Critical National Infrastructure Research Articles

Leveraging AI and Machine Learning for the Protection of Critical National Infrastructure

Leveraging AI and Machine Learning for the Protection of Critical National Infrastructure

Monitoring airborne pathogen transmission for enhanced safety at food processing facilities

AbstractFood manufacturing and processing are part of the nation's critical infrastructure. Due to the recent global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the potential contamination of the food chain and the resulting public health implications are of high consequence to society. The current primary food manufacturing and processing facilities already have various mechanisms such as hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system in place. However, the widespread microbial infections in these facilities raise concerns that they will not only threaten the welfare of food processing workers, but also have a potentially greater consequence on the public if the food is contaminated with an infectious agent.Despite the increasingly recognised role of the environment in the spread of microbes, the effect of air properties remains poorly understood. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in meat processing facilities not only provide a means of transport for viruses and bacteria but may also deposit them on surfaces where they can survive for days. To maintain a stable and safe food chain supply during the pandemic, the challenges to ensure safe food supply and protect the workers' health must be quickly addressed through sustainable, safe and economic approaches. With these two imminent challenges in mind, the overall goal of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the environment in the impaction and resuspension of bioaerosols, focusing on airborne bacteria and viruses. The review includes the latest results of modeling the spread of microbial aerosols in the airflow and the development of preventive measures to mitigate virus contamination in the unique environment of meat processing operations. By understanding how the environmental factors and seasonality affect the infectivity and spread of airborne pathogens, mitigation measures can be designed to minimise future infections within and beyond these facilities.

Pharmacy Compounding Regulation in the German Pharmaceutical Market. Part 2. Organisational Features (Review)

INTRODUCTION. The Russian Federation has decided to restore the system of compounding pharmacies as an element of the critical national healthcare infrastructure and pharmaceutical supply chain. To improve Russian regulatory practices, develop novel advanced approaches to pharmacy compounding and quality control, and implement these approaches, it is necessary to study relevant good compounding practices applied in healthcare systems of other countries.AIM. The study aimed to analyse the German experience in the organisation and regulation of pharmaceutical compounding to suggest recommendations for the development and implementation of Russian guidelines on good compounding and dispensing practices.DISCUSSION. This work continues a comprehensive study that delves into the current provisions of German legislation governing the system of good compounding practices. This article examines the differences between approaches to compounding by medical and pharmaceutical specialists. According to the findings, compounding by medical specialists is guided by the “free practice of medicine” principle and is subject to minimal regulatory oversight. All pharmacy organisations operate as compounding pharmacies, thereby enhancing the physical accessibility of compounded medicinal products to the population. The authors highlight the features of a process-based quality assurance system encompassing production process controls and quality control methods for compounded medicinal products. Additionally, the authors discuss the applicability of rapid test methods to compounding. In accordance with the German concept of good pharmacy practices, a compounding pharmacy may use the available validation, qualification, and verification tools in the pharmaceutical development of compounded medicinal products and may outsource its internal quality control function. Using the concept of risk ranking, compounding pharmacies may design their own sampling programmes. The article describes approaches to and requirements for organising the evaluation of compounding prescriptions. In Germany, compounding pharmacies may independently assign shelf lives to the compounded medicinal products they produce.CONCLUSIONS. Some German solutions are of considerable practical importance and are applicable to the development and implementation of Russian guidelines on good compounding and dispensing practices. In particular, pharmacy organisations may outsource the quality control of their compounded medicinal products. Additionally, pharmacies can conduct the full-scale pharmaceutical development of compounding technologies and quality control methods (including rapid test methods) using the validation, qualification, and verification tools available to drug manufacturers. Moreover, pharmacy organisations may independently assign shelf lives to the compounded medicinal products they produce. Finally, pharmacy organisations may design their individual sampling programmes.

