National Health Service System Research Articles

‘Going through the motions’; a rich account of the complexity of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction pathway, a UK qualitative study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to understand the lived experiences of patients on the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) pathway up to 3 months before, 3 months after and 1 year after...

Heterogeneity in public health service utilization and its relationship with social integration among older adult migrants in China: a latent class analysis.

The older adult migrant population in China is on the rise, which presents challenges for the national public health service system. However, the heterogeneity of public health service utilization and its relationship with social integration among the older adult migrant population remains unclear. This study aims to explore the heterogeneity the public health service utilization and how it relates to their social integration. A total of 6,178 older adult migrants from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) in 2017 were included in this study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize social integration into four dimensions. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify different sub-groups of public health service utilization. ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the characteristics of different sub-groups. Three potential classes of public health service utilization were identified: low utilization of basic public health services class (N = 3,264,52.756%), medium utilization of basic public health services class (N = 1,743,28.172%), and high utilization of basic public health services class (N = 1,180,19.072%). Gender, education, extent of mobility, and move alone or not, flow time were all predictors of the class of public health service utilization. There were significant differences in social integration across potential categories (p<0.0001). The utilization of public health services of the older adult migrants is affected by many aspects. Social integration deserves attention as a significant influencing factor in the utilization of public health services. The government should pay attention to the characteristics of the older adult migrants and formulate relevant policies in a targeted manner in order to improve the utilization of public health services of the older adult migrants.

Research on Public Management Strategy of Optimizing the Service Efficiency of NHS System in Britain

In this paper, the optimization of the service efficiency of the National Health Service (NHS) in Britain is deeply discussed, and the corresponding public management strategies are put forward. In order to improve the service efficiency of NHS system, this paper puts forward a number of public management strategies. First of all, improve the management system, introduce performance evaluation mechanism and strengthen cross-departmental cooperation to motivate medical service providers and managers to improve their work efficiency. Secondly, optimize the allocation of resources, dynamically adjust the allocation of medical personnel and beds according to seasonal and regional needs, and improve the efficiency of human resources. Finally, strengthen information construction, promote electronic medical record system, and use big data and artificial intelligence technology to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical services. By drawing lessons from successful public management strategy cases at home and abroad, this paper provides practical reference for optimizing the service efficiency of NHS system. The British government and relevant institutions should formulate detailed implementation plans to ensure that these strategies are effectively implemented, so as to improve the overall service level and patient satisfaction of the NHS system. The research in this paper provides valuable insights and strategic suggestions for optimizing the service efficiency of NHS system in Britain, which is of great significance for improving the quality and efficiency of medical services.

Drawing up the public national Rational Pharmacotherapy Action Plan as part of social and health services reform in Finland: a bottom-up approach involving stakeholders

BackgroundEnsuring equal access to medicines and their appropriate and safe use at reasonable costs are core functions of health systems. Despite that, few descriptions of national medicines policies' development processes and implementation strategies have been published. This study aimed to describe the government program-based development of the Rational Pharmacotherapy Action Plan in Finland as a part of the undergoing major health and social service system reform, also covering the implementation of rational pharmacotherapy in the reformed system and processes.MethodsThe data of this qualitative study consisted of public reports and Steering Group meeting memos related to the development of the national Rational Pharmacotherapy Action Plan that the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health coordinated. Qualitative content analysis applying systems theory and the conceptual framework of integrated services as theoretical frameworks was used as an analysis method.ResultsThe national Rational Pharmacotherapy Action Plan covering 2018–2022 was created in a bottom-up development process involving a wide range of stakeholders. Rational pharmacotherapy was redefined by adding equality as the fifth pillar to complement the previously defined pillars of being effective, safe, high-quality, and cost-effective. The Action Plan formed a normative framework for long-term development, with a vision and principles focusing on people-centeredness, better coordination and management of the medication use processes, the continuity of treatment paths and the flow of patient and medicines information through partnerships, and evidence-informed policies and practices.ConclusionThrough intensive stakeholder participation, the bottom-up approach created a national vision and principles of rational pharmacotherapy along with strong commitment to implementing the goals and measures. The concern lies in ensuring the continuity of the Action Plan implementation and achieving a balanced long-term development aligned with the integrated and reformed national social and health services system. The development of the pharmaceutical system has several national and EU-level dependencies requiring political long-term commitment. While the Action Plan differs from the national medicines policy, it forms a good basis for long-term development covering important parts of medicine policy at the micro, meso, and macro levels of the service system.

