National Fisheries Research And Development Institute Research Articles

First record of blacknape large-eye bream Gymnocranius satoi (Perciformes: Lethrinidae) in the Philippines

The Philippines has been regarded as the center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity, having the highest number of fish species per square area in the world. The blacknape large-eye bream, Gymnocranius satoi, has been reported to occur from Southern Japan, Taiwan to Northwestern Australia and to the Coral Sea, but has not previously been recorded from the Philippines. From 2011 – 2019, the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) collaborated with the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution (NMNH/SI), USA, and the Old Dominion University (ODU), Virgina, USA, to inventory all commercial fish species sold in fish markets around the Philippines. During three (3) fish market surveys (Dumaguete City Market, Negros Oriental; Claveria Public Market, Cagayan, Northern Luzon; and Tabaco City Market, Albay, Southeastern Luzon in 2013, 2016 and 2017, respectively), we collected and eventually identified using morphological and DNA barcoding (COI) analysis, seven (7) specimens of G. satoi, representing the first records of this species from the country. Since the potential to discover new species and first records of fish species in the Philippines is high, further taxonomic study of the genus Gymnocranius is needed.

2013년 7월 동해 남서 해역의 용승

We examined the appearance of cold water in the southwest region of the East Sea, based on the sea surface temperature (SST) at the east coast of Korea and buoy data in Donghae (`N, `E, 80 km east away from Donghae port) and Pohang (`N, `E, 35 km east away from Ganggu port) from June to August in 2013. Also, the serial oceanographic data of National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) were used to see the oceanographic conditions for June and August in 2013. The SST anomaly at the east coast showed negative values in from 2 July. At Janggigab, the SST anomaly showed negative value amount to in 8 July. The negative values of SST anomaly continued to the middle of August at Janggigab. The wind speed was 6~11 m/s and the direction was south-southwestly in 1 July. The wind speed amounts to 6~16 m/s in 2 July. It means that the strong wind induced the upwelling effect by a day. The temperature was lower than normal at the depth in 20 m of the East Sea in June and August. The air pressure was 996~998 hPa in the beginning of July. It was the lowest air pressure during the studied period. The correlation was 0.3 between the SST anomaly and air pressure. It was suggested that the appearance of cold water in the East Sea was influenced by a stirring due to wind and low air pressure as well as coastal upwelling.

세계 주요 해양연구기관과의 비교 분석을 통한 시사점 도출

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the present condition of Korea’s marine research institutes based on a comparative analysis with major institutions around the world, and to derive strategic directions for better performance from the results. By comparing Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST) and National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) with 8 world`s major institutes, we derived implications for the improvement of marine research institutes in Korea. Performance factors were categorized into input factors and output factors, and the z-score for each assessment indicator was used in the analysis. The results for output factors can be summarized as follows. First, Korea’s institutes were poorly ranked both qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of publications. However, they showed great promise for development as the rate of increase in the annual number of publications was higher than overseas institutes. Quantitative growth is essential to improve overall performance in publications, and publications of higher quality should be sought by considering CPP and IF. This can also be achieved by engaging in international research with outstanding researchers outside of Korea. In terms of patents, marine research institutes in Korea fared well compared to major institutions of oversea. This demonstrates that Korea’s research achievements have practical implications on related industries. Further efforts should be made to ensure that industries continue to benefit from research conducted by Korea’s marine research institutes. As for infrastructure, Korea’s institutes fell under the middle- or lower-rankings compared to major institutions. Since marine research relies heavily of large-scale infrastructure, it is necessary to acquire more marine research vessels and unmanned submarines for the advancement of research institutes in Korea.

국내 수산용 의약품의 사용과 관리 현황

Aquaculture drugs have used to prevent disease in aquaculture field for many years. In spite of many advantages, overdose and abuse may cause environmental pollutions and antibiotic resistances. Many countries try to protect the environment, biospecies and food safety. Recently, Korea enact laws and ordinances such as the Aquatic Animal Disease Control Act. The purpose of this act to contribute to the stable production and control system for aquatic diseases. The Maximum residue limits (MRLs) of aquaculture drugs have been established by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and Drug licensing was in National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) by Aquatic Animal Disease Control Act. There is 750 items in aquaculture drugs and these are classified into 4 group, which is approval, necessary for prescription, unregulated and safety drug, and banned drug. MRLs of 30 items in aquaculture drug have been established by Food Sanitation Act. Future research is required to determine the suitable for abundant varied fishes of drugs for side effects and safety.

