National Development And Reform Commission Research Articles

A study of operational decisions of city gas operators under the energy metering and pricing model

This study examines the quantitative conditions under which an energy metering pricing model is proposed to increase both gas merchant profits and gas customer consumer surplus compared to a volumetric pricing model. The quantitative condition is found to be related to factors such as the standard unit calorific value of natural gas prescribed by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and other relevant government departments under the energy metering pricing model. This paper establishes a mathematical model based on optimization theory to explore the operational decisions of city gas suppliers in the volumetric and energy metering and pricing modes, respectively, under the condition of relatively stable natural gas sales price. The results of the study show that DAC and other authorities can regulate the standard unit calorific value of natural gas under the energy metering and pricing model by regulating the standard unit calorific value of natural gas. This affects the incentives of gas dealers to produce and operate, guides the preference of gas users for natural gas energy metering and pricing, and results in the derivation of formulas for a reasonable range of standard unit calorific values for natural gas. The findings of this paper provide theoretical support to promote the reform of natural gas energy measurement and pricing, and contribute to the development of the natural gas industry.

How economic transformation influence the employment of resource-based cities: Evidence from Shanxi Province, China

Shanxi Province is one of the regions with the highest concentration of resource-based cities in China. For a long time, its economic development relied on coal mining. To implement the low-carbon development strategy, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) established Shanxi Province as a Comprehensive Supporting Reform Pilot Zone for Resource-based Economy (CSRPZRE). This study aimed to make cost-benefit analyses of the CSRPZRE policy. We collected data of 284 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2017. DID models were utilized to estimate treatment effects of the CSRPZRE policy on CO2 emissions and employment. We further investigated mechanisms and heterogeneity of the CSRPZRE policy's impacts on employment. The study found that: (1) Due to the policy shock, both CO2 emissions and employment in Shanxi Province decreased by about 10%. (2) Industrial structure adjustment and foreign direct investment (FDI) utilization partially transmitted impacts of the CSRPZRE policy on employment. (3) Local governments' fiscal independence moderated treatment effects of the CSRPZRE policy on employment. (4) We confirmed that CSRPZRE policy reallocated workers from secondary and tertiary sectors to primary sectors. Finally, this paper summarized 3 experiences learned from the CSRPZRE policy pilot.

US‐China cooperation on low carbon development planning and analysis in China's provinces and cities

AbstractFrom 2009 to 18, the US based Center for Climate Strategies and Beijing based Global Environmental Institute led a cooperative US‐China relations program on low carbon development (LCD). The template for bilateral cooperation leveraged traditional policy innovation and mainstreaming procedures in China through early stage training and counterpart exchange, co‐development and piloting of tools, national endorsement for official use, training and capacity building, and cooperative planning actions. The experience suggests that the bilateral cooperation model through high level technical and institutional cooperation between governmental and nongovernmental experts worked well and can be replicated with customization to new bilateral relationships at different jurisdictional levels and for different issue areas. However, to succeed it requires years of stable investment and continuous counterpart engagement, and its application to new bilateral cooperation must address a variety of barriers. The China subnational LCD co‐development process was enabled by an existing US template for state level comprehensive climate action planning applied in over 20 US states. Its domestication in China resulted in creation of the China Subnational LCD Planning and Analysis Toolkit, a pilot in Chongqing, official endorsement by China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), and further recognition through a US State Department – China NDRC EcoPartnership. Ultimately, it involved many partners, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute for Policy and Management, the Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, and over 30 provinces and cities. It led to new China efforts addressing renewable energy implementation in South China, and for LCD and renewable energy cooperation in Southeast Asia.

Bureaucratic Deliberation and China’s Engagement with International Ideas: A Case Study on China’s Adoption of Carbon Emissions Trading

ABSTRACT This article proposes an analytical framework on China’s engagement with international ideas that stresses the crucial role of Chinese bureaucracies’ deliberation. It argues that bureaucratic deliberation is influenced by three factors: orthodox bureaucratic norms, candidate ideas’ performance in policy experimentation, and bureaucratic interests. When orthodox norms decline, bureaucracies become more open to novel ideas. But only when policy experiments with a novel idea generate positive performance and when the new policy fits bureaucratic interests, can the idea be adopted. China’s adoption of Carbon Emissions Trading (ET) was influenced by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the deliberation within which was influenced by the change of China’s defensive position in climate governance, the unsatisfactory performance of command-and-control measures, and the NDRC’s political interests.

