of the updated NHLCP; nonetheless, players had significantly less missed time from injury after protocol implementation. Changes in player performance 30 days and 1 year before and after concussion injury were not different before and after NHLCP implementation. No differences were found in the financial cost of concussions between the pre- and post-NHLCP groups, and missed time was significantly correlated with mean cost from missed time.

EFEITO DOS DETERMINANTES DE DESEMPENHO NA DIFERENÇA FINAL DE GOLS DA NHL

ABSTRACT Introduction: In ice hockey games, the team's performance is influenced by many contextual factors, and understanding playing styles allows to reveal how key performance indicators vary under different situations. Objective: This research aims to explore the playing styles of elite ice-hockey teams and to identify key performance aspects under different final goal difference situations. Methods: This article analyzed compared the match performance of 31 National Hockey League teams during 1271 matches considering their playing styles and final goal difference. Results: The principal component analysis obtained 8 performance components describing the technical-tactical styles of the teams. The subsequent analysis found that there was significant difference between three match outcomes in unfavorable state, major penalties, puck possession maintaining ability, shot defending ability, aggressive performance (p<0.001; = 0.007-0.273). Conclusions: Higher-ranked teams winning the unbalanced games showed better performance in shot defending ability and aggressive performance. Lower-ranked teams losing in unbalanced games kept less possession of the puck and were more likely to be shorthanded (p<0.05, ES=0.131-1.410). The study demonstrates how playing styles can be used to contextualize key determinants from ice hockey games. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment.

A dual account of how excitement impacts risk-taking: Evidence from the National Hockey League’s 50-50 raffle

ABSTRACT The current research seeks to explain the motivation to participate in risk-taking activities as a function of game-related dynamics. We examine the role of excitement in predicting purchase behaviour toward a 50–50 raffle, a prevalent social responsibility activity among sport organizations where half the amount raised is offered to charity while the other half is allocated to a randomly drawn participant. We combine a proprietary dataset of 50–50 transactions for a National Hockey League team with publicly-available information and box scores across two seasons of home games. A dual account reveals that excitement increases risk-taking towards 50–50 purchase amount (1) during non-gameplay (i.e., the pregame and intermission) due to excitement-as-anticipation, and (2) during gameplay due to excitement-as-experience. We discuss the findings’ practical implications for sport organizations’ socially responsible activities and suggest directions for future research.

Poster 369: Analysis of National Hockey League Player Performance After Concussion and Financial Costs Associated with Implementation of an Updated Concussion Protocol: A Retrospective Comparative Study

Objectives: Background: An updated National Hockey League (NHL) concussion protocol (NHLCP) was established in the 2016–2017 season to mitigate the negative outcomes of sport-related concussions. However, few studies on the effects of implementing the NHLCP have been performed. Purpose: To define concussion incidence and investigate differences in NHL player performance after a concussion during periods before and after implementation of the NHLCP and to assess the financial impact on NHL teams associated with NHLCP implementation. We hypothesized that concussion incidence would increase and player performance would remain the same after NHLCP implementation. Methods: A retrospective review of NHL players who sustained a concussion before (2000–2001 to 2015–2016 seasons) and after (2016–2017 to 2020–2021 seasons) implementation of the NHLCP (pre- NHLCP and post-NHLCP groups). For each group, multiple performance metrics 30 days, 1 season, and 3 seasons before and after concussion were compared for both groups. Return to play, total concussion cost, and association of return to play with cost were investigated with regression analysis. Results: For both groups, no significant differences in standard performance were observed during the 30-day and 1-season time periods before and after concussion. Mean return to play was significantly higher in the pre-NHLCP than in the post-NHLCP group (20.1 vs 15.7 days; P=0.022). Mean adjusted player salary was not different between groups, but mean adjusted replacement player salary was significantly higher in the post-NHLCP group ($744,505 vs $896,942; P= 0.032). Mean cost of time missed did not differ between groups. Mean return to play time significantly decreased over the entire study period 2000–2021 (R2=0.335, P=0.005), and mean return to play time was positively associated with cost (R2=0.215, P=0.030). Conclusions: Concussion incidence did not change after implementation of the updated NHLCP, but players had significantly less missed time from injury after protocol implementation. Changes in player performance 30 days and 1 year before and after concussion injury were not different before and after NHLCP implementation. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Fighting in the National Hockey League: Before, During, and After the Pandemic

Fighting has long been a tradition in the National Hockey League (NHL). The impact of violence in the NHL on attendance has been widely studied. But, one could only surmise the counterfactual of how empty arenas influence player behavior, that is, until 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic forced NHL teams to severely limit attendance. The authors compare the proportion of regular season home games with at least one fight for each of the 31 NHL teams one season before, during, and one season after the 2020-21 NHL season. Did the absence of fans impact fighting? While there are few significant differences year to year (between 2019-20 and 2021-22), the incidence of fighting increased for most teams after fans were allowed back into arenas in 2021-22 compared to fighting one season before the COVID-19 NHL season without fans.