Deep learning-based authentication for insider threat detection in critical infrastructure

In today’s cyber environment, threats such as data breaches, cyberattacks, and unauthorized access threaten national security, critical infrastructure, and financial stability. This research addresses the challenging task of protecting critical infrastructure from insider threats because of the high level of trust and access these individuals typically receive. Insiders may obtain a system administrator’s password through close observation or by deploying software to gather the information. To solve this issue, an innovative artificial intelligence-based methodology is proposed to identify a user by their password’s keystroke dynamics. This paper also introduces a new Gabor Filter Matrix Transformation method to transform numerical values into images by revealing the behavioral pattern of password typing. A siamese neural network (SNN) with the branches of convolutional neural networks is utilized for image comparison, aiming to detect unauthorized attempts to access critical infrastructure systems. The network analyzes the unique features of a user’s password timestamps transformed into images and compares them with previously submitted user passwords. The obtained results indicate that transforming the numerical values of keystroke dynamics into images and training an SNN leads to a lower equal error rate (EER) and higher user authentication accuracy than those previously reported in other studies. The methodology is validated on publicly available keystroke dynamics collections, the CMU and GREYC-NISLAB datasets, which collectively comprise over 30,000 password samples. It achieves the lowest EER value of 0.04545 compared to state-of-the-art methods for transforming non-image data into images. The paper concludes with a discussion of findings and potential future directions.

Legal Regulation of Cybersecurity and Privacy on the Internet as SDG's

Objective: The article focuses on the conceptual framework for the formation and development of legal regulation of cybersecurity and privacy on the Internet. Theoretical Framework: Technological development has provided humanity with many clear benefits. However, it has also created severe challenges and threats to national security, critical infrastructure, private persons and states, as well as the international community. In Ukraine, these issues have been exacerbated by the Russian-Ukrainian war. Method: The research methodology is based on a logical and systematic presentation and analysis of the material related to the process of legal support for cybersecurity and privacy. Results and Discussion: Today, states and international organizations have to pursue two different policies: one in the virtual environment and the other in the real world. The Presidential Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection was established in 1996 in the United States. As of today, the definition of “cybersecurity” has been determined at the legislative level. It includes 10 fundamental principles related to the development of the Internet and its impact on human life. Research Implications: The previous legislative experience of international law related to cybersecurity and privacy has been summarized. Originality/Value: In Ukraine, the process of legal support for cybersecurity and privacy on the Internet is also ongoing. Ukraine has both ratified several international documents related to this issue and has its own legislative framework.

An analytical survey of cyber‐physical systems in water treatment and distribution: Security challenges, intrusion detection, and future directions

AbstractSince the inception of the Industrial 4.0 revolution, industrial cyber‐physical systems (CPSs) have become integral to critical infrastructures and industrial sectors, including water treatment and distribution systems. Integrating physical and digital worlds has made communication systems within these plants—comprising actuators, sensors, and controllers—vulnerable to advanced cyber‐attacks. Safeguarding the nation's critical infrastructure has thus attracted significant interest from both academia and industry. This article thoroughly examines water treatment and distribution CPSs, detailing their architectural design, devices, applications, and security standards. It analyzes various cyber‐attacks and explores CPS security vulnerabilities and their detection and mitigation techniques. Additionally, it reviews the trends in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) intrusion detection system (IDS) solutions, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The article evaluates current datasets and testbeds, identifying some of the best‐performing IDS algorithms tested on each dataset compared to previous research, which could serve as benchmarks in this field. Finally, it proposes data augmentation techniques to generate comprehensive datasets, identifies research gaps, and suggests potential improvements to enhance IDS performance.

Trapped Ion Quantum Computing: A Framework for Addressing Security Vulnerabilities

Trapped ion quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize computational paradigms. As the adoption of this technology grows, so does the need for stringent scrutiny of its involvement in cybersecurity, especially when it has implications in national defense or critical infrastructure. While trapped ion quantum computing offers transformative capabilities, it is vital to carefully examine the potential vulnerabilities associated with its use and patch them before implementing this powerful technology. In this paper, we examine the potential vulnerabilities in trapped ion quantum computing systems and propose a framework for addressing them. This framework includes risk assessment for evaluating vulnerabilities, threat modeling for identifying exploits, and prevention and mitigation for reducing their impact.

