National Cybersecurity Research Articles

Cybersecurity Challenges in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

In an era marked by rapid advancements in technology and the digital revolution, cyber-security has become one of the most significant technical issues across countries, including nation-states like the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. This paper examines the very complex cyber security issues that Jordan experiences and evaluates how the legal structure established in Cyber Security Act No. 16 of 2019 can be used to face these challenges? Comparatively analyzed with global standards, the research identifies substantial shortcomings in Jordan’s cybersecurity enforcement, coordination and integration capabilities. The research also discusses how international cooperation and public awareness can help improve national cybersecurity. The study appears to indicate that while significant steps have been taken Jordan’s legal infrastructure, there is a need for continued modernization in line with a rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape. Finally, the paper ends by suggesting policy interventions that can bolster cybersecurity in Jordan, and it also draws attention to a number of issues regarding risk-based approaches for managing cyber threats regulation across different regulatory authorities; as well the necessity of more inclusive digital public engagement efforts. This is necessary to safeguard our vital structures in Jordan and provide a stable, secure cyberspace.

Adopting Government Cyber Security Initiatives - A study of SMEs in Saudi Arabia

The study, which targeted SMEs, aims to determine the risks to cybersecurity in these institutions and implement countermeasures to reduce these risks, such as regulatory, material and technical measures. The study relied on the method of applied research, through a comprehensive questionnaire consisting of several departments targeting more than 60 institutions. For the purpose of data analysis, we used the Information Security Governance (ISG) assessment tool to measure the extent of conformity of implementation and actual documentation the requirements of the standard specification for SMEs in Saudi Arabia. The study reached several results, the most important of which is that cybersecurity in SMEs is exposed to many risks and threats, and that there is a weakness in legislation and laws that protect cybersecurity and the lack of written policies of most institutions participating in the questionnaire confirms the extent of this weakness. We have seen that the role of the national cybersecurity authority in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is good but needs to make more practical efforts to enhance cybersecurity inside and outside institutions. At the end of the study, we presented a framework that contains the most prominent international standards for building safe cyber institutions, which include standards for risk management, risk reduction and response, work environment security, access control, communication security, physical security, external relations, and employee awareness training.

To Study on Cyber Crime Burgeoning in India and Crucial Actions Need for Every Cybercrime Victim

India is facing a great deal of challenges due to the rapid digitalization and broad adoption of technology in many different areas. One such concern is cybercrime. In this paper explores the nature, scope, and impact of cybercrime in the Indian context. The rising ubiquity of internet usage has rendered people, companies, and governmental organizations more susceptible to a range of cyber threats, such as identity theft, financial fraud, data breaches, and cyber harassment. Despite developments in cyber security protection, the lack of awareness and poor regulatory frameworks has aggravated the situation. To address these issues, the Indian government has put in place a number of efforts, including the National Cyber Security Policy and the Information Technology Act, 2000. But enforcement is still patchy, and a lot of crimes go unreported or ignored. The problem has been made worse by insufficient regulatory frameworks and a lack of knowledge, even in spite of advances in cyber security measures. But enforcement is still patchy, and a lot of crimes go unreported or ignored. This research paper emphasizes India's cybercrime victims have several legal options, the need for a multimodal strategy that includes improved cyber security infrastructure, better legislative frameworks and greater public awareness in order to tackle cybercrime. In light of the transnational character of cyber threats, it also highlights the significance of international cooperation. In the end, a thorough plan is necessary to protect India's digital environment and guarantee the security and safety of its people in a world that is becoming more interconnected by the day