National Hockey League Fights per Game and Viewership Trends: 2000-2020.

BackgroundThough once considered an integral part of professional hockey, fighting carries significant health risks to players. Fighting has remained legal in the National Hockey League (NHL) due to its purported economic and entertainment value. However, fights per game have diminished over the past 20 years, challenging the necessity of fighting to promote fan attendance.HypothesisDespite decreasing fighting rates, attendance has been stable and is negatively associated with fights per game.MethodsTwo public databases were reviewed to determine attendance, fighting majors, goals scored, and games played for each NHL team from 2000 to 2020 and averaged on a per game basis. Univariate analysis was used to evaluate relationships between attendance and fights, attendance and goals, as well as goals and fights.ResultsFights per game decreased from a peak of 0.64 in 2002 to a low of 0.18 in 2020, while average attendance increased from a low of 16,549 in 2004 to a peak of 17,768 in 2013, before settling between 17,400 and 17,500 during the final three seasons of the study period. A significant negative correlation was found between attendance and fights per game (R = −0.6617, p = 0.0020). There was a positive, but not significant correlation between attendance and goals per game (R = 0.2457, p = 0.3105). A significant inverse correlation existed between goals per game and fights per game (R = −0.521, p = 0.0222).ConclusionsNHL fighting rates have diminished during the past two decades, while fan attendance has increased. A significant negative correlation exists between fan attendance and fights per game, casting doubt on fighting's entertainment value. Meanwhile, a significant inverse correlation was noted between goals per game and fights per game. Taken together, these findings suggest fans may prefer higher scoring and less violent competitions. We conclude by suggesting that prohibiting fights in the NHL could improve player safety without negatively impacting fan attendance.

Playoff Losses, Mayoral Politics, Image Repair, and Inoculation: Open Letter Sport Communication

In May 2021, the Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League team lost a seventh and final playoff game—again. The day after their loss, Toronto Mayor John Tory took the unusual step of penning an open letter to Maple Leaf fans in response. His two-page letter was a unique mix of communication genres, including sport communication, political communication, and, with multiple references to COVID-19, health communication. It was also, as we argue here, a unique example of image repair rhetoric in general and sport image repair rhetoric in particular. In this rhetorical analysis, we build on a growing body of sport image repair in the form of open letters, revealing how the interaction of these contexts with Tory’s main focus on the team reveals how his open letter is at a crossroads of intersecting image repair efforts in politic, health, and sport. We draw three primary findings from our analysis, including the possibility that Tory’s letter functioned as an inoculation message, preparing fans to resist discouragement and a dampening of support.

Skating in the Sun

As the National Hockey League (NHL) has made concerted efforts in recent years to expand into the Sunbelt region of North America, its teams still face tremendous challenges to building up their fan bases. Adopting a qualitative research protocol, this study explored the phenomenon of NHL fandom formation in the Sunbelt region. Research findings revealed key patterns and trends that influenced individuals to become fans of NHL teams in this strategic region of growth. A discussion of socialization into fandom was developed based on the themes and assertions derived in the study, which suggested that the fan community would play a significant role in fan identity formation and be a major driving force in the league’s market penetration into new marketplaces. The findings offer practical implications for teams to build and expand their fan bases and also provide a foundation for future quantitative investigations.

Game Spacing and Density in Relation to the Risk of Injuries in the National Hockey League.