CTI Sharing Practices and MISP Adoption in Finland’s Critical Infrastructure Protection

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) sharing is crucial for safeguarding organisations and securing national critical infrastructure. This study delves into the CTI-sharing practices of large, safety-critical Finnish organisations, with a specific interest in the deployment and potential of the Malware Information Sharing Platform (MISP). We gathered insights through qualitative interviews with cybersecurity experts from key sectors: energy, healthcare, and transportation. Our findings reveal that a significant proportion of regional CTI data is still shared through manual methods such as email and chat. While these systems are generally viewed positively, they are also understood to be prone to delays and inaccuracies. The interest in utilising MISP is rising in Finland, yet its implementation is still in the nascent stages. Organisations are looking towards the National Cyber Security Center to lead the establishment of a national MISP instance. The benefits of adopting a national MISP framework could be further amplified by organisations joining Europewide industry-specific MISP instances or leveraging MISP to share threat intelligence with their supply chain partners. However, challenges remain, particularly in balancing threat data sharing with European data protection laws, motivating community contributions, and standardising CTI-sharing tools and practices within a country.

Societal Resilience as Intangible Critical Infrastructure

The concept of societal resilience – the central concept of the National Defence Strategy – is, to a certain degree, not only semantically, but especially pragmatically ambiguous, as the concept has not been operationalised in the literature, on the one hand, and the state societal resilience, implementable through formal, non-formal and informal education, has not benefitted from adequate levers for application, on the other hand. The recent educational reform, achieved through the two laws, on pre-university education and on higher education, adopted in 2023, does not directly contribute to societal resilience. Under these circumstances, of an inadequately designed security education and of a pragmatic ambiguity of the strategy, which means that the communication intentions (obligation, recommendation, suggestion) are not clarified, it is necessary to exceed the classical normative framework that regulates the national educational system and to design the education-resilience binomial as critical national infrastructure. Resilience, coming from the field of safety culture studies, can be considered intangible critical infrastructure, which needs a tangible system defined or possibly defined in the Romanian legislation regarding critical infrastructure, so that it can trigger the mechanism for implementing the projection of the National Defence Strategy. The present article contributes to the identification of possible projective directions of the education-resilience binomial as critical infrastructure.

Reziliența societală ca infrastructură critică intangibilă

The concept of societal resilience – the central concept of the National Defence Strategy – is, to a certain degree, not only semantically, but especially pragmatically ambiguous, as the concept has not been operationalised in the literature, on the one hand, and the state societal resilience, implementable through formal, non-formal and informal education, has not benefitted from adequate levers for application, on the other hand. The recent educational reform, achieved through the two laws, on pre-university education and on higher education, adopted in 2023, does not directly contribute to societal resilience. Under these circumstances, of an inadequately designed security education and of a pragmatic ambiguity of the strategy, which means that the communication intentions (obligation, recommendation, suggestion) are not clarified, it is necessary to exceed the classical normative framework that regulates the national educational system and to design the education-resilience binomial as critical national infrastructure. Resilience, coming from the field of safety culture studies, can be considered intangible critical infrastructure, which needs a tangible system defined or possibly defined in the Romanian legislation regarding critical infrastructure, so that it can trigger the mechanism for implementing the projection of the National Defence Strategy. The present article contributes to the identification of possible projective directions of the education-resilience binomial as critical infrastructure.

AN EVALUATION OF THE SECURITY CHALLENGES CONFRONTING NIGERIA

This paper evaluated the security challenges confronting Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were: to evaluate the security challenges confronting Nigeria; to examine the dimensions of internal security; to identify the security challenges confronting Nigeria. The study used secondary data. It also adopted the frustration-aggression theory to provide a direction for the paper. The study found that Nigeria is faced with the burden of security challenges which resulted loss of live and property. The evil activities of Boko Haram terrorists, farmers-herders crashes armed banditry, kidnapping, and Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) are among the security challenges threatening the peace and stability of Nigeria. The Federal Government aims to curtail these activities, using various efforts but the security challenges persist, such as killing of innocent people, damage critical national infrastructure and displacement of hundred s of thousands of people across the country. The paper recommends that the government should address poverty and other causes of social exclusion which push young ones into crime and criminality in Nigeria; adopt both kinetic and non-kinetic strategies in the fight against insurgency and other criminal activities as well as ensure robust interagency cooperation among the security agencies involved in fighting insecurity in the country, especially in the area of information sharing and dissemination.

Reintegration of cyber veterans: challenges and strategies for post-war transition.