Cybersecurity and the Future of International Relations

This research examines the growing influence of cybersecurity on international relations, focusing on how cyber threats, digital espionage, and cyber warfare are transforming state sovereignty, diplomacy, and global security. With the rise of state-sponsored cyberattacks and the increasing involvement of non-state actors, cybersecurity has become a central issue in the global power dynamics between major nation-states and international organizations. The study analyzes high-profile cyber incidents, such as the SolarWinds and Stuxnet attacks, and investigates their geopolitical implications, including how they have reshaped cyber norms and governance strategies. Through a comparative analysis of national cybersecurity strategies in countries like the U.S., China, and the EU, this research assesses the effectiveness of current international treaties, such as the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, and multilateral efforts to establish cybersecurity norms. Preliminary findings suggest that cybersecurity has evolved into a strategic tool in global competition, with cyberattacks being used for coercion and disruption. Moreover, the rise of cyber espionage has heightened the stakes in digital diplomacy, leading to the establishment of specialized cyber units within foreign ministries. This study advocates for the development of comprehensive international treaties focused on cyber governance, with an emphasis on conflict prevention, cyber deterrence, and collective defense mechanisms. Additionally, it calls for greater involvement of multilateral organizations, such as the United Nations and NATO, in creating transparent and accountable frameworks for state-sponsored cyber activities. The research underscores the urgent need for cohesive global governance models to address the complex challenges posed by cybersecurity in shaping the future of international relations.

State-sponsored cyber attacks and co-movements in stock market returns: evidence from US cybersecurity defense contractors

Abstract State-sponsored cyber attacks are increasingly attracting attention in the literature, with many analysts interested in the firm-level economic implications of these attacks. Nevertheless, the bulk of these studies focus on firms directly targeted in the attacks. In this paper, I examine the broader, often overlooked ripple effects of these attacks on third-party entities like cybersecurity service providers who are frequently at the frontlines of dealing with these attacks. Leveraging data on cyber attacks and stock market returns for a sample of U.S. based cybersecurity defense contractors from 2000 to 2020, I empirically demonstrate that an escalation in the intensity of state-sponsored cyber attacks prompts a behavioral shift among investors and regulators, leading to increased co-movement in firms’ stock returns. This paper thus adds a novel dimension to our understanding of the complex interplay between state-sponsored cyber attacks and the market dynamics of cybersecurity defense contractors, with important implications for national cybersecurity.

Impact of Internet and mobile communication on cyber resilience: A multivariate adaptive regression spline modeling approach

The spread of broadband Internet and the availability of mobile communication services expand access to digital services for businesses and the public alike. However, at the same time, it aggravates the problem of ensuring digital space security, protection against cyber threats, and the fight against cybercrime. This research aims to calculate the index of a country's resilience to cyber-hacking for 143 countries, to divide these countries into groups based on this resilience (high, above-average, average, below-average, and low), compare these results with those obtained on the basis of National Cyber Security Index (NCSI), and to identify the impact of the Internet and mobile communication prevalence in a country on this level. The selection of the countries is based on the availability of statistical data for 2022 in the databases of the Surfshark VPN service, and the International Telecommunication Union. The integral index of a country's resilience to cyber-hacking is calculated through the multiplicative convolution (with weighted geometric mean) of the number of breached accounts, the Internet penetration probability (penetration into users’ data through the Internet), and the breach density per thousand users. The influence of active mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants), mobile broadband basket (% of Gross National Income Per Capita), mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants), and total fixed broadband subscriptions on the integral index of a country's resilience to cyber-hacking is investigated using multivariate adaptive regression spline. According to the calculations, France, Iceland, Montenegro, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates were the least resistant to cyber hacking in 2022. For countries with high, above-average, and below-average levels of resilience to cyber-hacking, the most relevant factor is the number of active mobile broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants). For countries with an average level, it is total fixed broadband subscriptions.

An intuitive approach to cybersecurity risk assessment for non-governmental organizations

Purpose This study proposes a guided tool for cybersecurity risk assessment tailored for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), enabling them to comply with cybersecurity policies despite limitations in security awareness, funding and expertise. Design/methodology/approach A digital transformation is indispensable for ensuring the sustainable operation of NGOs. Embracing a digital manifesto necessitates an awareness of cybersecurity risks, highlighting the critical need for a robust cybersecurity risk assessment methodology. Initial research phases revealed significant shortages in security awareness, funding and expertise. Consequently, this study introduces an intuitive approach tailored specifically for NGOs, supported by a customized tool designed to address their unique requirements. The NIST cybersecurity risk assessment framework and National Cyber-security Authority (NCA) were adopted to define the risk assessment approach. The efficacy of this approach is evaluated qualitatively through a case study involving three NGOs in Saudi Arabia, aimed at assessing their capability to utilize the tool effectively. Following the implementation, a Likert-scale survey gauged satisfaction among NGOs regarding the tool’s utility. Findings Results from the case study indicate high satisfaction, affirming its alignment with their operational needs and enhancement of compliance with NCA controls. Furthermore, the use of the tool enhances the awareness of NCA’s cybercity requirements and controls. Originality/value Based on theoretical and empirical grounds, this research proposes a novel design of security assessment framework tailored for NGO requirements and supported by initiative tool enabling complying with cybersecurity policies and enhances the awareness of cybersecurity controls.