Comment on “Transition of the Chinese Economy in the Face of Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts in the Future”

The Paris Agreement's central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping the global temperature rise during this century well below 2°C above preindustrial levels and to pursue efforts to further limit the temperature increase to less than 1.5°C above the preindustrial levels. China has already signed the Paris Agreement, and its action plays a vital role in determining the outcome of the Agreement. As the largest developing country, it accounted for 26% of total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2016. China's emissions grew very rapidly during the reform period of the past 40 years. If China does not comply with the Agreement, then it is hard for the world to achieve the goals it has set for itself. But it is by no means an easy task for China. Although the aggregate size of GHG emissions already dominate the global picture, China's per capita emissions are still significantly below the levels of many developed and developing countries. It would be difficult to convince the Chinese public that China should cut emissions aggressively, especially if this comes with a significant economic cost. As some Chinese commentators put it: since all the advanced countries had their GHG emissions during their early stages of economic development, why should China now be stripped of the right to develop its economy? So the question is if deep cuts to GHG emissions would be harmful for the Chinese economy. In their paper (Jiang et al., 2021), Jiang and his research team provide an excellent analytical foundation for thinking about the issues of GHG emission cuts, not only for the public, but also for policymakers. By building a quantitative model, Jiang et al. are able to derive numerical results on the likely impact on the macroeconomy, industrial structure, and the composition of energy. The most important finding, in my view, is that achievement of the “2°C” goal could actually result in China's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2050 being 1.5% higher, and consumption being 1.7% higher, compared with the baseline scenario. Indeed, this is very encouraging. Of course, the efforts trying to achieve the “2°C” goal could force a lot of structural changes in the Chinese economy. But these structural changes could make the overall economy more efficient, while bringing about new investment at the same time. The common perception that deep cuts to GHG emissions will mean a loss for China is simply wrong. By significantly reducing GHG emissions, China not only contributes to the global environment, but also improves its own economy. With this empirical judgment, Jiang and his colleagues should be more effective in convincing their bosses at the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the State Council to set a more ambitious target of peaking of CO2 emissions earlier – it is not only doable, but also beneficial. In fact, the Chinese economy is already in the middle of important structural changes in favor of GHG emission reduction. The share of the manufacturing sector in the overall economy peaked in 2012 and the weight of the service sector is rising quickly. Such changes and other efforts trying to improve efficiency could make the “2°C” goal or even the “1.5°C” goal more attainable. However, these results do not imply that implementation of deep cuts to GHG emissions will be painless. As Jiang et al. (2021) demonstrate, important adjustments will have to take place in order to achieve the policy goal, including changing the composition of energy supply, raising the share of electrification and upgrading technology in the transportation sector. Some industrial sectors, such as the steel, cement and chemical industries, could experience major changes. Therefore, success or failure of the “deep cut” policy depends not only on the government's determination, but also, more importantly, on policy skills to smooth the transition process. This calls for policy measures to help workers, factories, and regions that are affected by the transition process. This will be a key test for the Chinese government, including Jiang and his colleagues at the NDRC.

Clouds over China’s ethane dream

With the trade war between the US and China seemingly in a truce since October, Chinese chemical executives are again thinking enthusiastically about using American ethane to produce ethylene. In the Chinese stock market, shares of Zhejiang Satellite Petrochemical, the forerunner of the country’s ethane-to-ethylene ambitions, rose steadily to a 3-month high on Jan. 22, after which alarm over the novel coronaviruspushed down most stocks in China. In August 2019, Satellite received approval from Jiangsu Province’s government for its plan to build a $4 billion ethane-based petrochemical plant in Lianyungang. And although the company has not obtained approval from the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), an economic planning agency in China whose approval is often a must for megaprojects, several investment banks have recommended its stock, using catchy phrases like “C3 leader cracks C2 industry chain” in their analysis reports. Satellite is China’s largest producer of acrylic acid, a