Background:Ice hockey has significant workload demands. Research of other sports has suggested that decreased rest between games as well as an increased workload may increase the risk of injuries.Purpose:To evaluate whether condensed game schedules increase the frequency and severity of injuries in the National Hockey League (NHL).Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Data were obtained from publicly available online sources on game schedules and injuries for all NHL teams for the 2005-2006 through 2018-2019 seasons. Injury rates (per team per game) and the proportion of severe and nonsevere injuries were determined. The game-spacing analysis assessed the risk of injuries in relation to the number of days between games played (range, 0-≥6 days). The game-density analysis assessed the risk of injuries in relation to the number of games played within 7 days (range, 1-5 games). Results were assessed by analysis of variance, the post hoc Tukey test, and the chi-square test of distribution.Results:The game-spacing analysis included 33,170 games and 7224 injuries, and a significant group difference was found (P = 1.44×10–5), with the post hoc test demonstrating an increased risk of injuries when games were spaced with <1 day of rest. There was no significant difference in the ratio of severe to nonsevere injuries. The game-density analysis included 33,592 games and 10,752 injuries, and a significant group difference was found (P = 8.22×10–48), demonstrating an increased risk of injuries with an increased number of games in all conditions except for the comparison between 4 versus 5 games in 7 days. There was also a significant difference in injury severity (P = .008), indicating that the least dense condition had a higher ratio of severe to nonsevere injuries compared with the other game-density conditions. Finally, the game-density analysis was repeated after excluding games played with <1 day of rest, and the finding of increased injury rates with increasingly condensed schedules remained significant (P = 9.52×10–46), with significant differences between all groups except for the comparison between 1 versus 2 games in 7 days.Conclusion:We found that a condensed schedule and <1 day of rest between games were associated with an increased rate of injuries in the NHL. These findings may help in the design of future game schedules.

A Systematic Review of the Orthopedic Literature Involving National Hockey League Players.

BackgroundOrthopedic injuries of National Hockey League (NHL) players are common and may significantly affect players’ health and careers. Evidence-based injury management is important in guiding players’ timely return to sport and their ability to play at their pre-injury levels of competition.PurposeTo summarize all data published between January 1980 and March 2020 on orthopedic injuries experienced by professional ice hockey players competing in the NHL.Study DesignSystematic review.MethodsA literature review of studies examining orthopedic injuries in the NHL was performed using the Embase, PubMed, and CINAHL databases. The review included studies focusing on NHL players and players attending the NHL Combine and preseason NHL team camps. Studies pertaining to non-orthopedic injuries and case reports were excluded.ResultsA total of 39 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The articles were divided by anatomic site of injury for further analysis: hip and pelvis (24%), general/other (14%), ankle (10%), knee (10%), foot (7%), shoulder (7%), thigh (7%), trunk (7%), spine (6%), elbow (4%), and hand and wrist (4%). The majority of articles were Level IV Evidence (51.3%), followed by Level III Evidence (38.5%). Most studies obtained data from publicly available internet resources (24.7%), player medical records (19.5%) or surveys of team physicians and athletic trainers (15.5%). A much smaller number of studies utilized the NHL Injury Surveillance System (NHLISS) (6.5%) or the Athlete Health Management System (AHMS) (2.6%).ConclusionThis systematic review provides NHL team physicians with a single source of the current literature regarding orthopedic injuries in NHL players. Most research was published on hip and pelvis (24%) injuries, did not utilize the NHLISS and consisted of Level IV Evidence.

Eye injuries in the National Hockey League from 2010 to 2018: an analysis of injury rates, mechanisms, and the National Hockey League visor policy

ObjectiveWe aim to assess the efficacy of widespread visor adoption by assessing eye injury rates during the 2010–2018 seasons. We also compare injury rates, missed games, and financial losses to previously reported data in order to track progress over time. Lastly, we characterize the mechanism and type of eye injuries sustained by National Hockey League (NHL) players to examine risk areas within NHL games. DesignWe performed a retrospective review of NHL player injuries using official NHL team reports, ProSportsTransactions, and TSN Sports. ParticipantsAll NHL players who suffered an eye injury from 2010 to 2018 were included; 31 injuries matched this criterion. MethodsTrends in injuries, missed games, and financial losses over time were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were performed to compare our data with eye injury data. Fisher's exact test was performed to assess significance between mechanism and type of eye injury and outcome. ResultsThere were 31 total eye injuries causing 233 missed games and a total of US$8 951 000 in financial losses across the 2010–2018 seasons. There was a strong decrease in the number of eye injuries (r = −0.83, p = 0.01) and a moderate decrease in number of missed games (r = −0.62, p = 0.09). Injuries due to direct puck strikes contributed to over US$6.5 million in financial losses and led to significantly more missed games compared with stick injuries (14.6 vs 4.3). ConclusionWe tangibly demonstrate the financial and physical effects of recent safety interventions and indicate areas for improved safety in the NHL.

Efficient proximal resource allocation strategies predict distal team performance: Evidence from the National Hockey League.