Battles in the cyber domain often lack visibility compared to the physical domain, which can lead to insufficient appreciation of its actors' achievements by the general public and society. Nonetheless, it has become a crucial area of modern warfare in which cyber professionals defend the nation's critical infrastructure, support other military operations and achieve military objectives that could not be attained in other domains. Although cyber combatants might not have as high a risk of injury or death as those on the front lines, they still can face traumatic events and suffer from the same types of issues after the war as any other veteran. Earlier studies on war veterans have shown they have elevated risks of mental health issues, substance use, social problems and financial difficulties which might push some individuals towards a path of crime. The cyber domain is also not limited by time or place, which has given rise to cyber volunteerism in which skilled individuals around the globe decide to assist their own country or friendly nations. This publication aims to identify the challenges cyber veterans might face when transitioning back to civilian life and develop appropriate strategies to facilitate their reintegration. It also raises the awareness of the hundreds of thousands of volunteers who can develop similar problems after the war. Without proper awareness, support and dialogue, some of these individuals can also drift towards harmful social implications such as cybercrime.

INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STATE POLICY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

The article analyzes modern features of state policy in the field of critical infrastructure protection. Attention is focused on the need for institutional transformations in the direction of improving efficiency, transparency, responsibility and responding to new security challenges in the conditions of a hybrid war with the Russian Federation.
 The practice of protecting critical infrastructure facilities in developed countries has been studied. It was determined that its priority is the actualization of the predicate of stability of critical infrastructure objects. The content of normative and legal acts of Ukraine in this area was analyzed. A number of provisions have been identified that allow the adjustment of the domestic security doctrine to the European vector of stability.
 Within the perspective of the development of the concept of sustainability, the intention of «critical infrastructure stakeholders» is substantiated. This opens up the prospects of creating transparent conditions for ensuring the annihilation of state institutions of power, state protection systems, the private sector, educational and scientific institutions and other stakeholders of critical infrastructure to the National System of Critical Infrastructure Protection at the next levels of management. The possible levels of such cooperation are determined.
 Modern scientific works were analyzed, which studied the prospects of changing the paradigm of protection and stability to the paradigm of resilience. The complex of institutional transformations is proposed to be expanded due to the application within the framework of the functioning of the National Critical Infrastructure Protection System of the process of determining and analyzing the range of risks that the country faces in the spheres of critical infrastructure functioning. The transformation of institutional protection systems is considered through the prism of systemic determinants, among which physical protection and defense, cyber protection and defense, preventive measures of protection and defense, and an educational and scientific approach are highlighted.
 The system of organization at the state level of conducting regular interdisciplinary trainings on the operational response to emergency situations at facilities has been studied. It is proposed to increase clarity in the delineation of responsibility for project threats and to strengthen control over compliance with the systematicity of interdisciplinary training. On the basis of the extrapolations of scientists' hypotheses and the results of the author's research, a proposal was made to systematize the main proposals for institutional transformations in the direction of increasing the effectiveness of the state policy for the protection of critical infrastructure in the form of a Preventive concept of resilience of critical infrastructure objects.

Creating a model of threats to Ukraine’s national critical infrastructure as a basis for ensuring its security and resilience

Creating a model of threats to Ukraine’s national critical infrastructure as a basis for ensuring its security and resilience

National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection through Cybersecurity: A National Government Perspective

The South African national government is forging ahead with digitalisation plans to enhance socioeconomic growth in the country. However, digitalisation is accompanied by detrimental cybersecurity risks that may potentially exacerbate the vulnerability of the National Critical Information Infrastructure (NCII) of South Africa to cyber-attacks. Therefore, the envisaged digitalisation benefits in South Africa may be offset by the increased cybersecurity risk on the NCII of the country. Through a theoretical literature review, this study aims to investigate digitalisation and identify the cybersecurity risks it poses to the National Critical Information Infrastructure of South Africa, from a national government policy perspective. A gap has been identified in Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D) research studies that researchers tend to focus on the implementation of ICTs while neglecting the policy aspect that is meant to direct and control the implementation of ICTs. Therefore, this study bridges this gap by approaching digitalisation and cybersecurity from a national government policy perspective. The output of this study is a National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (through Cybersecurity) Conceptual Framework (NCIIP-CF) that is applicable to all spheres of government (local, provincial or national) as policy makers. The NCIIP-CF demonstrates an approach that embeds cybersecurity in the digitalisation process for the national government of South Africa, thus enabling an NCII that is resilient to cybersecurity risks.