The Impact of Concomitant Neck of Femur Fractures and Upper Limb Fractures on Length of Stay and Key Performance Indicators: A Single-Centre Study.

Background Hip fractures are one of the most common serious injuries seen today and constitute one of the most serious healthcare problems affecting the elderly worldwide. Due to the elderly population, associated falls and osteoporosis increase theincidence of hip fractures. Patients may remain hospitalized for several weeks, leading to one and a half million hospital bed days used each year.The reported incidence of a concurrent upper limb and a lower limb fracture is between 3% and 5%. It has been shown in the literature that patients who sustain both a hip fracture and an upper limb fracture have difficulties with rehabilitation which causes prolonged stays. The available literature on concomitant hip fracture and upper extremity fracture is limited. This study aimed to review patients with concurrent upper limb injury and hip fractures and to analyse the pattern of associated upper limb fractures, management of these fractures, length of hospital stay, mortality rates, and complications. Methodology We performed a retrospective data collection of all patients with a concomitant upper limb fracture and hip fracture from January 2017 to December 2020 at the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Patients were identified from the registers maintained in the ward. All patients aged over 60 years with a fragility hip fracture (managed operatively) and a concurrent upper limb fracture were included in the study. Patients aged less than 60 years were excluded. The local research department registered and approved this study as a service evaluation and therefore did not need ethical committee approval. The anatomical location of the upper limb and hip fractures was confirmed using the imaging database (Synapse). Results Of the 760 patients admitted with neck of femur fractures during this period, 39 (5.1%) patients had concomitant upper limb fractures. Only one upper limb fracture was managed with fixation, and for this study, that patient was excluded. Our retrospective search identified 38 patients, of whom 11 were men and 27 were women. Distal radius fractures were the most commonly associated upper limb fractures (55%). There was a significant increase in length of stay(43.6 days vs. 16.6 days) and delay in mobilization (58.9% vs. 81%) compared to an isolated hip fracture. There was no difference in the 30-day mortality rates.We were unable to collect the data for the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence compliant surgery, and this KPI was excluded from our study. Of the remaining five KPIs, our group of patients displayed better averages in three of the five categories, including prompt orthogeriatric review (92%), not delirious postoperatively (87%), and return to original residence (79%). Conclusions Due to the ageing population, hip fractures are increasing, and within one year of operation, have shown higher mortality rates. Annually, reports show that the worldwide incidence of fractures in the adult population ranges between 9.0 and 22.8 per 1,000. These fractures are more frequent in osteoporotic patients with weak bone quality. Following hip fractures, upper extremity fractures are the second most common among the osteoporotic, elderly population, with distal radius fractures being the most common. With the length of stay almost tripled (from 16.6 to 44.4 days), one can see this has a very big effect on costs in the National Health Service system.

Efficiency and productivity of the Chilean public health system between 2010 and 2019.

In view of the strong increase in health expenditure, it is necessary to investigate whether proportional increases in healthcare production for the beneficiaries of the National Health Fund have corresponded to this increase. In this observational, descriptive, and retrospective longitudinal research, we estimate the technical efficiency of the National Health Services System through the average cost of production and average labor productivity in the period from 2010 to 2019. During the studied decade, production has increased by approximately 6% annually; the number of workers increased (mostly physicians) by 61%; spending on salaries increased by 106% in real terms; spending on consumer goods and services has increased by 25% in real terms; the efficiency of spending has decreased by 21%, and productivity is the least dynamic element of the system with an average annual growth rate of 0.6%. After subtracting the diagnostic tests component, this scenario worsens. The results show that higher health expenditure has not been matched by commensurate increases in output, translating into a fall in the efficiency of healthcare expenditure and meager increases or falls in productivity, depending on how the output is measured. This means that the public sector's growth strategy depends mainly on increases in the number of workers. This low productivity is a serious constraint to improving healthcare access for National Health Fund beneficiaries and contributes to increasing waiting lists. Special attention should be paid to average production costs and average labor productivity in a scenario of less dynamic growth in public health spending and health system reform.