Cyber Security Awareness Model Based on NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) for Secondary School Students in Malaysia

As cybersecurity issues surge, it highlights the pressing need for increased awareness. In our digitally interconnected world, where information technology underpins the lives of individuals, businesses, and even national security, the threat of cyberattacks looms large. To enhance national cybersecurity preparedness, there is a critical call to action: we must promote public awareness of cybersecurity issues and bolster the ranks of trained cybersecurity professionals. This research introduces a novel cybersecurity awareness model based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Its primary goal is to make NIST accessible to secondary school students pursuing ICT courses and their invaluable resource, the school counselling units. The model aims to instil cybersecurity awareness in secondary school students and guide them in choosing the most suitable higher education paths, particularly in the ICT and cybersecurity fields. The study comprises three phases. In the first phase, a systematic literature review (SLR) examines globally applicable cybersecurity education models. The second phase investigates the implementation of cybersecurity education for secondary school students in Malaysia. This includes interviews with school counselling units responsible for guiding students toward higher education and surveys of students in grades four and five enrolled in ICT courses. The third and pivotal phase focuses on developing the proposed model. It involves analysing and implementing the results of the SLR, mapping them to the NIST framework, and incorporating themes from interviews and surveys. As a tangible representation of the model, a mobile application prototype has been developed. The Cybersecurity Awareness Model empowers school counselling units to seamlessly integrate career exploration with career decision-making for secondary students at any stage of their development. Moreover, it offers a means to create strategies for after-school programs, particularly in the dynamic field of cybersecurity. This model is expected to guide students in exploring academic majors and careers, preparing for higher education post-high school, initiating internships or job searches, and adapting to a world in constant flux. In doing so, it not only empowers individuals but also strengthens the nation's resilience in the face of cybersecurity challenges.

Cybersecurity: Putting Indigenous Peoples First

ABSTRACTDespite rising awareness of the critical importance of Indigenous data sovereignty principles for the empowerment of Indigenous communities, there is minimal evidence of any engagement from cybersecurity policy makers or researchers to actualise these goals. This paper reports preliminary findings from the first phase of a more extensive research programme investigating cybersecurity in relation to Indigenous communities, which analysed national cybersecurity policies in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States.

The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Anti-Corruption and Cyber-Fraud System

The article deals with the assessment of the digital transformation impact on the anti-corruption and anti-cyber fraud system. The article explores the interconnection between three key indices: the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), the National Cybersecurity Index (NCSI), and the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Development Index in 138 countries as of 2023. In the first stage, a preliminary analysis of the indices was conducted, which showed significant variation between countries. The average CPI value was 47.5, indicating an average level of corruption globally, but some countries have very low and very high scores. Similarly, the NCSI and ICT indices also vary, indicating uneven development of cybersecurity and information and communication technologies. Correlation analysis revealed a medium to strong positive correlation between the indices. The strongest correlation (0.61) was observed between CPI and ICT, confirming that developing digital technologies can help reduce corruption. A significant correlation was also found between NCSI and ICT (0.61), which emphasizes the importance of information technology development for improving cybersecurity. The clustering method allowed us to divide countries into three groups: countries with low scores on all three indices, countries with moderate scores, and leading countries with high levels of transparency, cybersecurity, and digital development. The study confirmed the importance of investing in digital infrastructure to increase transparency and security and pointed to the need for reforms in countries that score low on all indices.