한국 근해 쌍끌이대형저인망어업의 어장 변화

Changes in fishing ground of the large pair trawler were investigated by year, month and species off Korean waters. We used catch data by sea-block lat.<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>long.:<TEX>$30^{\prime}{\times}30$</TEX>) of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) and monthly fishing production statistics of Korean statistic information service from 1990 to 2007. In the 1990s, the demersal fish like Larimichthys polyactis, Collichthys sp, Portunus trituberculatus and Muraenesox cinereus were the dominant species, and in the 2000s, they were changed from demersal fish into pelagic fish like Scomberomorus niphonius, Scomber japonicus, Engraulis japonicus and Todarodes pacificus. Species composition of catch showed temporal variation by cluster analysis deviding into 4 period, 1990-1994, 1995-2000, 2001-2003 and 2004-2007. Fishing ground in the 2000s was decreased up to 2/3 in the 1990s, while the density of catch in the fishing ground in 2000s was higher than the 1990s.

한국 서해 폐기물 투기해역의 하계 수질인자 분포특성과 장기 투기행위로 인한 영양염 농도 변화

Abstract This paper focuses on the impacts of waste dumping on inorganic nutrients in the dumping area of the Yellow Sea, and the effect of an governmental regulation of pollution in dumping areas. The environmental variables and parameters of the dumping and reference areas in the Yellow Sea were measured during July 2009 and analyzed. In addition, the analyzed data for inorganic nutrients over the last 10 years were obtained from the Korea Coast Guard (KCG) and the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI). The chemical environment of the study area revealed increases in concentrations of inorganic nutrients, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) in the bottom layer. On the contrary, the pH level was decreased. Most notably, the time series data of inorganic nutrients showed gradual increase over time in the dumping area, and thus, the oligotrophic waters trend toward eutrophic waters. The increases appears to be due to the disposal of large amounts of organic waste . In recent times, the wastes disposed at the area were largely comprised of livestock wastewater, and food processing waste water. The liquefied waste, which contains an abundance of nutrients, causes a sharp increase in concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in the dumping area. On the one hand, the dumping sites have been deteriorated to such an extent that pollution has become a social problem. Consequentially, the government had a regulatory policy for improvement of marine environmental since 2007 in the dumping area. Hence, the quality of marine water in the dumping site has improved.

Monitoring and trends in harmful algal blooms and red tides in Korean coastal waters, with emphasis on Cochlodinium polykrikoides

Red tides have a long history in Korea with the first record in AD 161, and a total of 38 red tide events reported from AD 161 to 1820. Since the 1980s, the frequency of red tide events has increased and the red tide area has expanded. From 1972 to 2001, 1330 red tide events occurred, and 273 (20.5%) were caused by fish killing dinoflagellates, mostly since the mid 1990s. Overall, the diatom Skeletonema costatum and the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were dominant HAB species in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the dominant red tide species changed to the dinoflagellates Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Ceratium spp. and the raphidophytes Chattonella spp. in the 1990s and 2000s. In addition, the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea and Heterosigma akashiwo have been major components during red tides the past four decades. After 1995, when a massive C. polykrikoides bloom occurred, the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) and local governments began monitoring red tides nationwide. Along with the NFRDI, more than 30 fisheries extension service stations under local governments monitor red tides. The National Maritime Police Agency monitors the movement of red tides using aerial surveillance with helicopters. Paralytic shellfish poisoning events are also monitored by the red tide monitoring network system of NFRDI and local governments. We reviewed here historical records of red tides in Korea, red tide monitoring systems, trends in frequency of occurrence of red tide events, and red tide causative species in Korean waters. Red tide dynamics and physical–environmental factors potentially related to C. polykrikoides red tides are also discussed; red tides caused by C. polykrikoides along Korean coasts have decreased sharply starting from 2008 after achieving a high density bloom annually from 1995 to 2007.

