National Framework Research Articles

Об обязательствах государств по национальному регулированию деятельности частных военных и охранных компаний

The modern architecture of international security is faced with the urgent problem of regulating armed conflicts, in which non-State actors such as private military and security companies (PMSCs) are gaining weight. The role of PMSCs in modern conflicts generates serious legal discourses, undermining traditional normative frameworks. The operations of these companies often fall outside the scope of international law, the national legislations of the States in which they operate, and their countries of origin. This creates a regulatory gap, allowing PMSCs to operate outside legal restrictions. This state of affairs calls into question the effectiveness of existing mechanisms to ensure the safety and protection of civilians in conflict zones. In order to develop an effective national legislative framework in this area, it is advisable to study international legal norms and foreign experience. This will make it possible to identify rational approaches to the regulation of PMSCs, including in the Russian legal field. It should be noted that the need to regulate PMSCs is not only a national problem, but also a topical issue of international law. This article analyses the international regulatory framework related to the regulation of PMSCs and suggests the most promising approaches to their regulation. This article analyzes the international regulatory framework related to the regulation of PMSC activities and suggests the most promising approaches to their regulation. The study examines specific examples of the normative regulation of PMSC activities at the national level in various countries of the world. The analysis of these examples will reveal effective regulatory mechanisms and positive practices that can be adapted for the development of Russian legislation in this area.

Collaborative multiscale water resources planning in England

ABSTRACT Practitioners in water resources planning in England are navigating new multiscale planning structures. A National Framework introduced in 2020 embeds strategic cooperation across a privatized industry to meet higher resilience standards. This study presents a critical analysis of the National Framework to identify feasible solutions to navigate England’s water crisis. Findings are based on engagement with practitioners identifying successes, challenges, and lessons learned throughout 2020–2024. Recommendations include establishing a national coordination office as part of an explicit multiscale framework. Over time, the framework can continue to be built upon for a more informed transition to adaptive, collaborative, integrated planning.

Utilization of Participatory Research Theory and a National Framework to Advance a State Food Security Research Agenda: A Mixed-Methods Study

The 2022 White House National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health outlined goals for ending hunger in the US. Actions fell into five areas, called pillars; the goal of Pillar 5 was to enhance nutrition and food security research. This study leveraged participatory research theory and the National Strategy for developing a statewide, evidence-informed food security research agenda. A mixed-methods study employing the Community Engagement in Research Continuum (CEnR) was implemented. Engagement strategies included collecting baseline data via a statewide survey and encouraging participants of a statewide Summit to participate in a collective prioritization process. Surveys were emailed to a purposive sample of 1575 contacts; 31 registered for the in-person session. A total of 197 records were included in the survey analysis; all 31 registrants attended the in-person session. The research agenda was to include two objectives for implementation over the next two years. Academic and nonacademic stakeholders interacted as peers during the prioritization exercise. The first research objective was to conduct food assistance usage gap analyses; the second was to investigate barriers to collaboration among Idaho’s food security programs. The CEnR proved efficacious for producing a stakeholder-generated research agenda. Leveraging a national framework helped facilitate asset-based, actionable strategies within a proposed timeline.

CAMELS-DE: hydro-meteorological time series and attributes for 1582 catchments in Germany

Abstract. Comprehensive large-sample hydrological datasets, particularly the CAMELS datasets (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies), have advanced hydrological research and education in recent years. These datasets integrate extensive hydro-meteorological observations with landscape features, such as geology and land use, across numerous catchments within a national framework. They provide harmonised large-sample data for various purposes, such as assessing the impacts of climate change or testing hydrological models on a large number of catchments. Furthermore, these datasets are essential for the rapid progress of data-driven models in hydrology in recent years. Despite Germany's extensive hydro-meteorological measurement infrastructure, it has lacked a consistent, nationwide hydrological dataset, largely due to its decentralised management across different federal states. This fragmentation has hindered cross-state studies and made the preparation of hydrological data labour-intensive. The introduction of CAMELS-DE represents a step forward in bridging this gap. CAMELS-DE includes 1582 streamflow gauges with hydro-meteorological time series data covering up to 70 years (median length of 46 years and a minimum length of 10 years), from January 1951 to December 2020. It includes consistent catchment boundaries with areas ranging from 5 to 15 000 km2 along with detailed catchment attributes covering soil, land cover, hydrogeologic properties, and data on human influences. Furthermore, it includes a regionally trained long short-term memory (LSTM) network and a locally trained HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) model that were used as quality control and that can be used to fill gaps in discharge data or act as baseline models for the development and testing of new hydrological models. Given the large number of catchments, including numerous relatively small ones (636 catchments < 100 km2), and the time series length of up to 70 years (166 catchments with 70 years of discharge data), CAMELS-DE is one of the most comprehensive national CAMELS datasets available and offers new opportunities for research, particularly in studying long-term trends and runoff formation in small catchments and in analysing catchments with strong human influences. This article describes CAMELS-DE version 1.0, which is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13837553 (Dolich et al., 2024).

