National Glory Research Articles

Academician Fyodor Grigorievich Uglov (1904–2008)

An outstanding surgeon, a prominent scientist, a teacher, a talented leader, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1967), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991), Winner of the Lenin Prize (1961), winner of the international prize of the Holy All-Laudable Apostle Andrew the First-Called and the Center of National Glory of Russia «For Faith and Fidelity» with the award of the Order of Andrew the First-Called on a blue moire ribbon (2003), laureate of the Academician A. N. Bakulev Prize (2004), Professor Fyodor Grigorievich Uglov was born on October 5, 1904 in the village of Chuguevo, Kirensky district, Irkutsk region. In 1923, Fyodor Grigorievich entered Irkutsk University, then transferred to Saratov University and graduated with honors in 1929. He studied at the internship at the clinic of Professor V. A. Oppel (1931–1933). In 1937, he entered the postgraduate course of the Department of Surgery of the Leningrad State Institute for Advanced Medical Training named after S. M. Kirov. He defended his PhD thesis in 1939 and his doctoral dissertation in 1949. Fyodor Grigoryevich Uglov worked at the Department of the Academician N. N. Petrov until 1950. The next 58 years of Fyodor Grigoryevich’s working activity was associated with the Medical University named after Academician I. P. Pavlov (1 LMI, Pavlov University). During this period of time, he performed unique operations, developed new methods of surgical treatment of diseases in almost all sections of surgery. Being an excellent teacher, Fyodor Grigoryevich Uglov brought up excellent surgeons. Many of them became doctors of sciences, academicians, and heads of surgical departments. Fyodor Grigoryevich also founded a bright school of thoracic and cardiac surgeons.. Academician F. G. Uglov died on June 22, 2008 and was buried on June 25, 2008 at the Nikolsky Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Research on Legal Education at Jinan University During the Shanghai Period (1927-1932)

Abstract In the autumn of 1927, Zheng Hongnian appointed Shi Jiong as a professor and established the Department of Law, setting the educational goal of “cultivating useful judicial talents for national service and national glory”. He actively pursued legal education and pioneered a specialized course in Diplomatic Consular Affairs. The legal systems of the countries where overseas Chinese from Nanyang resided were predominantly based on the “Anglo-American Law” system. The “Anglo-American Law” education at Jinan University was distinctively emphasized, and the continuous refinement of the “Six Law” system led to a shift towards a “Comparative Law” model. As Jinan University’s legal education was flourishing, it faced dual calamities of war and educational crises, ultimately leading to its closure.

Nation Building and Religion

The leader cult built up around Miklós Horthy, the Regent of Hungary between 1920 and 1944, was one of the leader cults that appeared after World War I as a response to the critical social and political conditions. According to the main message of Horthy’s selectively constructed image, he was the only one who could achieve the national goals and restore the lost national glory. In my paper, I analyze religion, primarily Christianity, as a domain from which the cult-makers selected, (mis)used, and manipulated symbols, elements, and concepts, such as ‘resurrection’, ‘rebirth’, ‘salvation’, ‘the Passion of the Christ’, ‘selectness’, ‘the promised land’, and references to the will of divine providence for justifying the leadership of Horthy. Religious symbols also shaped and strengthened the national identity. It is shown that the traditional churches, because of the cooperation between them and the state, made a significant contribution to strengthening the leader’s legitimacy in this way. This is the reason why the term ‘politicized religion’, introduced by Juan J. Linz, seems appropriate in this context. Naturally, this was a wider phenomenon in Hungary, but the Horthy cult is its striking example.