수산업 R&amp;D 사업의 투자효과 분석 : 국립수산과학원 수산시험연구사업을 중심으로

This study is aimed to analyze investment effects of fisheries R&D projects of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute(NFRDI). In the analysis, Granger causal relations between R&D investment and fisheries production are tested. In addition, time-lag effects of fisheries R&D investment are estimated with an impulse response analysis and investment effects of R&D projects are estimated by changes of social surplus. Results indicate that there exists an Granger-causality between R&D investment and fisheries production and fisheries production responds to the fisheries R&D shock about three years after the initial shock. The magnitudes of the impacts increase until a peak is reached 5~7 years and the impacts decline to zero after 25 years. As investment effects, it is shown that the internal rate of returns of fisheries R&D investment is 55.2%.

Efficiency of the Korean Bottom Survey Trawl for Snow Crab Chionoecetes opilio

The Korean bottom trawl survey was conducted using a trawl designed by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI). The capture efficiency and size selectivity of this trawl for snow crab Chionoecetes opilio was investigated by experimental tows. An auxiliary sampling net (underbag) was attached beneath the trawl net to capture crabs escaping under the trawl footrope. Experimental tows were made by the same vessel speed (3.4 knots) as in the bottom trawl survey, but toing time was shortened from the standard 30 min to 10 min to reduce possible trawl distortion due to the high catch rate of mud and debris in the underbag. In averaged over 17 tows conducted between 110-383 m depth, trawl efficiency of both males and females combined increased from about 10% at 20 mm (carapace width) to about 70% at 100 mm, with a width of 50% capture equal to 78 mm.

어림과 나머지 성분을 이용한 연안 수온자료의 이상자료 감지

연안 환경모니터링 사업이 확대되면서 방대하게 축적되어 있는 연안 환경모니터링 자료의 통계적 분석을 위해서는 모니터링 자료에서 빈번하게 발생하는 이상 자료의 감지·처리가 우선적으로 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 연안 환경모니터링 자료의 어림성분과 나머지(또는 잔차)성분을 이용한 이상자료 진단기법을 제안하였다. 주기함수를 이용한 조화분석 방법과 국지 회귀함수추정 방법을 이용하여 각각 어림성분과 나머지성분을 추출한 후, 추출된 나머지성분 자료에 범용적인 Grubbs 검정기법 및 수정표본점수기법을 적용하여 이상자료를 진단·제거한 후 이상자료가 제거된 자료로 재구성하는 방법이다. 제안된 이 기법을 국립수산과학원 실시간어장정보시스템 제공하는 연안 수온 연속 모니터링 자료에 적용한 결과 이상자료가 성공적으로 제거되는 양상을 보이는 것으로 파악되었다.

Six Pandalid Shrimps of the Genus Plesionika (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in Korea

Based on samples collected from the Korean Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) during an investigation of fishery resources by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) from 2002 to 2010, alongside some supplemental material, six species of the genus <TEX>$Plesionika$</TEX> are identified: <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$izumiae$</TEX> Omori, 1971, <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$ortmanni$</TEX> Doflein, 1902, <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$grandis$</TEX> Doflein, 1902, <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$lophotes$</TEX> Chace, 1985, <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$narval$</TEX> (Fabricius, 1787), and <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$orientalis$</TEX> Chace, 1985. Of these, the last four species are new to Korean marine fauna. The distributional range of <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$narval$</TEX> extends to the East China Sea off Jeju Island. Excluding <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$izumiae$</TEX> and <TEX>$P.$</TEX> <TEX>$ortmanni$</TEX>, the other four species are relatively rare in the seas around Korea. They are described and illustrated with color photographs. A key to the Korean species of <TEX>$Plesionika$</TEX> is also presented.