آليات الحماية الدولية للمهاجرين في ظل الشريعة الإسلامية والقوانين الدولية

International protection for migrants will not be achieved unless there are mechanisms that guarantee its implementation. Islamic law has established various mechanisms within the framework of legal responsibility, and has established religious rules and provisions for them. It has worked to classify categories of migrants and has determined procedural guarantees and multiple measures governed by practical controls to arrange them, and criminal penalties in the event of their violation, thus preserving the dignity of migrants. The mechanisms have been distributed among individuals, society and the state, resulting in comprehensive mechanisms and practical guarantees for implementing protection and reducing contemporary phenomena that have affected migration. Positive laws within the national framework have sought to support protection for legislative and judicial institutions and diplomatic channels, and have allowed civil and media institutions to participate in supporting them, and have organized practical procedures for their implementation, and have created special facilities to combat the phenomenon of smuggling and trafficking in persons. As for international laws, the international community has gone to establish specialized international agencies, and supported them with practical measures by forming international committees concerned with human rights and monitoring violations that occur in the conditions of migrants, and has involved some channels supporting the implementation of protection, and has been supported in this by multiple regional bodies and international governmental organizations. And non-governmental, and took a set of security and administrative steps to combat criminal phenomena and similar movements at multiple levels, and worked to expand the scope of countries’ participation within the framework of international cooperation. However, protection mechanisms still face many challenges and obstacles.

Interventions to enhance corporate sector engagement in tuberculosis response in Africa: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health crisis in Africa. TB control programmes implemented by various state and non-state actors in different African countries over the years have recorded significant...

Unheard Voices: Analyzing Non-Compliance with the FPIC Principle in Protecting Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Indonesia

This study aims to investigate the implementation of the Free, Prior, Informed, and Consent (FPIC) principle as a measure to protect the rights of indigenous communities in Indonesia, by analyzing Decision No. 6/G/LH/2023/PTUN.JPR. In Indonesia, indigenous communities still seem to be overlooked, as their right to make decisions about projects within their traditional territories remains unacknowledged. This situation calls for urgent discussion, as violations of indigenous rights continue to occur, despite such rights are protected by the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This research employs a normative legal approach. The findings, derived from Decision No. 6/G/LH/2023/PTUN.JPR, indicate that the Defendant proceeded to issue the disputed object without facilitating any discussion among the government, company, and the indigenous community. Furthermore, the Second Intervening Defendant failed to include the Plaintiff in the Environmental Impact Assessment (Amdal) process. Additionally, the panel of judges issued a decision that did not adhere to the Guidelines for Adjudicating Environmental Cases. These actions collectively contravene the principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), which is mandated by both international and national legal frameworks, underscoring the importance of obtaining consent and ensuring participation from indigenous communities.

The Condictory Legacy of Zionism: Radical Religious Groups

Zionism initially emerged as a secular movement aimed at the national liberation of the Jewish people. Most Zionist leaders, known as the founding fathers, sought to dissociate Judaism from its religious identity and embed it within a modern nationalist framework. The desire to establish a national consciousness while sidelining religious teachings led to significant conflicts and schisms among both secular and religious Jewish communities. Aside from a small minority within religious groups, Zionism was largely rejected and scorned by religious Jews in its early days. However, the establishment of the state, particularly following the Six-Day War in 1967, paradoxically provided fertile ground for the rise of religious radicalism. Religious groups began interpreting the acquisition of sacred lands, such as Jerusalem and the West Bank, as a divine sign, advocating for Israel’s expansion as a religious mission. This study will examine the contradictory legacy of Zionism, characterized by its secular, and at times anti-religious, ideology. Zionism continues to create deep divisions within Israeli society, perpetuating a persistent tension between secular and religious identities. Radical Zionist religious groups legitimize violence against Palestinians, sustaining a profound area of conflict in Israeli politics and settlement policies.