ENTROPY BASED EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

In contemporary economic landscapes, effective managerial decision-making requires serious justifications often facilitated by information technologies. The article proposes the application of the foundational principles from information theory and entropy to determine the correlation between education and economic development. This research employs entropy methodology to explore the correlations and implications of these multifaceted domains, drawing insights from a range of global indices. By analyzing data from indices such as the Human Development Index, we investigate the relationship between average years of education and entropy values, shedding light on the diversity and standardization of human capital systems across nations. Moreover, economic indexes, encapsulating factors such as economic freedom and innovation, provide critical insights into the vibrancy and resilience of national economies. Through the lens of the Global Innovation Index, we explore how countries with higher levels of economic freedom and innovation efficiency exhibit less diversity in economic approaches and innovation strategies, leading to a reduction in entropy values. By examining entropy values in conjunction with innovation indicators, such as research and development expenditure and patent applications, we uncover patterns and trends indicative of the diversity or standardization of innovation strategies across countries. Additionally, cybersecurity emerges as a critical dimension of national security and resilience, with implications for economic well-being and societal trust. Through the National Cybersecurity Index, we assess the level of diversity and uncertainty in cybersecurity landscapes, highlighting the importance of robust cybersecurity measures in safeguarding against emerging threats and reducing entropy values. Ultimately, this research contributes to the discourse on sustainable development and resilience in an interconnected world. By identifying specific challenges and opportunities within education, economy, innovation, and cybersecurity domains, it facilitates informed decision-making and strategic interventions to promote inclusive growth and societal well-being on a global scale.

Взгляды военно-политического руководства США на защиту критически важных объектов от угроз кибернетического воздействия

The study examines the potential threats of cybernetic impact on critical U.S. facilities that support the activities of the armed forces, and the measures of the American administration to identify and neutralize them. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the destructive impact on critical infrastructure undermines the military potential of the state and the combat capability of the armed forces. The multidimensional and cross-border nature of threats objectively necessitates the search for ways to prevent and eliminate such threats, as well as the development of interdepartmental and international cooperation in combating cyber threats. This requirement places a burden on state and military leaders to possess knowledge not only in the realm of military security but also in the field of national cybersecurity. Significant cross-industry risks are associated with energy infrastructure, particularly with the supply of gas to electricity producers. The most vulnerable parts of infrastructure are the energy systems that are utilized to supply electricity to military bases and other U.S. military facilities located abroad. A crucial aspect of ensuring the cyber security of energy infrastructure is the regulation of the supply chain for information technology products. Awareness of vulnerabilities within the cybersecurity framework of the U.S. defense infrastructure can be leveraged to refine the list of critical targets of a potential adversary and inform the planning and execution of information operations by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

A collaborative cybersecurity framework for higher education

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the educational computer emergency response team (EduCERT) framework, an integrated response mechanism to bolster national cybersecurity through collaborative efforts in the higher education sector. The EduCERT framework addresses this gap by enhancing cyber security and mitigating cybercrime through collaborative incident management, knowledge sharing and university awareness campaigns. Design/methodology/approach The authors propose an EduCERT framework following the design science methodology. The framework is developed based on literature and input from focus group experts. Moreover, it is grounded in the principles of the technology-organization-environment framework, organizational learning and diffusion of innovations theory. Findings The EduCERT has eight components: infrastructure, governance, knowledge development, awareness, incident management, evaluation and continuous improvement. The framework reinforces national cybersecurity through cooperation between universities and the National Computer Emergency Response Team. The framework has been implemented in Jordan to generate a cybersecurity foundation for higher education. Evaluating the EduCERT framework’s influence on national cybersecurity highlights the importance of adopting comprehensive cyber-security policies and controls. The framework application shows its relevance, effectiveness, adaptability and alignment with best practices. Research limitations/implications Despite the impact of applying the framework in the Jordanian context, it is essential to acknowledge that the proposed EduCERT framework’s practical implementation may encounter challenges specific to diverse international educational environment sectors. However, framework customization for global applicability could address varied educational institutions in other countries. Practical implications Furthermore, the proposed EduCERT framework is designed with universal applicability that extends beyond the specific country’s context. The principles and components presented in the framework can serve as valuable design advice for establishing collaborative and resilient cybersecurity frameworks in educational settings worldwide. Therefore, the research enhances the proposed framework’s practical utility and positions it as an invaluable contribution to the broader discourse on global cybersecurity in academia. Originality/value This paper enhances national cybersecurity in the higher education sector, addressing the need for a more integrated response mechanism. The EduCERT framework demonstrates its effectiveness, adaptability and alignment with best practices, offering valuable guidance for global educational institutions.