Psychoanalyzing democracies: Antagonisms, paranoia, and the productivity of depression

Psychoanalyzing democracies: Antagonisms, paranoia, and the productivity of depression

Coronationalism: The Nationalist Discourses of Taiwanese Professional Baseball in the Media During the Outbreak of COVID-19

<p>新冠肺炎於2020年爆發初期，臺灣管控相對得宜，中華職棒於4月以閉門比賽搶先全球開打，並於Twitter進行英語直播，吸引美日等地球迷關注。本研究探討2020年臺灣職棒於疫情中開打後，與象徵臺灣公衛的疫情控制成就互相結合，構成「新冠國族主義」。媒體國族論述將職棒賽事與防疫成就視為國族驕傲，藉由翻譯外電及外國球評推文，強調全世界「看見臺灣」。再者，「中職改名」論戰，反映了臺灣社會內部的國族認同之衝突。最後，疫情期間的國族論述複製全球化的世界體系，以美國與日本棒球作為標準。臺灣的新冠國族主義論述與其他國家的種族歧視與排外情緒有明顯差異，強調職棒與防疫作為國族之光，並作為全球危機中受到國際社會承認與接納的具體象徵。</p> <p> </p><p>Since Taiwan controlled well against the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in beginning of 2020, the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan (CPBL) was able to hold ball games without attendance in April and became the “only” professional baseball season in the world at that time. The CPBL launched live English-language broadcast on Twitter to attract sports fans from the U.S., Japan, and the rest of the world. This paper critically examined the “coronationalism” (the nationalist discourses during the outbreak) in Taiwan. First, Taiwanese professional baseball games, as well as the relative success in controlling the spread of coronavirus, were regarded as a national glory during the pandemic. Related news reports in foreign media and tweets from foreign baseball commentators were evidences that “the whole world was watching Taiwan.” Moreover, the debate of renaming the CPBL reflected the conflicting national identities within Taiwan society. Furthermore, the nationalist discourses duplicated the world system of baseball modeled after professional baseball leagues in the U.S. and in Japan. The nationalist discourses in Taiwan during the pandemic, which emphasized the CPBL games, the pandemic management as the national glory, and the world’s recognition of Taiwan, were distinctively different from racism and xenophobia observed in many other countries during this global public health crisis.</p> <p> </p>

Reimagining the Social Bond: Review of Kevin Duong's The Virtues of Violence

Reimagining the Social Bond:Review of Kevin Duong's The Virtues of Violence Marieke Mueller (bio) and Robert P. Jackson (bio) Kevin Duong. The Virtues of Violence: Democracy Against Disintegration in Modern France. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2020. 256 pp. £36.45 (hc). ISBN: 9780190058418. Social contract theory has tended to associate violence with chaos, disorder, and irrationality. In The Virtues of Violence, Kevin Duong directs us towards an alternative lineage of "redemptive violence" that is inherently neither illiberal, nihilistic, nor anti-democratic. It responds rather to a problem identified with (nineteenth-century French) modernity: "democratization as an experience of social disintegration" (128). In various guises, thinkers have diagnosed the dissolution of inherited social bonds as having the potential for social atomization and moral fragmentation. Redemptive violence derives its appeal from its attempt to regenerate or redeem a "thick" social bond, i.e., a form of fraternity [End Page 716] or solidarity, enabling a multitude to achieve popular self-government through unifying collective self-transformation. In the French Revolution, the imperial conquest of Algeria and the 1871 Paris Commune, images of redemptive violence are marshalled to constitute and redefine the boundaries of a sovereign "People." For Duong, the French republican tradition is paradigmatic, because of the clarity and self-consciousness of its theorists, who made explicit these problems of democratization. This type of violence is of particular interest because it appears across the spectrum of political thought and therefore, he argues, speaks to the character of the modern democratic experience. To comprehend the pervasiveness of this form of violence in "France's long nineteenth century" (168), Duong undertakes four impressively researched and thoroughly readable studies. In each, Duong examines an episode of redemptive violence: Jacobin interventions in debates about the regicide of Louis XVI, Tocqueville's justification of "total war" in colonial Algeria, the Communards' conception of the "people in arms," and appeals for moral regeneration among diverse critics of the Third Republic in the years preceding the First World War. Duong suggests that the idiom in which the problem of social disintegration is expressed in these moments can be linked to contemporaneous developments in scientific discourse. Thus, the Jacobins employ metaphors of natural catastrophe to describe the action of the people, Tocqueville interweaves new theories of psychological fragmentation with those of social disintegration, and Bergson's vitalist critique of positivism is politically weaponized by thinkers like Sorel. Chapter one analyzes the relationship between social bonds and violence that emerged during the French Revolution. Duong establishes the wider intellectual landscape: in the eighteenth century, he argues, the disappearance of the corporate system and the questioning of the ideology of the "king's two bodies" as guarantor of social cohesion (36), raised the question what new social bonds could look like. Events such as the storming of the Bastille and the women's march on Versailles, according to Duong, "cemented the link between popular agency and violence" (28). This link was crystallized in debates about the prosecution of Louis XVI. Duong contrasts the Girondins' legalistic approach with the Jacobins' concern that the king's trial further the Revolution's task of "reconstructing the moral foundations of the social" (37). In short, a violent attack on the king's body was needed for a new social body to emerge. Duong's nuanced depiction of the Jacobins and their arguments for regicide might surprise some readers: interested in concrete social bonds and not abstract ideals as is conventionally assumed (38-9), the Jacobins mobilized a religious vocabulary sacralizing regicidal violence while adopting naturalistic images such as lightning to portray democratic agency. The second chapter examines Tocqueville's concern that individualism reduces social bonds to a "société en poussière." Duong understands Tocqueville's solution, the creation of social bonds through "modern national glory," in the context of Cousin and Guizot's rejection of Lockean "sensationalism" (55, 62). Instead of viewing humans as fragmented bundles of sense perceptions, these thinkers respectively stress the subject as "unified volitional power" and the interdependence of social and inner life. Tocqueville concluded that the people had to relearn to exert a collective will, which could best be achieved through pursuing national glory. On Duong's reading, Tocqueville...