Spinal tumours: recommendations of the Polish Society of Spine Surgery, the Polish Society of Oncology, the Polish Society of Neurosurgeons, the Polish Society of Oncologic Surgery, the Polish Society of Oncologic Radiotherapy, and the Polish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

PurposeThe purpose of these recommendations is to spread the available evidence for evaluating and managing spinal tumours among clinicians who encounter such entities.MethodsThe recommendations were developed by members of the Development Recommendations Group representing seven stakeholder scientific societies and organizations of specialists involved in various forms of care for patients with spinal tumours in Poland. The recommendations are based on data yielded from systematic reviews of the literature identified through electronic database searches. The strength of the recommendations was graded according to the North American Spine Society’s grades of recommendation for summaries or reviews of studies.ResultsThe recommendation group developed 89 level A-C recommendations and a supplementary list of institutions able to manage primary malignant spinal tumours, namely, spinal sarcomas, at the expert level. This list, further called an appendix, helps clinicians who encounter spinal tumours refer patients with suspected spinal sarcoma or chordoma for pathological diagnosis, surgery and radiosurgery. The list constitutes a basis of the network of expertise for the management of primary malignant spinal tumours and should be understood as a communication network of specialists involved in the care of primary spinal malignancies.ConclusionThe developed recommendations together with the national network of expertise should optimize the management of patients with spinal tumours, especially rare malignancies, and optimize their referral and allocation within the Polish national health service system.

PS-P08-2: FACTORS RELATED TO PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH CHECKUPS AMONG MIDDLE-AGED JAPANESE COMMUNITY RESIDENTS IN THE PRECONTEMPLATION STAGE

Objective: In Japan, all medical insurers are obliged to conduct annual specific health checkups. These checkups are part of the National Health Service system and target all insured people aged 40–74 years and aim to facilitate prevention and early detection of atherosclerosis-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. However, the participation rate in specific health checkups is low in Japan, especially among middle-aged community residents with municipal National Health Insurance (NHI). Additionally, previous studies suggested that those in the precontemplation stage were at higher risk for non-participation in health checkups. Therefore, this study explored the factors related to participation in specific health checkups among middle-aged Japanese community residents with NHI in the precontemplation stage. Design and Method: This cross-sectional mail survey was conducted in 2020 that involved all community residents with municipal NHI aged 40–64 years in five cities in three areas of A Prefecture, Japan. This survey included 33,902 community residents, and 12,446 (36.7%) agreed to participate in the survey. After selecting those without missing data (n = 11,180) and those in the precontemplation stage, the analysis included 2,892 participants. Participants were classified into a participation group and a non-participation group. Those who selected “I underwent a specific health checkup in the past year” were classified as the participation group. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants who were included in this study. Results: In this study, 994 (34.4%) participants were classified in the participation group, and 1,898 (65.6%) were classified in the non-participation group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed factors related to participation in health checkups among those in the precontemplation stage. The factor with the highest odds ratio (OR) for participation in specific health checkups was recommendations from primary care physicians to participate in specific health checkups [multivariable-adjusted OR 3.19, 95% CI 2.45–4.15, presence of recommendations vs. absence of recommendations], followed by recommendations from public health nurses [multivariable-adjusted OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.26–3.41, presence of recommendations vs. absence of recommendations], and self-reported economic status [multivariable-adjusted OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.48–2.24, good vs. poor]. Conclusions: In particular, recommendations from primary care physicians and public health nurses might be important factors related to participation in health checkups among middle-aged Japanese community residents with NHI in the precontemplation stage.

Analysing Researchers' Engagement in Research Hospitals: A Pilot Study in IRCCS-Italian Research Hospitals.