Farm size and fertilizer sustainable use: An empirical study in Jiangsu, China

Inefficient use of fertilizer has caused serious environmental problems and unsustainable development of agriculture in China. To meet the increasing food demand in the future without damaging the ecological environment, Chinese government officially launched the Action Plan for the Zero Growth of Fertilizer Use in 2015. At the same time, China released a series of policies aiming explicitly at expanding farm size and a great number of large scale farmers emerged recently. However, whether the expansion of farm size will be beneficial for the increase of fertilizer use efficiency still remains to be investigated. In this study, we comprehensively explored the relationship between fertilizer use efficiency and farm size. Based on the 4 281 farm households’ survey data collected by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China from 2004 to 2016 in Jiangsu Province, China, this paper applies a stochastic frontier production function to estimate fertilizer use efficiency across farm size and uses a regression model to analyze the influence of farm size on fertilizer use efficiency. The results show that: (1) the average fertilizer use efficiency of whole samples was only 0.60, much lower than the average technical efficiency, indicating that on average half of the fertilizer utilized are excessive in China; and (2) the smallest farm size group get the highest fertilizer use efficiency score. We also provide some possible explanations for the inverse relationship between farm size and fertilizer use efficiency.

Material-energy-water-carbon nexus in China’s electricity generation system up to 2050

Energy, water, and materials are interconnected in several ways. Increasing demand for resources combined with environmental, availability, accessibility, and security risks associated with their supply are raising concerns for their future sustainable management. Resources nexus and CO2 emissions in China have been analysed using a dynamic material flow-stock model for 10 electricity generation technologies (EGT) and 21 materials. The analysis includes 10 scenarios, combining energy scenarios; National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and International Energy Agency (IEA-450), and scenarios for EGT materials content and energy, water, and CO2 intensities. Cumulative energy, water, and CO2 emissions associated with EGT materials production in NDRC scenario are double those in IEA-450 scenario. Annual energy required for materials is expected to be between 2.3% and 3.4% of annual EG. Highest water, energy, and CO2 are related to PV and wind in NDRC scenario and hydropower and PV in IEA-450 scenario. Required Fe and concrete for EGT is much higher than Al, however energy, water, and CO2 emissions associated with Al are either higher or slightly lower than Fe and concrete. Careful selection of EGT and their materials is significant to reduce EG impacts, and considering resources nexus is significant for future integrated resources policies.

The efficiency of carbon trading market in China: evidence from variance ratio tests.

On December 19, 2017, China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced the official launch of the much-anticipated national emissions trading system (ETS), which is a critical period for the transition from the eight carbon emission trading pilot projects to the national market at this stage. Comprehensively evaluating the efficiency of China's eight carbon trading pilots is vital for strengthening the construction of its national ETS. This paper investigates the weak-form efficiency of eight carbon trading markets in China. We use a series of variance ratio tests to identify the efficiency from the market set up to the May 4, 2018, of all markets. The results indicate that the majority of the carbon trading markets are inefficient and only Beijing, Hubei, and Fujian markets are efficient. The China's carbon trading market is gradually maturing and implemented. In addition, we analyze the factors have impact on the market efficiency. It shows that the liquidity, volume, allocation allowance, and transparency in information are significant factors; meanwhile, the regional policy and cross cooperation also are important factors. Finally, this paper puts forward several policy recommendations on how to strengthen the effectiveness of China carbon trading markets based on the empirical results.