Characterization of a Unique New Strain Named the NFRDI N°1 Rotifer Strain, a Brackish Brachionus Rotifer Collected from a South Korea Coastal Lagoon

A new and a unique Brachionus rotifer was found in Hwajinpo coastal lagoon in Gangwon Province, South Korea. This Brachionus certainly originated from the wild rather than from aquaculture stations because Hwajinpo coastal lagoon has been under rigorous control as a military protected area and therefore could not have been contaminated by aquaculture stations. The new strain was identified as Brachionus rotundiformis based upon its morphological characteristics. The parthenogenetic female of this new rotifer strain typically shows characters similar to those of B. rotundiformis, such as the pot shape of the body, rounded dorsal plate compared with flattened ventral plate, elliptical mictic egg, four frontal spines, six pointed occipital spines, non-nodal foot, two toes, trophi typical of the Brachionus genus with five uncus plates resembling comb teeth, one wide symmetrical manubrium and ramus, and no stiffened spine as is seen in freshwater Brachionus rotifers. Moreover, its lorica was rather small in size compared with other common rotifer strains that serve as live-food organisms (Guam, Thai, and Bali strains). This new and unique Korean brackish rotifer, a B. rotundiformis strain, was therefore named the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) <TEX>$N^{\circ}1$</TEX> rotifer strain.

한국 근해 쌍끌이대형저인망어업의 어종군집 분석

The fishing grounds of Korean large-pair trawlers have shifted since exclusive economic zones (EEZs) were established in a fisheries agreement involving countries neighboring Korean waters. The distributions of marine ecosystems and fisheries resources have been changing with environmental changes such as global warming and with the shift in species targeted as a result of changes in fishing technology and fishing gear. This study analyzed variation in the species assemblages caught in Korean waters by large-pair trawlers as a result of these geopolitical and environmental changes. The data used in this study were obtained from the Fishery Production Statistics of Korea and the Port Sample Survey of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) from 1990 to 2007. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and correspondence analysis (CA) were used to explore the characteristics of the catch-species composition. The overall variation in the species composition of the catch of Korean large-pair trawlers showed that the proportions of croaker Johnius grypotus, small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis, eel Anguilla japonica, and blue crab Portunus trituberculatus decreased, whereas those of hairtail Trichiurus lepturus, Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius, anchovy Engraulis japonicus, and common squid Todarodes pacificus increased in Korean waters over the 18-year period. The results of the HCA of the annual catch data by species showed four different distributions of fish species according to year. Results of the CA showed that the species assemblages differed between the 1990s and 2000s.

해양기후변화에 의한 한국주변 해역에서 멸치와 꽁치의 어장 변화 연구

The variations of catch of anchovy and saury due to oceanic climate change in the Korean Seas were studied. This study area was N and E. And data (seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) is used from NFRDI (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) and SST (Sea Surface temperature) obtained to satellite images (NOAA/AVHRR) during 2000 to 2009. The spatial characteristics are analyzed by GIS (Geographic Information System). The results showed that the average of seawater temperature in the depth of 20m increased in the South Sea and in the East Sea, respectively. The maximal catch of anchovy was highest in summer (July~September) and winter (December~March), respectively, in compared with spring (April~June). Catch of anchovy has increased since 2000. The maximal catch of saury was highest in spring (May~June), in compared with spring (August~September). The increment of seawater temperature contributed to increase the catch of anchovy, but catch of saury was decrease in the same times.

동부태평양 한국의 다랑어 연승어업에서 상어류 체중대비 지느러미 중량 비율 추정

The National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) conducted a circle hook experiment to compare the catch rates of target and bycatch species between J hook and circle hooks in the tuna longline fishery of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, which is located between and . Sampling was conducted from September 20 to October 23, in 2006. In this survey, we collected shark data to obtain the ratio of fin weight to body weight of sharks. Overall, 413 sharks belonging to 9 species were caught on 62,464 hooks. The total weight of the sharks caught was 11,093 kg. The ratio of wet fin weight to body round weight of sharks by species ranged from 3.7% to 7.7%, while the mean was 5.4%. The total ratio of wet fin weight to the dry fin weight of sharks ranged 0.38 to 0.70 and the mean value was 0.53. The ratio of dry fin weight to the body round weight of the sharks was estimated to be 2.86%.