To achieve long-term goals, individuals, teams, and organizations must engage in numerous short-term performance episodes. This creates a trade-off between proximal and distal performance. On the one hand, allocating resources toward an episode typically facilitates performance in that episode, thereby contributing to distal success. On the other hand, allocating resources to one episode leaves fewer resources for subsequent episodes, thereby inhibiting distal success. We drew upon self-regulatory theories to predict that the trade-off between proximal and distal concerns is managed by allocating resources according to the demands of the situation. Specifically, we predicted that the tendency to allocate resources according to goal-performance discrepancies would improve distal performance. We tested our hypotheses using data from 5 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons. As expected, NHL teams used goal-performance discrepancies to allocate a key resource-playing time of their most valuable players. More importantly, between-team variance in resource allocation strategy accounted for significant variance in distal performance (end of season record). These results provide evidence that strategic reductions in resource allocation to proximal performance episodes is a fundamental self-regulatory process necessary for facilitating long-term success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

#VegasStrong: Sport, Public Memorialization, and the Golden Knights

This article examines the response to the 1 October, 2017, mass shooting in Las Vegas by both the city and its National Hockey League team, the Golden Knights. In analyzing these responses, we argue that the Golden Knights’ memorialization efforts, while operating within a familiar public relations script of the sporting commercialization of memorial, productively turned T-Mobile Arena into a space, however sanitized, for the enactment of rituals and a discourse of renewal. This space was otherwise absent from the rest of the tourist-oriented confines of the Strip. Further, the rhetorical conjoining of the hashtags #VegasStrong, which emerged shortly after the shooting, and #VegasBorn, which was originally used to market the team, operated as simultaneous symbols for both the team and its community. This allowed the sporting franchise to move between commercial and civic uses, operating as both branding for the team and as an embodied act of remembrance for local residents.

A home advantage? Examining 100 years of team success in National Hockey League playoff overtime games

ObjectivesTo examine a potential home (dis)advantage in various types of playoff overtime games in the National Hockey League (NHL). DesignArchival. MethodSuccess rates for home and away teams in win-imminent overtime games (i.e., wherein a team has an opportunity to win the playoff series) were compared to their respective success in non-imminent overtime games (i.e., the outcome of the game does not determine the outcome of the series). ResultsWhen away teams had an opportunity to win a series, they were significantly more likely to win an overtime game compared to home teams. No such advantage was evident for home teams when they had an opportunity to win a series. ConclusionsWhen an NHL team has an opportunity to win a playoff series, there appears to be an advantage for visiting teams—not home teams—in winning an overtime game.

The Effects of Altitude on Concussion Incidence in the 2013-2017 National Hockey League Seasons.

Background and objectiveThe high incidence of traumatic brain injuries during contact sports has necessitated the need for further research pertaining to their implications and possible mitigation. Despite increasing attention to sports-related concussions, there is still a striking lack of detail pertaining to the environmental factors that contribute to their occurrence. One environmental condition that has yet to be considered is altitude. Altitude cannot be readily adjusted, yet can still impact quality of play and concussion incidence. The current body of published evidence evaluating environmental effects on concussion is divided on the degree to which altitude mitigates concussion incidence. We aim to systematically compare the prevalence of concussions that occur at high and low altitude utilizing 1000 feet (304.8 meters) as a cut-off marker for high altitude. Our research also takes a novel approach utilizing average games missed as a proxy for concussion severity. We hope to use this analysis to shed light on the implication of altitude on concussion incidence.MethodsIndividual player data on concussion incidence were retrospectively acquired for the 2013-2017 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons utilizing FOX Sports Injury tracker. NHL season schedules were acquired through the online source “Hockey Reference.” In order to establish cutoff criteria for high vs low altitude we adopted 1000 feet (304.8 meters) as high-low altitude cutoff. We also evaluated our data utilizing a previously published high-low altitude cutoff of 644 feet (196.3 meters). Specific altitudes of each NHL arena were derived from “elevationmap.net”. One caveat to our data collection was the striking lack of publicly available data pertaining to the concussions sustained by each NHL team. Data was analyzed utilizing SAS programing.ResultsOut of the 5281 games included in our data set, we documented a total of 133 concussions which occurred in 125 games through the 2013-2017 NHL seasons. We noted an increase in concussion reporting in the most recent 2016-2017 NHL season compared to the previous 2013-2016 seasons. Effect of altitude variance on concussion rate was evaluated utilizing 644 and 1000 ft as the low-high altitude split. We defined each variance by where the team is based at compared to where the game was played. This produced four distinct categories: 1) low-low altitude, 2) low-high altitude, 3) high-low altitude, and 4) high-high altitude. We noted a significant difference in concussion rate when teams based at high altitude above 1000 ft travel to play at low altitude; this trend was non-significant at 644 ft. The results of the average games missed analysis demonstrated that teams that play above 1000 feet had fewer games missed per concussion compared to teams that are based at a low altitude.ConclusionsThough underreported in the total number of concussions in the 2013-2017 NHL seasons, our data suggests that teams who are based at a high altitude (>1000ft) experience a reduction in mean concussion rate when traveling to play at a lower altitude. Our data also indicated a reduction in average games missed post-concussion for teams based at a higher altitude. It is our goal that our findings here contribute to the larger discussion about concussion incidence and can be applied to other sports leagues and activities to mitigate their dangerous effects.