How Will an Emissions Trading System Affect Household Income and Social Equity? A CGE-Based Case Study of China

Recently, China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced the establishment of a nationwide carbon emissions trading system (ETS), which will be the largest ETS in the world. The national ETS directly encourages enterprises to make a low-carbon transition through market mechanisms. In addition, the ETS is a potential source of significant government revenue through the auction of emissions permits. The allocation of this revenue is an important consideration for the NDRC. Some ETS areas already have experience with revenue recycling. For example, the California government directly returns ETS revenue to residents through electricity bill credits, as well as dedicated some of the revenue to the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund (GGRF). This study uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to explore the economic impact of directly returning the revenue from the ETS to residents in China. At the same time, taking into account the significant differences between different income groups in urban and rural areas in China, the research explores the difference between different distribution policies. The results show that the coal industry will suffer the greatest negative impact from the ETS. By 2050, the number of people employed in the coal industry will fall by 63.8% compared to 2012, and under the ETS scenario, coal employment will decrease by 75.3%. However, these employment effects can be mitigated by targeted transfers to the displaced coal workers using ETS revenue. At the national level, ETS policies have a positive effect on GDP due to the income effect of revenue recycling. From the perspective of household income, the ETS policies will have differing impacts on different income groups. In addition, different income distribution methods will also change the impact on the income of different groups. Among these revenue distribution options, the distribution by population be most conducive to the promotion of social equity.

Strategic Public Shaming: Evidence from Chinese Antitrust Investigations

AbstractThis article examines strategic public shaming, a novel form of regulatory tactics employed by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) during its enforcement of the Anti-Monopoly Law. Based on analysis of media coverage and interview findings, the study finds that the way that the NDRC disclosed its investigation is highly strategic depending on the firm's co-operative attitude towards the investigation. Event studies further show that the NDRC's proactive disclosure resulted in significantly negative abnormal returns of the stock prices of the firm subject to the disclosure. For instance, Biostime, an infant-formula manufacturer investigated in 2013, experienced −22 per cent cumulative abnormal return in a three-day event window, resulting in a loss of market capitalization that is 27 times the antitrust fine that it ultimately received. The NDRC's strategic public shaming might therefore result in severe market sanctions that deter firms from defying the agency.

China's urban minerals policies: Evolution, problems and countermeasures—A quantitative research

Abstract Policy ideas associated with the urban minerals industry in China have shifted focus from environmental protection to industrial development in recent years. A key factor influencing the development of this industry is whether the policy system can adapt to changing policy ideas. This paper analyzes a series of policies on urban minerals issued by the central government and related departments and ministries from 1987 to 2017. Using the content analysis method, which is a quantitative methodology, the paper proposes a framework of policy tools and objects of policy intervention to analyze the evolutionary characteristics and problems associated with the development of the urban minerals industry. The research results show that the policy system of urban minerals in China has changed from the germination stage, in which urban minerals policies were embedded in environmental protection policies; to an introduction stage, in which the urban minerals policy system initially took shape; to a development stage, in which the effects of urban minerals policies have stabilized. The changing trend of urban minerals policies can be summarized as follows. First, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) gradually became the dominant policymaker. Second, the policy tools were enriched via restructuring. Third, the objects of policy intervention were continually extended to the whole industry chain. Although the policy system of urban minerals in China has promoted industrial development, certain problems remain to be resolved, such as the conflicting policies from different departments, the unreasonable combination of policy tools and improper object of policy intervention. To this end, we have proposed corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to better improve the development of the urban minerals industry.

Analysis of low carbon pilot industrial parks in China: Classification and case study

Abstract Industrial Parks (IPs) have made tremendous contributions to China’s national economic development. However the economic gains often come with increased environmental pollution and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. These problems are compounded by the rapid growth of IPs in China. To promote the low carbon and sustainable development of IPs, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) and the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) jointly launched the national Low Carbon Industrial Park Pilot Programme (LCIPPP) in 2013. As the largest pilot programme at the IP level in the world, 51 IPs which vary in location, size, and industrial mix were included. Based on the data of 51 pilot IPs, we applied cluster analysis to propose the 3 H (High carbon intensity, High ratio of coal in energy mix, and High proportion of six energy-intensive industries output), 3 L (Low carbon intensity, Low ratio of coal in energy mix, and Low proportion of six energy-intensive industries output) and Mixed IP classifications. Then a representative IP was selected for case study in accordance with the classification. For each case, the achievements and practices, the drivers and success factors, pathways and models in low carbon development were collected and analyzed. Our findings reveal that 3H IPs should focus more on upgrading traditional heavy industry. Meanwhile, technological innovation and enhancing carbon management are determined to be more efficient ways to realize the low carbon development of 3L IPs. As for Mixed IPs, optimizing the energy mix and adopting an “Industry + town” integrated development model will be effective.