Financial and Psychosocial Entrapment in Aravind Adiga’s Selection Day

The present paper deals with Aravind Adiga’s fourth novel Selection Day based on extraordinary panorama of cricket game. Financial condition of the poor and bourgeois is responsible for their future planning, decision in studies and the way of life at the same time the struggle of middle and lower-class people ensnare them into psychosocial entrapments. Aravind Adiga’s Selection Day contains financial and psycho-social entrapment of Kumar Family. By the help of cricket game the writer aesthetically webs the themes of unexplored sexuality, unsatisfied desires and all the aspects of the struggle faced in the life of Radha and Manju. Eric Erikson has propounded the stages of psychosocial development, the protagonist of this novel endeavors to uplift his life therefore he passes throw these stages. His theory is adhered to Sigmund Freud’s theory of Psychoanalysis. Money minded father and psychologically traumatized sons are working day and night for golden future in the vast area of corrupt capitalist immoral society therefore this novel is a harsh criticism of money possessiveness of games and people’s different point of view regarding national glory.

Colonialism, Cosmopolitanism, and Nationalism: The Performativity of Western Music Endeavours in Interwar Shanghai

AbstractThis article examines the meaning of Western music performances in interwar Shanghai through the theoretical framework of performativity that originated in John Austin's speech act and Judith Butler's notion of identity as performed. The early concerts of the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra (SMO), I suggest, were an assertion of settler sovereignty in a treaty port such as Shanghai. Therefore, Chinese musicians performing Western music – propagated through the establishment of the National Conservatory of Music by Chinese elites in Shanghai's French Settlement in 1927 – was the embodiment of three contradictory ideals: colonialism, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism. Zooming in on four SMO concerts that featured Chinese musicians in 1929, I argue that they were sites of identity and power negotiation, the SMO and the Chinese musicians asserting quite distinct performative utterances. On the one hand, the performing Chinese body enacted the cosmopolitan outlook that the Municipal Council was eager to project, not only for the sake of ideology but also to increase SMO's concert revenue by appealing to the increasing number of Chinese concert attendees. On the other hand, it meant national glory to Chinese residents in Shanghai, marking Chinese musicians participating in a global musical network. Lastly, this study draws attention to the diverse geographies of Western music in the twentieth century and its coeval development beyond the West, testifying to the timely need for a global music history in which the musicking of Western music in so many Asian cities should be interwoven into its narrative.