Situation analysis of sugar‑sweetened beverages taxation in Eastern Mediterranean Region

Background: Significant attention is being given to the role of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the increasing rates of obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). Aim: To document the different approaches being used by EMR countries in implementing the sugar-sweetened beverages taxation. Methods: This study used data on indirect taxes levied on SSBs by the 22 EMR countries and territories collected by WHO between July 2022 and June 2023. For comparison between countries, all applicable taxes were converted to a percentage of the tax-inclusive retail prices and standardized. Results: Eleven EMR countries imposed the national excise tax on carbonated SSBs and 10 imposed excise tax on at least one type of beverage other than carbonated SSBs. Ad valorem excise taxes were the most-used type for carbonated SSBs, with 10 of the 11 countries applying them. Morocco applied volume-based specific excise taxes with different rates depending on the sugar content. Excise tax represented the highest tax proportion (31.7%) in Oman and United Arab Emirates, while total tax represented the highest proportion (42.0%) of the retail price in Saudi Arabia and 36.5% in Oman and United Arab Emirates. Conclusion: Only half of the EMR countries are currently implementing SSBs taxation, and the imposed tax is less than 20% in half of these countries. All EMR countries should start implementing SSBs taxation as part of their national disease control policy frameworks to help reverse the increasing trend of obesity and other diet-related noncommunicable diseases in the region.

Monitoring forest cover and land use change in the Congo Basin under IPCC climate change scenarios

The Congo Basin tropical forests are home to many endemic and endangered species, and a global hotspot for forest fragmentation and loss. Yet, little has been done to document the region’s rapid deforestation, assess its effects and consequences, or project future forest cover loss to aid in effective planning. Here we applied the Random Forest (RF) supervised classification algorithm in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to map and quantify decadal changes in forest cover and land use (LCLU) in the Congo Basin between 1990 and 2020. We cross-validated our LCLU maps with existing global land cover products, and projected our validated results to 2050 under three climate change scenarios, using the Multiperceptron Artificial Neural Network and Markov chain algorithms of the Idrissi Land Change modeller from TerrSet. We found that, over 5.2% (215,938 km2), 1.2% (50,046 km2), and a 2.1% (86,658 km2) of dense forest cover were lost in the Congo Basin between 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020, totaling approximately 8.5% (352,642 km2) loss estimated between 1990–2020. For the period 2020–2050, we estimated a projected 3.7–4.0% (174,860–204,161 km2) loss in dense forest cover under all three climate change scenarios (i.e., 174,860 km2 loss projected for SSP1-2.6, 199,608 km2 for SSP2-4.5, and 204,161 km2 for SSP5-8.5), suggesting that approximately 12.3–12.6% (527,502 km2–556,803 km2) of dense forest cover could be lost over a 60-year period (1990–2050). Our study represents a novel application of spatial modeling tools and Machine Learning algorithms for assessing long-term deforestation and forest degradation within the Congo Basin, under human population growth and IPCC climate change scenarios. We provide spatial and quantitative results required for supporting long-term deforestation and forest degradation monitoring within Congo Basin countries, especially under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) REDD+ (Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) program.