Progress on Opposed Multi-Burner (OMB) Coal-Water Slurry Gasification Technology and Its Industrial Applications

Opposed multi-burner (OMB) coal-water slurry (CWS) gasification technology is a large coal gasification technology with self-owned intellectual property in China. With the dedicated support of Ministry of Science and Technology, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and other relevant departments, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) and Yankuang Group had finished the pilot-scale research, the 1000 TPD industrial demonstration, the development of 2000 TPD OMB CWS gasification technology, and the industrial demonstration and operation of 3000 TPD ultra large scale OMB CWS gasification technology. OMB CWS gasification technology has been applied widely, having 52 projects and about 144 gasifiers. The total capacity of gasifier for all projects is about one hundred eighty thousand TPD, not including the spare gasifier. According to the industrial experience, OMB CWS gasification is superior in many aspects, such as gasification performance, process indexes, operational performance of the system, stability and reliability. OMB CWS gasification technology has great advantages especially in large-scale gasification applications.

Design of China Leading Energy Efficiency Program (LEP) for equipment and appliances and comparative study of international experience on super-efficient products

With rising global emphasizes on climate change and sustainable development, how to accelerate the transformation of energy efficiency has become an important question. Designing and implementing energy-efficiency policies for super-efficient products represents an important direction to achieve breakthroughs in the field of energy conservation. On December 31, 2014, China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) jointly six other ministerial agencies launched China Leading Energy Efficiency Program (LEP), which identifies top efficiency models for selected product categories. LEP sets the highest energy efficiency benchmark. Design of LEP took into consideration of how to best motivate manufacturers to accelerate technical innovation, promote high efficiency products. This paper explains core elements of LEP, such as objectives, selection criteria, implementation method and supportive policies. It also proposes recommendations to further improve LEP through international policy comparison with Japan’s Top Runner Program, U.S. Energy Star Most Efficient, and SEAD Global Efficiency Medal.

Low-carbon governance in China – Case study of low carbon industry park pilot

China is under the pressure of international climate change negotiation, domestic energy security and haze reduction. Replying to these pressures positively, China announced to reduce 40%–45% CO2 per unit Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020, 60%–65% CO2 per unit GDP in 2030 based on 2005 level, and to carry out ambitious reduction measures. To achieve this target, low-carbon governance is necessary. The central government expects to build low-carbon society and develop low-carbon economy through pilots. This paper analyzes the framework of low-carbon governance in China. The government plays a guidance role in the governance process which involves enterprises, NGOs and citizens. Different types of measures, policy tools and actions have been implemented as response to the pressure. The governance can be achieved through the integration of technical, spatial and social pathways.The paper analyzes the framework by using Suzhou Industry Park (SIP) as case study which is a very important part of low carbon management of cities. Although the total CO2 amount in the Park has increased, its CO2 intensity per unit GDP has been reduced in recent years after the efforts made by its Park Council and enterprisers. The policy implementation indicates that the guidance role of local governments and the process are still based on a top-down management at park level, although the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) hopes to carry out pilot program and summarize experiences from a bottom-up mechanism. Target Responsibility System (TRS) is still the key working mechanism and makes contribution to the reduction of CO2 per unit GDP. The low-carbon governance experiences of SIP can be learned by other cities, while local government displays positive attitudes towards low-carbon practices.