Anticolonial Visions and Fictional Versions: A Comparative Study of American and Indian Postcolonial Novels

The research juxtaposes two of the prominent postcolonial literary discourses produced by the nations that resisted the colonial encroachments militarily and, ultimately, gained their independence from the British imperial clutch, America and India. The selected literary works are replete with retrospective representations of the historical landmarks and laden with future ideological aspirations regarding national glory. Remaining awake to the perplexing verisimilitude of postcolonial works of literature, the study aims to explain the pivotal nexus that links the divergent discourses, that is, the anti colonial élan.For the accomplishment of the comparative analysis, two of the novels have been chosen, one for each country, to represent the respective version of resistance: Jeff Shaara's The Glorious Cause (2002) from an array of the American fictional narratives and Basavaraj Naikar's The Sun behind the Cloud (2001)from the Indian anglophone fiction. After outlining the belligerent disposition of these novels, their thematic schemas have been compared and contrasted to make the post coloniality of these polemical fictions manifest. It has been made explicit that the novels are essentially similar in their counter-discursive character and dissemination of the anti colonial sentiment despite some peripheral differences. Thus, these novels contribute to the broader postcolonial continuum that comprehensively accommodates varying versions of the textual resistance.

The challenge of heritage management for post national symbol: the dilemma of the Chungshan Great Hall’s adaptive reuse, Taiwan

ABSTRACT Chungshan Great Hall, founded in 1965 under the request of President Chiang Kai-shek to commemorate the centenary of Dr Sun Yat-sen's birth, also for the reason to revive traditional Chinese culture. Until the end of 2005, this was the site of National Assembly meetings. Besides, the architecture serves as a location for hosting ceremonies by the President for state visits, conferences, receiving distinguished foreign guests or hosting state banquets and was off limits to the general public until 2005. The government has designated the Chungshan Great Hall as a historical monument. It was also on the first 20 of do_co, mo.mo_Taiwan's list, because of its significance on both architectural and historic value. In spite of its conveying as a strong national symbol in essence, the architectural work of the Chungshan Great Hall might be said to be a splendid combination and demonstration of traditional crafts and modern design. However, after the lifting of martial law, and the abolishment of the National Assembly, how to reuse the historic building with its difficult history became a paradox issue. Namely, how should we reuse it wisely and interpret the once national glory, without mentioning the authoritarian rule? How should we appreciate the beauty and magnificent of the architecture, yet forgetting the negative memory of White Terror? The article, by reviewing the long process of how the central and local government tried to find different methods to reuse the monument, dismantles the challenge and dilemma of the heritage management of this kind of architecture as a post-national symbol.

Oficera marynarki wojennej nie wystarczy wyszkolić, trzeba go jeszcze „uformować”

It is not enough to train a naval officer, he needs to be “developed” The history of the Polish Navy reveals a multitude of events concerning personnel matters, which in turn introduce us to the issues of loyalty and what I referred to as “development” in the title. By and large, we know quite a lot about the training and education of senior officers, although it may be that we look at the process too superficially and fail to see that it is not woven with exclusively positive values. In my article I raise that we are often saddled with misconceptions concerning the officer’s service, which we want to view in the pantheon of national glory, with the officer emerging as the embodiment of the superior soldierly and civic virtues. I referred to the Government Act – Constitution of 3 May 1791, but only to the extent of reiterating that „the army is a force drawn from the people” and stating “like nation, like army”. I attempted to strongly emphasize the principle of loyalty, because I believe that it gets lost in the maze of diverse qualities that we tend, often uncritically, to attribute to officers, and I considered “development” as one of the most serious challenges, because it essentially determines what officers guard our security.