A Comparative Study on India’s Green Tax Policies Vis-a-Vis China with Reference to Environmental Justice in the Automobile Industry

As part of green economics, taxes are imposed on emissions of pollutants that adversely impact the environment and public health to reward more innovative, environmentally sustainable, and low-carbon resource use. There are still many nation-states testing the concept of green taxation. Many environmental performance indicators place India low on the list of countries with the worst pollution. One of the main sources of pollution is vehicle exhaust. Green taxes will be imposed on older motor vehicles under guidelines released by the Indian government in 2021. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change received the Indian Nationally Determined Contribution Report in 2022. Taxonomies and low-carbon transport systems were prioritized in India, and incentives and tax breaks were offered to encourage the manufacture and use of vehicles that consume more ethanol. Academic discussions and literature on the subject are still lacking among the masses. Researchers intend to analyze the legal and economic measures taken by the Indian Government to curb vehicular pollution against this background. Due to its significant contribution to air and water pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, the automobile industry has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. India and China, for instance, have implemented green tax policies to reduce the automotive sector’s environmental footprint and promote environmental sustainability. These policies are effective, but not all of them address the disproportionate impact of environmental injustice on vulnerable populations. Specifically, this study examines the impact of Indian green tax policies on environmental justice in the automobile industry as compared to those in China. A key aim of this study is to provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the green taxation policies adopted by each country in the automotive sector, as well as their implications for achieving environmental justice, by analyzing the scope, enforcement, impact on vulnerable communities, industry implications, and alignment with international commitments.

Review of penetration and impact of utility solar installation in developing countries: policy and challenges

This review examines the penetration and impact of utility-scale solar installations in developing countries, focusing on the policy landscape and challenges associated with their adoption. Solar energy has emerged as a vital component of the global shift towards renewable energy, offering substantial potential for alleviating energy poverty and fostering sustainable development in regions with abundant solar resources. Despite these opportunities, the penetration of utility-scale solar in developing countries faces several barriers. These include financial constraints, inconsistent policy frameworks, technological challenges, and social acceptance issues. This review explores the current status of solar energy adoption, highlighting regional trends and key countries such as Kenya, India, and South Africa, which have made significant strides in solar deployment. It assesses the economic, social, and environmental impacts of utility solar projects, emphasizing their role in job creation, electrification, and climate change mitigation. However, challenges such as high initial costs, limited access to financing, weak grid infrastructure, and regulatory bottlenecks continue to impede broader adoption. Policy and regulatory support are critical to overcoming these challenges. This review outlines the national and international frameworks that influence solar energy penetration, as well as the incentives, subsidies, and financing mechanisms available. Recommendations include streamlining regulatory processes, improving access to finance through innovative models, and enhancing grid infrastructure. Finally, the review discusses future trends, including advancements in solar technology, energy storage, and smart grid integration, which could accelerate the growth of solar installations in developing countries. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive strategies that address policy, financial, and social challenges to fully realize the potential of solar energy in these regions.

ISO CERTIFICATIONS AND SUSTAINABLE FASHION PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the impact of International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) certifications, specifically ISO 14001 for Environmental Management System (EMS) and ISO 9001 for Quality Management System (QMS), on Malaysia’s fashion industry. The research examines the effects of adhering to international standards on the industry’s environmental performance, quality, safety, and efficiency and emphasises the importance of compliance within the existing legal framework. This study leverages qualitative and doctrinal approaches, employing a literature review of research from academic articles, statutes and national policy frameworks to explore the impact of ISO certifications, particularly focusing on ISO 14001 for EMS and ISO 9001 for QMS, and identifies challenges faced by the industry, including compliance costs, lack of specific guidance, and resistance to change, while also investigating the potential positive impact by drawing parallels from other industries. The findings demonstrate that following the ISO standards has positive effects on the legal environment, financial performance, and business operations of fashion companies, enhancing the industry’s sustainability, quality, safety, and efficiency. However, the study suggests that ISO should provide more industry-specific guidance to assist Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the fashion industry, promoting broader and more effective adoption of these standards in Malaysia. The research aligns with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and provides valuable insights and potential strategies for the fashion industry in Malaysia to embrace sustainable and ethical practices in their operations.