Policy and Infrastructure for Data Privacy and Data Protection in South Indian States: Issues and Prospects

In the 21st century, data privacy, data protection and cybersecurity have become challenging issues with increasing cases of data breaches and data disasters. Data privacy has emerged as one of the challenging issues after numerous cases of data breaches and manipulations in many departments, agencies, bodies and organisations in every country. A well-designed data framework may enable not just secure data privacy/protection but also enable users’ control over data through a protective and safe system to share data across organisations, leading to individual empowerment and well-being. In India, privacy still remains a complex area, which has affected data safety and protection. A number of government websites clearly mention that data will not be shared with anyone until and unless for the purpose enshrined so far. In India, there have been various policies, guidelines, strategies and initiatives for cybersecurity, data privacy, data protection and data measures, including the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023; the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013; the Information Technology Act 2000; the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008; the Information Technology Rules, 2011 and so on. This article tries to examine policies/regulations for data privacy, data protection and data safety in South Indian states.

Estimating the vulnerability of industrial network infrastructure in Central and Eastern Europe

Industrial infrastructure has suffered an unprecedented number of attacks in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). This situation can be attributed to many geopolitical factors, including hybrid military conflicts and criminal activity. Industrial networks belonging to the countries that were once under Soviet influence suffer from an elevated risk of cyberattacks. The goal of this work is to propose an easy way to estimate the vulnerabilities of industrial networks to cyber threats on a national level. Since analysis of the industrial vulnerability landscape is difficult, this study proposes an assessment based on the popularity of vulnerable technologies—VPc. This metric is composed of search volume data on keywords related to industrial network technologies and reported security vulnerabilities associated with these words. Data on 116 keywords was analysed and a country-specific VPc index was calculated for twenty states in CEE. The analysis of the popularity of industrial technologies and vendors in CEE reveals interesting information about the industrial security and vulnerability landscape. The results show that some countries (e.g. Estonia) have more resilient industrial infrastructure than others (e.g. Belarus). The results presented in this study are not in conflict with other data and estimation attempts, including the National Cyber Security Index (NCSI). As new vulnerabilities are noted every day, the industrial security landscape changes rapidly. Therefore, a new easy-to-use metric (VPc) can be successfully used for general estimations. This work shows that the VPc score agrees with other estimates and analyses, but as with any other general estimation tool, it must be used with caution.

The many features which make the eIDAS 2 Digital Wallet either risky or the ideal vehicle for the transition to post-quantum encryption

The amended Digital Identity Framework Regulation (“eIDAS 2″) is expected to be implemented by 2026, including its new solution of the Digital Identity Wallet from each Member State for its residents, citizens, and businesses. Widely used public key cryptosystems including those in the current EUDI Wallet prototypes are using electronic signatures and authentication that will need to be replaced by post-quantum resistant cryptography (PQC). In April 2024, the EU recommended general action by the Member States to prepare for quantum capability. We suggest that the European Digital Identity Wallet could be the starting point for an impactful debut of hybrid “quantum resistant” cryptography tools to align the Member States in the transition. We look at the awareness campaigns of ENISA and national cybersecurity authorities in the USA, Spain, UK and Germany on the transition to PQC using a hybrid approach. There seems to be some early consensus that NIST's PQC algorithms are likely to set the international standard. Given the eIDAS 2′s flexible, technologically neutral language, it allows the timely implementation of new secure encryption methods. The Wallet could be an exemplary model for large businesses, or app developers, and SMEs that also must transition to PQC to render secure those asymmetrically encrypted quantum-vulnerable digital assets. A very large and relatively fast uptake of the EUDI Wallet system is expected, and if it holds the promises of functionality, user friendliness, and security across the changing technological world, the EUDI Wallet's approach could become a benchmark for the transition to post-quantum capacity.