Approaches and policies for promoting industrial park recycling transformation (IPRT) in China: Practices and lessons

Industrial park recycling transformation (IPRT) was one of the major circular economy construction demonstration programs in the 12th Five-Year Plan issued by the China State Council in 2012. It comprised of 7 major tasks to transform traditionally high resource and energy intensive production into high efficiency and low pollutant production. By 2017, 129 industrial parks had been approved for IPRT by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). This paper presents a thorough review on IPRT content, policies, and practices, with some lessons and suggestions for further development. Six types of projects were supported by national funds, which included industrial chain extension and complementary projects; water conversion and recycling projects; energy saving projects; pollution prevention projects; platform construction projects; and infrastructure construction sharing projects. Case studies show success for each case. However, deficiencies in industrial development, management, policy-making, and information sharing also emerged. Two suggestions were put forward. First, investment should be diverted from traditional industries to new industries. Past cases have shown that traditional industries have a greater risk of obsolescence. Failure in one park has already created a cascading effect on other enterprises in the park. Secondly, the government-led model should be transformed into a government and market co-led model. The government could establish more effective incentive and restraint mechanisms to attract participation from enterprises and/or social capital. Information sharing platforms, for example, benefit enterprises by increasing awareness for circular economy projects to both private and public actors.

The jurisdictional delimitation in the Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law public enforcement regime: the inevitable overstepping of authority and the implications

Following the adoption of the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) in 2007, China established a public enforcement regime that has three equal-ranking authorities. The legislative history of the AML suggests that this was a backward-looking compromise reached between the three central administrative agencies (the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC)), instead of a forward-looking design choice. This article focuses on the jurisdictional delimitation between the NDRC and the SAIC, a delimitation assigning the enforcement responsibilities based on whether an allegedly anticompetitive conduct is price related or not. This article first describes the jurisdictional delimitation as defined in the relevant legal documents. On that basis, it examines the legal and the economic rationales behind this delimitation. Subsequently, this article investigates to what extent this delimitation has been adhered to in practice, and there it identifies three problematic scenarios, which indicate the inevitability of the two agencies overstepping their respective authority in practice. This article finds that this delimitation is likely to induce the following problems: uncertainty on supplementary enforcement and follow-on civil actions, uncontrolled agency discretion, and distortive theories of harm. Therefore, it suggests that this jurisdictional delimitation should be removed.

How do experts engage in China’s local climate governance? A case study of Guangdong Province

Taking Guangdong Province as a case study, this paper examines the ways in which experts engage in China’s local climate governance. The paper first explains that most prominent experts in Guangdong’s climate governance are those who work in semiofficial institutions or universities. The paper then illuminates the policy work of Guangdong experts by scrutinizing their engagement with three national policy pilot programmes promulgated by China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC): the low-carbon provincial pilot programme, the emissions inventory, and the emissions trading scheme. Lastly, in order to contextualize the knowledge–policy interface in the Chinese authoritarian context, the paper adopts the notion of the ‘politics of knowledge’ to explain how the political environment and local authorities’ considerations influence the conduct of experts in China’s local climate governance. While the previous literature mainly focuses on the role of experts in policy formulation, this study extends the understanding of the role of experts in climate governance by detailing the contribution of Guangdong experts to practically all of the stages of the policy process, including the capacity building, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation phases of the policy cycle.

Mapping potentials of low-grade industrial waste heat in Northern China

Low-grade industrial waste heat has drawn great attention in China. A new regulation concerning low-grade industrial waste heat (IWH) use has been issued by the NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. Among the four major tasks mentioned, the most important is investigating IWH. However, there is little official data on the amount of waste heat in China. This paper presents a three-level method of IWH investigation. Meanwhile, the information needed at each level is summed up and heating area in northern China is taken as a case. A series of means are adopted, such as official statistics analysis, literature investigation, field test and so on. Results reveal the drastic situation of energy waste, and the great potential for energy conservation through the use of IWH. Approximately, 100Mtce (2.93EJ) potential of waste heat in industry can be recovered during heating season in whole northern China with 3.04 billion m3 of water saving. Questionnaire inquiry covers 11 cities in Hebei, a typical industrial province. The feasibility and benefit of waste heat to district heating (DH) were verified in a case in Qianxi county. But usually waste heat doesn’t distribute according to residential heat demand, as details are necessary when we regard it as potential heat source in any level. Moreover, it is recommended that policy makers should attach importance to data statistics, technology evaluation and stimulating market mechanism for proposed aim on waste heat.