The symbolism of national glory in the “Freischütz” by K. M. Weber

The purpose of the study is to highlight in the generalized expressiveness of the famous opera by K.M. Weber the means of embodying national glory through the spiritual greatness of heroes in accordance with the mysterious and theatrical traditions of the German cultural world. The methodological basis is the analytical, historical, comparative, interdisciplinary methods presented in the works of A. Losev, V. Lychkovakh, as well as the hermeneutic section of the intonational musicological expedition, which we find in the works of B. Asafiev, as well as in the works of E. Markova, O. Muravskaya, etc. The scientific novelty is due to the innovative perspective of expressing the named opera by K. M. Weber as the embodiment of the religious ideals of the Undivided Church, which were in the center of attention of Biedermeier as national-artistic refraction of the ideas of the Restoration. Conclusions. The national fame as the cultural and artistic heritage of the German nation in the conditions of the state and confessional delimitations was recognized in the Biedermeier wave at the level of revealing the spiritual chosenness of heroes, consecrated in the musical interpretation by the traditions of the «Hubert Mass» with indicative symbols of horn heights and timbre, and in the plot, the nomination of the figure of the Hermit as a vestige of primitive Christian virtues, placing the chosen one at the rank of a feat of action of Agatha in Atonement but. The final chorus raises female devotion to the level of national glorification; and this represents a new turn in national thinking in memory of the forgotten and revived glory of the first Christian sacrifice.

Letter from the president.

Letter from the president.

Symbolic right-sizing and Balkan nationalisms: the Macedonia name dispute and the Prespa Agreement

ABSTRACT This article examines identity politics on the Macedonian name dispute and draws parallels with identity conflicts in other divided societies to examine how peacemakers and hardliners contest the prospect of negotiated peace settlements. The first part of the article examines competing narratives of the dispute and how the unexpected challenge of ‘symbolic right-sizing’ of national identity on both parts following the dissolution of Yugoslavia provoked major public and political outrage. It compares Greek and North Macedonian understandings of national boundaries, unity and ethnic group entitlement over symbols of national unity and past glory. The second part investigates conflict resolution and the two UN mediated agreements on the Macedonian name dispute: the Interim Agreement negotiated by Richard Holbrook and Matthew Nimitz in September 1995; and the comprehensive Prespa Agreement mediated by the latter in June 2018 concluded in early 2019. In the final part of the article, the wider significance of the case for the region, symbolic ‘right-sizing’, and theories of identity framing and conflict resolution are discussed.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR TATYANA VARENKO. POETRY. PROLOG. LIFE BEGINS

Tatyana Varenko is a contemporary poetess from Kharkiv and one singular event in the art of literature. Though born and brought up in the Ukrainian-Russian environement, Ms. Varenko has transcended her linguocultural DNA and integrated English poetry writing into the proud heritage of the national glory. She creates multiple unrealities where dreams and ideas sprout up across the Universe like the roots of Yggdrasil. Tatyana Varenko writes par excellence like Shakespeare, rhymes like Pushkin, loves like Dante, thinks like Machiavelli, and smiles like Nietzsche. As a professional and scholar, Ms. Varenko devoted herself to public service in public education and public administration at local institutions and authorities in matters of global communication and international cooperation. Author of novels in verse Ordeal (2010) and Elfineness (2014) and laureate of international literary awards, she creatively synthesizes realms, religions, epochs, and civilizations to create her exquisitely sophisticated chefs-d’oeuvre.