Developing national frameworks for climate services: Experiences, challenges and learnings from across Europe

Many countries are actively developing a National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS), driven by a need for better coordination of climate services to support decision making, mandatory climate adaptation and financial reporting, and the assessment of the quality of climate services including their underlying data. A group of five European countries (UK, Ireland, Belgium, Switzerland and Norway) has formed an informal peer-group to support, challenge, and share learning throughout the process of developing and evolving their NFCSs. This perspective article gathers these experiences to distil common themes and challenges as well as to identify unique characteristics and benefits of each country’s experience on their NFCS implementation. While this article focuses on the experiences and practical learning within Europe, the benefit of establishing an NFCS is global, and many of the challenges and learnings presented here will be relevant anywhere in the world.It is the experience of this group that peer support has accelerated and enhanced the NFCS implementation process, as well as provided a forum for exchange on how to maintain and evolve an operational NFCS. Based on this experience, we propose an additional step as part of the WMO’s ‘Step-by-step Guidelines for Establishing a National Framework for Climate Services’ (WMO, 2018) to support countries to maintain and evolve their operational frameworks. Additionally, we recommend regional or global peer support on this framework development process should be sought, encouraged and facilitated.

The Interplay of Religious Festivals Diwali and Eid in Shaping National and Ethnic Identity Concepts of the Indian Society

This study explores the interplay of religious festivals, specifically Diwali and Eid, in shaping national and ethnic identity concepts within Indian society. The objective of this research was to analyse how Diwali, predominantly celebrated by Hindus, and Eid, central to the Muslim community, contribute to both national unity and ethnic distinctiveness in India. Using a qualitative comparative study approach, archival research and media content analysis were conducted to examine the broader socio-political narratives surrounding these festivals. Findings revealed that Diwali is closely tied to the construction of Hindu identity and is often intertwined with Indian national identity, promoting a sense of unity. Eid, on the other hand, reinforced ethnic and religious identity among Muslims, fostering community cohesion while simultaneously highlighting the complexities of belonging within the larger national framework. The study concludes that both Diwali and Eid play critical yet contrasting roles in shaping India’s multi-layered identity, with Diwali promoting a homogenizing national identity and Eid emphasizing religious distinctiveness.

The uneven foundations of a just transition for workers: a UK perspective

Assessments of the workforce impacts of net zero transitions have largely focussed on job losses, gains and net changes for a particular industry, sector or state. While improved projections of quantitative changes are important, understanding the impacts of these changes on the diversity of the future workforce is arguably even more crucial in ensuring employment policy delivers a just transition for all workers. Using the example of the UK we illustrate the risk that new job creation in the transition to net zero by 2030 will perpetuate and further magnify workforce inequalities. We then discuss how national and international initiatives are attempting to mitigate these risks, with particular reference to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change work programme on Just Transition Pathways and its potentially pivotal role in informing and supporting national workforce strategies for climate action that have equality, diversity and inclusion at their heart.

Long term performance of Nature-Based Solutions as decentralized wastewater treatment: a case study of a retail store in southern Italy

The aim of this study is to evaluate the removal efficiency and the hydraulic behavior of the 10-year-old hybrid treatment wetland (TW) system treating effluents of the IKEA® store of Catania (Eastern Sicily, Italy), under Mediterranean semi-arid climate conditions. The system is placed downstream to the conventional wastewater (WW) treatment of the store, that includes a sequential batch reactor (SBR) followed by a horizontal subsurface treatment wetland (HF) unit and two vertical subsurface flow treatment wetlands (VF1 and VF2) units. The assessment of chemical, physical, and microbiological parameters in treated WW was carried out through regular monitoring activities, occurring approximately on a monthly basis, over a 8-year period spanning from 2016 to 2023. Up to 72 samples were collected for the following parameters measurements: total suspended solids (TSS), BOD5, COD, total phosphorus (TP), ammonia (as NH4), nitrate (as NO3-N), nitrite (as NO2-N), total nitrogen (TN) and E. coli. Hydraulic conductivity at saturation (Ks) measurements and tracer tests were conducted to evaluate the extent of clogging and to characterize the hydraulic behavior within the HF unit. Results obtained during the entire monitoring period show the following mean and standard errors (±) removal efficiency ranges (%): TN 21(±11)-80(±9); TSS 18(±42)-95(±3); COD 28(±23)-93(±2); BOD5 31(±10)-85(±44); TP 14(±6)-49(±19); NH4 50(±50)-95(±3); E. coli was abated with a mean range of 3.3(±0.2)-4.8(±0.4) Ulog reduction, reaching not detectable values in most samples analyzed since 2018. The efficacy of the treatment system is assessed in the context of both national and European regulatory frameworks governing effluent discharge and water reuse standards. Ks values and tracer test results agree in showing the progressive clogging of the HF unit influencing the hydraulic behavior of the unit giving useful on the management of TWs in Mediterranean area. Finally, the performance results also indicate that the overall treatment is not affected by the HF unit clogging.