Despite universities in the UK, USA and Australia having developed tools and strategies to enhance academic engagement, there is a paucity of information from universities and research hospitals where conceptual and theoretical research still appears more heterogeneous. In Italy, there is a growing recognition that more needs to be done to define strategies to improve research engagement. Italian research hospitals are represented by the Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (named IRCCS from the Italian acronym of these organisations), representing the best of Italian research and the National Health Service System. This article provided a pilot description of research engagement in a representative Italian IRCCS hospital for the first time. A pilot study was developed, and a brief questionnaire was validated to explore research engagement. The identified clusters of researchers' engagement were provided to describe an initial theory-grounded framework. Based on the perspective of research administrators and the Ministry of Health during round tables, the developed questionnaire identified two clusters of researchers' engagement and measured "Project-oriented" and "Organisation-oriented" engagement. Among the responders, IRCCS senior researchers tended to have higher project-oriented engagement, while young researchers had slightly higher organisation-oriented engagement. The contribution of this article is a hypothesised two-level theory-grounded framework to study and improve research engagement activities and strategies in a research hospital, with the potential for an overlap with other European research institutions.

ASAD: A Novel Audification Console for Assessment and Communication of Pain and Discomfort

Pain and discomfort are subjective perceptions that are difficult to quantify. Various methods and scales have been developed to find an optimal manner to describe them; however, these are difficult to use with some categories of patients. Audification of pain has been utilized as feedback in rehabilitation settings to enhance motor perception and motor control, but not in assessment and communication settings. We present a novel tool, the Audification-console for Self-Assessment of Discomfort (ASAD), for assessing and communicating pain and discomfort through sound. The console is a sequence of increasing pitch and frequencies triggered at the press of buttons and displayed as a matrix that can be associated with the subjective perception of pain and discomfort. The ASAD has been evaluated in its ability to capture and communicate discomfort, following a fatigue test in the lower limbs with thirty healthy volunteers, and compared to the most common self-reported methods used in the NHS. (The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England and one of the four National Health Service systems in the United Kingdom.) This was a qualitative, within subjects and across groups experiment study. The console provides a more accurate assessment than other scales and clearly recognizable patterns of sounds, indicating increased discomfort, significantly localized in specific frequency ranges, thus easily recognizable across subjects and in different instances of the same subject. The results suggest a possible use of the ASAD for a more precise and automatic assessment of pain and discomfort in health settings. Future studies might assess if this is easier to use for patients with communication or interpretation difficulties with the traditional tools.

The politics of public health investments

Public health investments help to prevent mortality and reduce health care costs. Yet very few studies have examined the determinants of preventive care investments across countries and over time. We develop a theory of health spending priorities contrasting preventive and curative care. Preventive care is particularly unlikely to be prioritized by governments since it is a public good that requires the allocation of scarce resources in the present to generate diffuse benefits that unfold only in the long-term. As such, public health is a “quiet” policy that is not supported by interest groups or public opinion. These characteristics have two implications: like other long-term investments, public health programs are particularly vulnerable to fiscal austerity, and prevention expenditures are not influenced by government partisanship since parties cannot attract votes with such low visibility, long term investments. We use a dataset covering 25 OECD countries from 1970 to 2018 to demonstrate that fiscal consolidations are negatively associated with the absolute level of preventive care and with its proportion relative to curative care. We also confirm that left-wing governments are not more likely to invest in public health than right-wing governments. Finally, contributing to the literature on comparative health care systems, we show that National Health Services systems maintain higher preventive care investments than Social Health Insurance systems.

Evaluation of routinely collected records for dementia outcomes in UK: a prospective cohort study

ObjectivesTo evaluate the characteristics of individuals recorded as having a dementia diagnosis in different routinely collected records and to examine the extent of overlap of dementia coding across data sources....

Experiences and views of women undergoing BRCA genetic testing in the UK; A qualitative systematic review

Introduction: Breast cancer has the highest cancers' incidence in the UK in 2017 (over 55,200 new cases per annum). Individuals who are BRCA1/2 mutation carriers tend to have higher levels of psychological morbidities. The aim of this SR is to identify, appraise, and synthesize evidence related to the experiences and views of women undergoing BRCA genetic testing in the UK National Health Service (NHS) system.