The Picaro and the Prole, the Spiv and the Honest Tommy in Leon Griffiths'sMinder

First broadcast in 1979, Thames Television's comedy drama, Minder, coincided with the arrival of the Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher. Central to the series’ popularity was the character of Arthur Daley, a shady, small-time businessman whose proclivity for wheeling and dealing saw him regarded as epitomising an era marked by the free-market, entrepreneurial zeal of the Thatcher administration. Arthur's ‘partner’, Terry McCann, by contrast, was a disconcerting picture of what life could be like for the working class in the new economy. As an ex-boxer and an ex-prisoner with a conscience, he relied on Arthur to find him casual employment as a minder.Far from reading Minder as an endorsement of Thatcherism and its military adventurism, enterprise culture and hankering after a perceived past national glory, this article considers the series as an ironic comment on such pretentions, and Arthur and Terry as underworld, low-life versions of familiar national heroes – the entrepreneur and the ‘honest Tommy’. The article also goes further, situating Arthur Daley's character in a generic tradition of dubious working-class enterprise and criminality that pre-dates the image of the spiv, popularised in British films such as Waterloo Road in the 1940s, going back to the picaros and proles of the eighteenth century and illustrated in Peter Linebaugh's book about the period, The London Hanged.

Reading Byron in Nineteenth-Century Bengal

The Bengali literary reception of Lord Byron in the nineteenth century is characterised by opposing tendencies—fascination with his poetic corpus and personal heroics on the one hand and indignation at his amoral and nihilistic stance on the other. Byron’s libertinism and melancholy are censoriously registered in several Bengali essays in the late nineteenth century, but a sizeable body of Bengali poetry produced around the same time seeks to appropriate Byron through quotation and adaptation. Byron’s celebrated cosmopolitanism as well as his satire does not figure conspicuously on the agenda for his Bengali appropriations, because his precedents are deployed predominantly for imagining a nation. Poets such as Hemchandra Bandyopadhyay and Nabinchandra Sen re-work the Byronic text into a lament for a lost national (specifically Hindu) glory. At the same time, Biharilal Chakraborty and Akshaychandra Sarkar echo Byron’s meditation on Nature but divest it of his characteristic malaise or misanthropy. The poet...

Russia Triumphant: War Poetry in the Eighteenth Century

This paper deals with a variety of lyric poetry that was widely cultivated under Catherine II — the poetry of war. This poetry was written almost always as oc- casional court poetry; it flourished in the general context of festivities organized in celebration of the Russian successes in the numerous wars of the period. The analysis takes into account not only the main poets, but also the minor poets in order to receive a fuller picture of the period’s mentality. Presenting themselves as loyal subjects, the poets dedicated their texts mostly to Catherine II, congratulating her on her victories and praising her multifarious virtues. This panegyric element sheds a light on the cult of the empress and the specifics of her contemporary image. But the poets addressed their works not only to Catherine, but also to her victorious generals and in some cases also to the armed forces. In practicing this kind of poetry, the authors not only showed their patriotism, but also their poetic virtuosity and their erudition: their poetic task was to translate the well-known military facts into the solemn “language” of the “high style”. Writing a victory ode was a celebratory act sui generis: according to a venerable tradition of classical antiquity, the poetic word was able to transcend time, ensuring eternal glory. Remaining close to official doctrine, the poets were nevertheless able to express their own patriotic view on the ongoing wars. This patriotism came in two kinds; each one represented a certain attitude to war. The first was a radical patriotism that advocated the pursuit of national glory by the ruthless use of military power in foreign politics. The second kind was a moderate patriotism that saw war as a necessary evil; it obsessively strove to reconcile Catherine’s bellicose politics with the traditional ideal of а “just war”. The article closes with a discussion of war poetry in its relation to the peace-loving ideals of European Enlightenment.