Using tweets to understand changes in the spatial crime distribution for hockey events in Vancouver.

The use of social media data for the spatial analysis of crime patterns during social events has proven to be instructive. This study analyzes the geography of crime considering hockey game days, criminal behaviour, and Twitter activity. Specifically, we consider the relationship between geolocated crime‐related Twitter activity and crime. We analyze six property crime types that are aggregated to the dissemination area base unit in Vancouver, for two hockey seasons through a game and non‐game temporal resolution. Using the same method, geolocated Twitter messages and environmental variables are aggregated to dissemination areas. We employ spatial clustering, dictionary‐based mining for tweets, spatial autocorrelation, and global and local regression models (spatial lag and geographically weighted regression). Findings show an important influence of Twitter data for theft‐from‐vehicle and mischief, mostly on hockey game days. Relationships from the geographically weighted regression models indicate that tweets are a valuable independent variable that can be used in explaining and understanding crime patterns.

Modeling the consumer journey for membership services

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to model the consumer journey of admission-based membership services from initial purchase to full-season memberships. Particularly, the study pays attention to customer-owned contacts (purchase behavior) and service-owned contacts (salesperson voice- and text-based communications), to examine longitudinal internal data to determine factors which hinder and propel customers toward full memberships.Design/methodology/approachOn the basis of big data supplied by a National Hockey League team, the study uses three simultaneous equations in modeling to account for potential endogeneity related to the likelihood that sales and service personnel are more likely to contact frequent customers. The longitudinal data allow us to map the customer journey over the course of multiple years, compared to typical cross-section studies.FindingsThe findings show that as customers increasingly own committed points of contact, they are prepared to move to the next level – but rarely skip major steps in the relationship journey. The quantity, type and timing of customer contacts by the service firm may hinder or propel the customer down the path to purchase full memberships.Research limitations/implicationsThe prevalence of big data among service firms should allow researchers to better understand how consumers respond to contact strategies over time, as well as fluctuations in firm performance. The research adds to the customer journey research stream, while meeting the call of researchers to bridge the gap between service marketing research priorities and current practice.Practical implicationsSales practices and marketing automation tactics may come at the cost of burning leads and alienating future members. Frequent text-based contacts absent voice-based interactions hinder consumer journey and work against relationship building. Service marketers can learn how to better allocate resources, properly manage and motivate contact strategies and target campaigns to send the right message via the right media at the right time.Originality/valueThis is the first study to map customer journey for admission-based, membership services. The longitudinal approach across multiple years provides a deep understanding of how customers take steps toward loyal membership status, while also pinpointing potential drawbacks of current contact strategies.

An Analysis of Fights in the National Hockey League

The authors use data from fight logs during the 2016-2017 regular National Hockey League (NHL) season to test for a difference in the proportion of games with and without fights for each of the thirty NHL teams. Only one team (Toronto Maple Leafs) was more likely to be involved in a fight at a home game than at an away game. Teams that fought proportionally more often in the second half of the season made the playoffs; teams that fought significantly less often did not. And, long distance air travel (flights involving more than 1000 miles or trips that required crossing at least one time zone) resulted in disproportionately more games with fights for eight different NHL teams.

Benefits, Pressures, and Challenges of Leadership and Captaincy in the National Hockey League

Leadership is often formalized within sport through captaincy, but researchers have yet to examine the realities of captaincy at the highest level of professional competition. The current study examined the benefits, pressures, and challenges of leadership and captaincy in the National Hockey League (NHL). One captain of an NHL team participated in two in-depth interviews, providing thorough descriptions of his first-hand experiences as an NHL captain, including (a) the techniques he uses to manage his media obligations, (b) his role as a communication bridge between players and coaches, (c) the composition of his leadership group, and (d) examples of interactions that occur during player-only meetings. The transition to captaincy was considered an especially challenging and pressure-filled period. Practical implications for sport psychology consultants are discussed in terms of how they can assist captains of elite competitive teams in setting realistic expectations for their leadership role.