Opportunities to engage health system leaders in whole systems approaches to physical activity in England

BackgroundPhysical activity plays an important role in maintaining good health and wellbeing, non-communicable disease prevention and can improve healthcare outcomes. Some progress is being made on incorporating physical activity into routine care, but less on engaging health system leaders in the ‘whole systems’ approaches which are increasingly recognised as important for addressing complex public health challenges such as physical inactivity. This commentary builds upon the findings of a recent study and aims to identify opportunities for engaging National Health Service (NHS) systems leaders in whole systems approaches to physical activity.Opportunities for action in EnglandPockets of good practice exist from which lessons can be learned, but there are systemic issues that discourage and create barriers, and a need for meaningful engagement, leadership and action at national, regional and local levels. National and regional actors like Sport England, NHS England, health professional bodies, Active Partnerships, the Local Government Association and the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities can encourage and support government and the NHS to change policy drivers, culture and practices. Emerging opportunities include the 2021 White Paper Integration and Innovation, development of local integrated care systems, leadership from health charities and investment in non-clinical interventions (‘social prescribing’). At local level, public health and physical activity specialists and other organisations have a key role as champions and facilitators of local whole systems approaches and engagement of local NHS leaderships. Finally, although whole systems action is about collaborative leadership, individual champions of physical activity can make a difference in influencing NHS leaders at every level towards whole systems working.

THREE DIMENSIONAL VIRTUAL PLANNING, MODELLING AND PRINTING IN FIBULA FREE FLAP MANDIBULAR RECONSTRUCTIONS – INITIAL CASE SERIES IN A LIMITED RESOURCE ENVIRONMENT

The most contemporary approach when dealing with extensive head and neck defects post oncological resections is based on virtual computer planning, surgical resection/reconstruction simulation and three dimensional modeling and printing. It is of great benefit, particularly when the maxillo-mandibular area is involved, because of its complex three dimensional form and active functional load, both these features presenting a long-standing reconstructive challenge to the head and neck surgeons. Developing such complex surgical techniques is a very resource dependent undertaking and relies substantially on a strategic support from the given National Health Service system. An overview of the first 3 consecutive cases of entirely digitally planned and lab-to-theatre transferred mandibular resections and simultaneous microvascular fibula flap reconstructions performed in Sofia between August – October 2017 is presented.

Clinical and economic benefits of a new paradigm of HCV diagnosis and treatment.

The current paradigm (CP) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis and treatment in Italy's National Health Service system has numerous steps. The European Association for the Study of the Liver recommends initiation of a pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral regimen after a simple diagnostic process. The present study estimated the efficiency gains resulting from two simplified pathways from diagnosis to treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients in Italy over the next 5 years from a societal perspective. The CP, a New Paradigm 1 (NP1), and a New Paradigm 2 (NP2) were evaluated in a Markov model. The NP1 model simplifies monitoring and laboratory test requirements in the diagnosis and treatment phases. The NP2 model also eliminates the primary care referral requirement. Treatment process time for non-cirrhotic patients was 48, 43, and 25 weeks in the CP, NP1, and NP2, respectively, and in cirrhotic patients was 49, 46, and 37 weeks. Under the CP, 19% of patients/year would be lost to follow-up, which decreases by 11% in NP1 and 100% in NP2. Compared with the CP, implementation of NP1 at 5 years would reduce compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related deaths by 12.6%, 12.4%, 8.1%, and 8.8%, respectively; these cases would be reduced by 94.0%, 93.8%, 61.0%, and 58.4% in NP2. Total 5-year costs with the CP, NP1, and NP2 are estimated at 135.6€ million, 110.5€ million, and 80.5€ million, respectively. Simplification of HCV diagnosis and monitoring requirements would allow Italy to move closer to international guidelines with significant health benefits and economic gains.

Puntaje total, calificación médica nacional y cupos según programa de especialidad en el Concurso de Ingreso al Sistema Nacional de Servicios de Salud. Período 2017-2019

Among the several programs that allow access to medical specialization in Chile, the National Health Services System Entrance Contest (CONISS) is held annually for newly graduated physicians, which has a high number of applicants. The academic qualifications expressed as National Medical Qualification (CMN) are the main item of the scoring system. We reviewed the total scores and the CMN of the different medical specialization programs that exist in the country, which constitutes novel and relevant information for future medical graduates interested in applying to the program. In addition, the quotas of the different programs are reported, expressed as total, free, and used quotas.