William Dargan, An Honourable Life (1799–1867) by Fergus Mulligan (review)

Despite these lapses of presentation, Fanning has yet again produced a stimulating book that opens new perspectives on modern Ireland. Patrick Maume works as a researcher with the Royal Irish Academy’s ongoing Dictionary of Irish Biography. He is a graduate of University College Cork and Queen’s University Belfast. William Dargan, An Honourable Life (1799–1867), Fergus Mulligan (Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 2013), 312 pages. Daniel O’Connell looms large in my life. His extraordinary contribution to our prospects and culture changed all that followed in his political wake. As an Irish politician I stand, with due humility, on the shoulders of his achievements. The other, more prosaic, reason for his prominence is that I can see his grave every morning from my bedroom window! This view is possible because I am very lucky to live close to the national treasure that is Glasnevin Cemetery. The proximity of this cemetary to the Botanic Gardens, and their joining through a spendid gateway constructed by the Office of Public Works, offers an extraordinary and rewarding trail. Life and death are juxtaposed, with many and varied aspects of our national heritage on display. My more recent visits to this pathway have included a visit to a slightly less well-known grave, that of William Dargan – engineer and businessman. This year marks the 150th anniversary of his death. This anniversary makes it all the more appropriate to comment on a beautiful biography, William Dargan, An Honourable Life 1799–1867, by Fergus Mulligan, a life-long devotee of this extraordinary figure. The author opens with the claim that, ‘One of the aims of this book is to show just how unique was Dargan’s contribution to Ireland and to suggest that he, as much and probably more than any other figure in nineteenth-century Ireland, deserves that overused and sometimes abused title of “patriot”. He was, this volume contends, “a giant among men”’. Upon completing this delightful book, this reader, for one, is now in full agreement with both claims. Before moving to the canvas of achievement that was the life of Dargan, it is worth pausing on some of his lesser-known contributions and efforts.Any of these would merit a footnote in Irish history, but their recognition, along with his more famous achievements, does justice 246 Studies • volume 106 • number 422 Summer 2017: Book Reviews to the breadth of his accomplishments. The Great Industrial Exhibition of 1853 has unduly faded to the recesses of our national history. Organised by the Royal Dublin Society, this event was at the instigation of Dargan, who was a life member of the RDS. His motivations extended beyond reflecting national glory. He negotiated a deal that stipulated that, if the surplus from the exhibition exceeded a certain level, he would receive £20,000 plus five per cent of the excess. If the exhibition made a loss, he would cover the deficit. This acumen was at the heart of all else he would achieve. The exhibition was held in a hall constructed on the lawns of what is commonly known as Leinster House on Kildare Street. Standing ninety metres tall, ‘The inside was painted light blue, the ribs in buff picked out in scarlet’. The opening ceremony was attended by dignitaries, including the mayors of Manchester and Liverpool and a government minister from Peru. Within a week visitor numbers reached 5,000 per day. Such success garnered royal interest, with Queen Victoria paying a visit on 30 August 1853. Upon meeting Dargan she ‘laid her hand on his arm and shook it warmly, drawing a burst of cheering from the crowd’. Such warmth extended to a visit to his home, in Mount Anville, where she drank tea and admired the views of Dublin Bay. The industry and vision of Dargan is similarly reflected in an uncelebrated, minor but fascinating episode of Irish transport history. The opening of the Dublin to Galway railway line in 1851 led to the pursuit of an extraordinary opportunity for Galway Port. This presented the potential for it to be used as the main port for transatlantic travel between Britain, Ireland and America. Mulligan notes that almost every town on the west coast, including...

When Women Fail to “Hold Up More Than Half the Sky”

Communist beliefs on gender equality and Chinese female athletes’ consistent ability to win national glory have lead to female athletes in Chinese sports media being primarily portrayed as legitimate athletes akin to levels of male athletes. This study examines such assumptions within Chinese Central Television’s (CCTV) 2016 Olympic telecast of gymnastics, a sport in which Chinese female athletes failed to attain national expectations, exploring potential variations of gendered frames in Chinese sports culture. A full examination of 100% (over 14 hr) of CCTV’s broadcast coverage revealed that female athletes received less media attention in terms of clock time and name mentions. Regarding word-by-word commentary ascribed to the gymnasts, CCTV employees significantly devoted more descriptors related to personality and physicality to female athletes, indicating a noticeable deviation from the Chinese traditional gendered frame of depicting female athletes as tenacious fighters with their nonsport-related aspects rarely covered. Implications for the findings are offered.