Risk-based safety scoping of adversary-centric security testing on Operational Technology

Due to the recent increase in cyber attacks targeting Critical National Infrastructure, governments and organisations alike have invested considerably into improving the security of their underlying infrastructure, commonly known as Operational Technology (OT). The use of adversary-centric security tests such as vulnerability assessments, penetration tests and red team engagements has gained significant traction due to these engagements’ goal to emulate threat actors in preparation for genuine cyber attacks. Challenges arise, however, when performing security tests on these as the nature of OT requires additional safety and operation risks to be considered. This paper proposes a framework for incorporating the assessment of safety and operational risks within an overall scoping methodology for adversary-centric security testing in OT environments. Within this framework, we also propose a hybrid testing model derived from the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture and the Defense in Depth model to identify and quantify safety and operational risk at a per-layer level, separating high and low-risk layers and being subsequently used for defining the rules of engagement. As a result, this framework can aid vendors and clients in appropriately scoping adversary-centric security tests so that depth-of-testing is maximised while minimising the risk to safety and to the operational process. The framework is then evaluated through a qualitative study involving industry experts, confirming the framework’s validity for implementation in practice.

Artificial intelligence in cybersecurity: Protecting national infrastructure: A USA review

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in the field of cybersecurity, playing a pivotal role in safeguarding national infrastructure. This review focuses on the application of AI technologies within the context of the United States, examining their efficacy in fortifying critical systems against evolving cyber threats. The paper delves into various AI-driven cybersecurity strategies, ranging from anomaly detection and predictive analysis to threat intelligence and automated response mechanisms. The integration of AI in cybersecurity not only enhances the speed and accuracy of threat detection but also addresses the dynamic nature of cyber threats. The specific AI technologies employed in the United States, including machine learning, natural language processing, and neural networks, highlighting their contributions to bolstering the resilience of national infrastructure are also examined. Furthermore, the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the widespread adoption of AI in cybersecurity are assessed. It discusses the need for robust regulatory frameworks to govern the deployment of AI in sensitive domains and emphasizes the importance of collaboration between government agencies, private enterprises, and research institutions to foster innovation and address emerging threats. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of AI in cybersecurity within the United States, emphasizing its significance in protecting critical national infrastructure. By exploring technological advancements, challenges, and ethical considerations, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on leveraging AI to safeguard against the ever-evolving landscape of cyber threats.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ПІДГОТОВКИ ФАХІВЦІВ У СФЕРІ ЗАХИСТУ КРИТИЧНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ: КОМПЕТЕНЦІЇ ВИПУСКНИКІВ ТА ЗМІСТ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН

Background . The Law of Ukraine "On Critical Infrastructure" defines the task of ensuring the security and resilience of critical infrastructure. The practice of implementation of the Law provisions shows the need to introduce a system of education and training of personnel in this area. The observed tendencies of increasing of the range of threats to critical infrastructure, in particular during armed conflict, only emphasize the urgency of raising the level of knowledge and skills of personnel in this area. The purpose of the article is to review potential formats of education and identification of fields of knowledge and specialties within which it is appropriate to reflect issues of critical infrastructure protection in the educational process. Among the important tasks of the article are: a review of research on the problems and the practice of implementation of the educational process in this field, an analysis of legislative and organizational opportunities for the introduction of educational programs, a review of higher education standards and programs, identification of basic competencies of graduates and program results of studies in this area. Methods . There were used methods of theoretical-methodological and comparative analysis for the developing conceptual approaches to the organization of education process on the issues of security and resilience of critical infrastructure. The system-functional analysis of the tasks of the subjects responsible for critical infrastructure protection was used to determine the fields of knowledge and specialties in which it is appropriate to train specialists. Methods of system analysis to form a list of program results of training in this area. Results . The article proposes a methodical approach to determining the necessary competencies, knowledge and skills of the personnel of the subjects of the national system of critical infrastructure protection. The list of specialties in which it is expedient to train specialists by higher education institutions of Ukraine has been defined. A set of competencies and program learning outcomes have been developed, which could serve as basic for developing educational standards and educational programs. A set of educational disciplines is offered that can be a component of the educational process in selected specialties. Conclusions . The article substantiates the legislative conditionality and scientific and practical relevance to establish the system of specialists training in the field of critical infrastructure protection. Though, the training system can cover various forms and methods of training, at the current stage of development of the national critical infrastructure protection system of Ukraine, it is advisable to introduce separate educational programs within the framework of existing educational programs of defined set of specialties. There has been developed the competencies and program outcomes for graduates. A set of educational disciplines that can be a component of the educational process in selected specialties is also proposed. In future, it is necessary to continue research on the development of specific educational programs on the security and resilience of critical infrastructure for various specialties.