“Mood features of world leaders' commitments to carbon neutrality in COP28 climate communication”

AbstractThe world faces a critical era for climate action, and research pinpoints the role of linguistic analysis in enhancing our understanding of climate discourses (Zanaty, 2023; Dormer, 2020). In light of this, examining mood features in world leaders’ commitments to carbon neutrality is timely and essential. Defined as the balance between emitted and absorbed carbon (European Parliament, 2023), carbon neutrality has become a focal point in climate agendas. World leaders frequently use public speeches to shape perceptions and drive engagement on the issue. This study analyzes 85 speeches delivered at COP28, sourced from the official United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) website. A sample of 70 speeches was selected using Yamane's formula (1967), and Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar (1985) was applied to examine 2,553 mood features in these speeches. Findings reveal a significant imbalance in mood feature usage, with 84.17% in the indicative mood to assess climate conditions, 9.67% in the imperative mood for directives, 2.50% in the conditional mood for future vision, 3.17% in the substantive mood for contextual framing, and 0.47% in the interrogative mood for audience engagement. This study underscores the importance of balanced mood features in climate discourses to reinforce global commitment toward emission reduction and to promote a more compelling, resonant narrative for climate action.

An examination of the perception of variations in the adoption of the National Framework for Municipal Indigent Policies

Purpose: This study examined the variations in the adoption of the National Framework for Municipal Indigent Policies in different municipal categories across South Africa. The goal was to contribute towards the strengthening of the adoption of the National framework for municipal indigent across municipalities to ensure improved access to free basic services at the municipal level. Design/methodology/approach: This study used a qualitative research approach and descriptive multiple case study design. Using a representative sample of 21 participants, data was collected through structured interviews and analysed using deductive thematic analysis. Findings: The study revealed significant variations in how the NFMIP is adopted and implemented in different municipal categories. These variations aligned to the following aspects: revenue management, indigent targeting options, indigent service levels, the financial framework, the indigent validity period, and qualification criteria. Originality/value: This study’s originality lies within its comprehensive approach to revising municipal indigent policies. The value of this study is underscored by creating an alternative framework reinforced by creating a more inclusive and equitable social welfare system directly benefiting indigent communities.

About the evolution of the concept of «prisoner of war» and the rules of treatment of prisoners of war: a historical and legal research

The article examines the issues related to the historical evolution of the concept of «prisoner of war» and the rules of detention, treatment and internment of such persons. It is stated that the precedent of discrepancies between legal acts providing for legal regulation of the status of prisoners of war is retrospective. The author analyses the customs of the ancient world and early civilisations for compliance with moral norms in the context of treatment of prisoners of war. Early states did not actually know what a system of «humane» treatment of prisoners of war was, but such countries and states as Ancient Greece and India were the driving force for fundamental changes in the vector of humane treatment of persons held in captivity. Using the method of comparative legal analysis, the author concludes that the periods of the Middle Ages and Modern times in terms of treatment of prisoners of war have both a close correlation and direct inconsistency. The author identifies the legislative acts that served as the basis for the regulatory settlement of the problem, such as the Special Prisoners’ Decree or the Hague Convention of 1899. The author analyses the historical changes in international approaches to understanding the concept of «prisoner of war» and the rules for the treatment of such persons from early armed conflicts to modern norms of international humanitarian law. Attention is drawn to the national framework of Ukrainian legislation in the context of the customs of Kyivan Rus, the late Middle Ages, the Ukrainian SSR and the period of independence. The treatment of prisoners of war on the territory of Ukraine has always been historically consistent with moral values, even those which can be compared with modern international humanitarian law. The author concludes that the conflict between theory, legislation and practice has been present throughout human history due to the destructive nature of war and hostilities. The author emphasises the need to find new practical approaches to improve the level of legal regulation of the status of prisoners of war in international humanitarian law and national legislation of Ukraine (in particular, criminal procedure law).