2006년 동해안 감포의 열수지

By using a self-made carbon/polytetrafluoroethylene (C/PTFE) O2-fed as cathode and Ti/IrO2/RuO2 as anode, the effects of electrochemical oxidation of phenol and the coal-gas wastewater containing phenol were studied. The terylene diaphragm which kept pH >12 in cathodic compartment and pH < 1 in the anodic compartment was selected in the experiment in comparison with the other types of diaphragm. Furthermore, hydroxyl radical (HO*) was determined in the cathodic compartment of the diaphragm cell by electron spin resonance spectrum (ESR) and the fluorescence spectra. Compared with pH, the accumulated H2O2 and the COD removal of the no-diaphragm cell, the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation in the terylene diaphragm cell was supposed. The degradation of phenol was supposed to be cooperative oxidation by direct or indirect electrochemical oxidation at the anode and H2O2, HO* produced by oxygen reduction at the cathode. The mineralization of phenol in the diaphragm cell was better than that in the no-diaphragm cell. When the coal-gas wastewater was treated by the electrolysis system with terylene diaphragm, the average removal efficiency of the volatile phenol and COD were 100% and 79.6%, respectively.

동중국해 참조기자원에 대한 단위노력당어획량(CPUE)의 표준화

Yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is a major target species of large pair trawl fishery in the East China Sea. To standardize catch per unit effort (CPUE) of yellow croaker for the large pair trawl fishery, generalized linear model (GLM) was applied to evaluate and eliminate the influence of the explanatory factors (year, month, horse power and gross tonnage of vessel) on daily catches per boat collected and compiled by National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) from 1990 to 2007 at the fishery auction places of Busan, Masan and Incheon in Korea. Results of GLM showed that all of the factors significantly influenced on CPUE, explaining 36% of the total deviance. The standardized CPUE indicated that the abundance of yellow croaker in 2000's was 1.7 times higher than the CPUE in 1990's.

여수항의 평균 열플럭스

Based on the monthly weather report of Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and daily sea surface temperature (SST) data from National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) (1995-2004), mean heat fluxes were estimated at the port of Yeosu. Net heat flux was transported from the air to the sea surface during February to September, and it amounts to <TEX>$205 Wm^{-2}$</TEX> in daily average value in May. During October to January, the transfer of net heat flux was conversed from the sea surface to the air with <TEX>$-70 Wm^{-2}$</TEX> in minimum of daily average value in December. Short wave radiation was ranged from <TEX>$167 Wm^{-2}$</TEX> in December to <TEX>$300 Wm^{-2}$</TEX> in April. Long wave radiation (Sensible heat) was ranged from <TEX>$27 (-14) Wm^{-2}$</TEX> in July to <TEX>$90 (79) Wm^{-2}$</TEX> in December. Latent heat showed <TEX>$42 Wm^{-2}$</TEX> with its minimum in July and <TEX>$104 Wm^{-2}$</TEX> with its maximum in October in daily average value.

Feasibility of Red Tide Detection Around Korean Waters Using Satellite Remote Sensing

The monitoring activities at the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in Korea have been extended to include all the coastal waters of Korea after the outbreak of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in 1995. We used several alternative methods including climatological analysis, spectral and optical methods which may offer potential detection of the major species of red tide in Korean waters. In the climatological analysis, NOAA, SeaWiFS, OCM satellite data was chosen using the known C. polykrikoides red tide bloom data and the area was mapped by helicopter reconnaissance and ground observation. The relationship between the distribution of sea surface temperature to C. polykrikoides bloom areas was studied. The anomalies of SeaWiFS chlorophyll a imageries against the imageries of non-occurring red tide for August, 2001 showed where the C. polykrikoides occurred. The anomalies of chlorophyll a concentrations from the satellite data during red tide outbreaks showed a similar distribution of C. polykrikoides in the red tide in August, 2001. The distribution between differences in sea surface temperatures during the day and at night also showed a possibility for red tide detection. We used a corrected vegetation index (CVI) to detect floating vegetation and submerged vegetation containing algal blooms. The results of from the optical absorption of C. polykrikoides in the ultraviolet band (340 nm) showed that if we use the optical characteristics from each red tide, we will be able to establish the feasibility of red tide detection.