COUNTERTERRORISM SECURITY OF THE STATE IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT

The article analyzes previous research and highlights the features of the counterterrorism security of the state as a component of the national security system.
 The article aims at identifying problems with ensuring counterterrorism security during the Russian Federation's war against Ukraine, analyzing Ukrainian legislation in this area, and outlining the ways of forming the counterterrorism security system of the state in the current context.
 The biggest terrorist threat to Ukraine is the large-scale armed aggression by the Russian Federation and the hybrid war, which aims not only to occupy certain territories of Ukraine but also to completely eliminate Ukrainian statehood. This war widely employs terrorist methods including the intimidation and killing of civilians, the use of powerful weapons against populated areas, and the destruction of critical civilian infrastructure.
 The problems above call for a comprehensive reconsideration of the counterterrorism security of the state, given the need to significantly enhance the protection of possible sites of terrorist attacks and to fulfill the tasks of implementing the national security priorities under the 2020 National Security Strategy of Ukraine Human Security Equals the Country’s Security.
 The perpetration of terrorist acts by the Russian Federation against the national critical infrastructure has become a striking challenge for Ukraine, the consequences of which are difficult to overestimate. During the armed aggression, the Ukrainian state has been confronted with new types of terrorist activities, in particular, psychological and nuclear terrorism. All this requires strengthening the counterterrorism capacities for protecting critical infrastructure and other targets of terrorist attacks, primarily through practical and research-based approaches to the counterterrorism security of the state.
 Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that there is a need to significantly enhance the institutional strengthening of the national counterterrorism system and to revise Ukrainian legislation in this area. The article outlines interrelations between counterterrorism security and other components within the national security system of Ukraine, including security of the state, military security and defense, public security, cybersecurity, nuclear and radiation security, etc. The authors propose to establish an effective system of counterterrorism security of the state, primarily with respect to improving its legislative basis, which calls for the development of the Counterterrorism Strategy in Ukraine that would become the foundation of state policy in countering terrorism.

REVIEW OF CYBERSECURITY STRATEGIES IN PROTECTING NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE USA

This review analyses cybersecurity methods in the USA, focusing on protecting national infrastructure, with lessons and implications for global cybersecurity practices. In an era dominated by digital interconnectedness, the protection of national infrastructure from cyber threats is of paramount importance. This paper provides a comprehensive review of cybersecurity strategies employed by the United States to safeguard critical national infrastructure. As the nation's reliance on technology continues to grow, so does the complexity and sophistication of cyber threats. The paper examines key frameworks, policies, and initiatives implemented by the USA to fortify its critical infrastructure against cyber-attacks. It outlines the current threat landscape, the evolving nature of cyber threats and the potential consequences of successful attacks on critical sectors such as energy, transportation, and finance. It also analyzes the strategic approaches adopted by the USA, including the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, and collaborative efforts between the public and private sectors. The paper explores the role of government agencies, regulatory bodies, and private enterprises in implementing and enforcing cybersecurity measures. It assesses the effectiveness of information sharing initiatives, public-private partnerships, and international collaborations in enhancing the resilience of national infrastructure against cyber threats. Furthermore, the review addresses emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in the context of cybersecurity. It evaluates how these technologies are leveraged to detect, prevent, and respond to cyber threats in real-time, considering both their benefits and potential risks. Ethical considerations, privacy concerns, and challenges associated with the implementation of robust cybersecurity strategies are also discussed. The paper concludes with insights into the evolving nature of cyber threats and recommendations for continuous improvement in national cybersecurity strategies, emphasizing the need for agility, adaptability, and collaboration to stay ahead of an ever-changing threat landscape. This study contributes to the broader understanding of cybersecurity practices, offering insights that are not only relevant to the USA but also applicable to other nations facing similar challenges in safeguarding their critical infrastructure in an increasingly interconnected and digital world.
 Keywords: Cybersecurity, Strategies, Protecting, National Infrastructure, USA, NIST, Artificial Intelligence.