Measures to improve the cyber vulnerability regulation to strengthen national cyber security - Focusing on the US cyber vulnerability regulation

Measures to improve the cyber vulnerability regulation to strengthen national cyber security - Focusing on the US cyber vulnerability regulation

Cyber Security Challenges: Safeguarding Data in the Digital Era

The Internet is one of the fastest-growing areas of technical infrastructure development. In today’s business environment, disruptive technologies such as cloud computing, social computing, and next-generation mobile computing are fundamentally changing how organizations utilize information technology for sharing information and conducting commerce online. Today more than 80 percent of total commercial transactions are done online, so this field required a high quality of security for transparent and best transactions. The scope of Cyber Security extends not only to the security of IT systems within the enterprise, but also to the broader digital networks upon which they rely including cyber space itself and critical infrastructures. Cyber Security plays an important role in the development of information technology as well as Internet services. Our attention is usually drawn on “Cyber Security” when we hear about “Cyber Crimes”. Our first thought on “National Cyber Security” therefore starts on how good is our infrastructure for handling “Cyber Crimes”. This paper focus on cyber laws and security emerging trends, issues and challenges while adopting new technologies such as mobile computing, e-commerce, and social networking.

NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE TOOLS OF CYBER POWER: A REVIEW ON THE AREAS OF STATE HEGEMONIA

In the post-Cold War era, in terms of international relations, 'cyber security' emerges as a significant security issue for the spheres of state sovereignty beyond the personal sphere. In addition to the harmful effects of cyber threats on the functioning of public institutions and organizations, İt also raises a problem for states, such as managing perception operations by creating a society more open to manipulative influences. In our globalizing world, as the most important actor of the system, the States' dependence on each other has increased, and at the same time, there has been a period in which the fundamental security issues are intertwined for the States. In such a situation where it is not possible for the States to define themselves outside the system, classical realist approaches are insufficient to explain the changing -and increasingly abstracted-security areas. Nation-states must develop more complex skills and prioritize cooperation to deal with these new security threats. In our study, which focuses on the national cyber security perceptions of states, the measures taken by the States in the cyber world on priority issues, such as institutional functioning and survival problems, are analyzed in terms of national security strategies. On the theme of 'new security', the main focus is the necessity for actors to develop new defense capabilities within the framework of the 'quick response and easy adaptation' in the face of increasing and diversifying cyber threats. In our study, which deals with the efforts of digital Nation-states to increase their effectiveness in cyberspace in determining the 21st-century sovereignty areas and the increase in their tendency towards cyber warfare tools, the active/passive defense methods followed by the States in the perspective of cyber security strategies have been evaluated. In this context, it is the most acceptable method for the States to prefer the 'active defense model' in order to avoid cyber attacks against vital institutions such as education and health.

Development of the Country’s Sustainable Cyberspace Strategy to Ensure the Country’s National Security

This article is devoted to the assessment of the country’s sustainable cyberspace strategy by comparing the cyber security strategies of those countries that are economically developed and use advanced information and communication technologies. Based on the components of the National Cyber Security Index, a calculation was made for 10 countries, which made it possible to monitor the effectiveness of their cyber strategies and identify their shortcomings. The calculation is made for the years 2018 and 2021. During this period, no significant critical changes form abnormal indicators, but it is possible to reflect a particular trend. Application of the PROMETHEE method (I and II) and the formation of net flows, determination of importance and comparison of alternatives allowed to carry out an in-depth analysis of various aspects of cyber security, such as protection measures, response to cyber threats and general resistance to cyber-attacks. It is determined that Belgium and Lithuania are the most resistant to threats from cyber-attacks and in the fight against money laundering among the countries considered, as they are rapidly developing and implementing new measures. Their indicators increased by 0.1 values in 2021 compared to 2018. According to the calculations, Great Britain is the most conservative in implementing certain strategies, and its indicators remained at the level of 0-0.2 according to various criteria for the years studied. Most countries improve their indicators by a total of 0.2 values, which reflects their development. Ukraine tends to decrease some indicators by 0.1 value; some are at the same level. The regulatory framework’s introduction rate in the cyber security field increases. It shows that Ukraine has many rapidly changing risks, but is trying to achieve flexibility in responding to them. The research findings identify each country’s cybersecurity strengths and weaknesses, as well as potential risks and vulnerabilities. Thanks to this analysis, recommendations are made for developing and implementing effective cyber security strategies, both at the national and international levels. The study contributes to the understanding of the complexity of modern cyber threats. It emphasizes the need for continuous improvement and adaptation of protection measures to ensure the stability and security of financial and information systems in a global digital environment.