Impfen gegen Influenza – Internationale Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven für Deutschland

BackgroundThe current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires high influenza vaccination rates for the chronically ill in order to avoid additional strain on the health care system. Despite clear evidence of the safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccination, vaccination coverage has internationally remained at inadequate levels in recent years. The general practitioner is of central importance for the care of this population. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate various measures in general practice to increase seasonal influenza vaccination rates for the chronically ill, taking into account various international health systems. MethodsA systematic literature search was carried out in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE and ERIC as well as manually in trial registers and literature lists. Only randomized controlled studies were taken into account. The methodology was defined in advance in a study protocol and published (PROSPERO CRD42018114163). ResultsA total of 14 studies within the framework of a national health service (United Kingdom), a state (Australia) and social (Switzerland) health insurance system and a private health care system (USA) were included in our review. Analog patient reminders and automated physician reminders as well as changes in professional roles have led to a significant increase in influenza vaccination rates, but only in the private health care system. In the national health service, none of the interventions we analyzed achieved a significant increase in vaccination rates, although the National Health Service in the United Kingdom documented relatively good basic influenza vaccination rates before the studies were carried out, regardless of the intervention. Good results were achieved in the social and state health insurance systems of Switzerland and Australia by training events for practice teams and SMS reminders. ConclusionsIn Germany, training events for medical teams and centrally organized invitation and monitoring systems might improve vaccination rates among the chronically ill. That the federal government pays for the vaccination costs seems to ensure a good basic influenza vaccination coverage for indicated patients in various health systems.

Health coaching: a necessary role for medical students?

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to discuss the strong rationale for training medical students in health coaching and explain the structure of a planned programme at the University of Cambridge. Study designThis is a perspective piece. MethodsThis article explores the concept of health coaching and evidence for the approach and argues for its necessity within our future National Health Service (NHS). The structure of the planned programme at the University of Cambridge is explained. ResultsTraining in health coaching gives clinicians tools and techniques based on psychology, behavioural science and performance coaching to add to their communication skills. This results in person-centred care and improved health behaviour outcomes for patients. Training medical students in the field means they are able to develop the techniques throughout their training and meaningfully contribute to high-quality patient care as part of the wider medical team during their studies. ConclusionsWe believe training medical students in health coaching skills is paramount to ensure the skills of our future workforce keeps pace with the NHS system and population needs.

The Present Value of Human Lives Lost Due to COVID-19 in the United Kingdom

Introduction: Approximately 43906 human lives were lost to COVID-19 by July 2, 2020, in the United Kingdom (UK). This study estimated the total present value of human lives lost due to COVID-19 in the UK as of July 2, 2020.&#x0D; Background: The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted external trade and negatively impacted on all the socioeconomic sectors in the UK.&#x0D; Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the total present value of human lives lost due to COVID-19 n the UK as of July 2, 2020.&#x0D; Methods: The human capital approach was employed to value human lives lost into money, assuming a 3% discount rate and an average life expectancy of 81.8 years in the UK. The economic model was re-estimated using (a) 5% and 10% discount rates, and (b) the average world life expectancy of 72 years, and (c) the world’s highest life expectancy of 88.1 years to test the robustness of the total present value of human lives lost. &#x0D; Results: The human lives lost had a total present value of the international dollar (Int$) of 9883426226 and an average present value per human life of Int$ 225104. Approximately 76.2% of the total present value was sustained by those aged 30 and 79 years. Re-estimation of the model with discount rates of 5% and 10% instead of 3% reduced the total present value by Int$ 1158424570 (11.7%), and Int$ 3058724257 (31.0%), respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The average present value per human life was almost five-fold the UK’s GDP per person in 2020. The presented evidence could be used to advocate for increased investments into the British National Health Service and other health-related systems to optimize Universal Health Coverage, International Health Regulations capacities, and secondary education coverage to better mitigate economic and human suffering during future pandemics.