National Army Research Articles

Formation of the TNI Cyber Force: A Strategic and Policy Analysis

The increasing cyber threats in Indonesia require strengthening the country's defense strategy. This study focuses on the formation of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) Cyber Force as part of efforts to strengthen the country's cyber security in facing increasingly complex threats. The purpose of this study is to analyze the policy and strategy for the formation of the TNI Cyber Force and evaluate the synergy between institutions, especially with the National Cyber ​​and Crypto Agency (BSSN). This study uses a qualitative method with a secondary data analysis approach, including reports from Fortinet, AwanPintar.id, and national policy documents related to cybersecurity. The research findings show that the TNI Cyber Force has a crucial role in protecting Indonesia's critical infrastructure from the threat of botnets, ransomware, and other cyber-attacks. The synergy between the TNI and BSSN is key to building an effective cyber defense system. Although there has been an increase in cyber readiness, this study found that challenges still exist, including in terms of human resources and the technology used. In conclusion, the formation of the TNI Cyber Force is an important step in dealing with cyber threats, but there needs to be further strengthening in cross-sector coordination and adoption of the latest technology.

Harmonization of the Authority to Investigate Indonesian National Army Personnel Who Commit Corruption

This study aims to analyze the legal implications of disharmony of authority between the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the Indonesian National Army Military Police Center (Puspom TNI) in investigating corruption perpetrators from military personnel as well as the ideal formulation in the investigation of corruption cases from the perspective of the principle of equality before the law in the future. This research is normative juridical research that uses both the statutory and conceptual approaches. This study concludes two things. First, the resolution of the disharmony of authority between the KPK and Puspom TNI in the 2002 KPK Law, the Military Justice Law, and the TNI Law is that the legislators harmonize the regulatory material, submit a request for judicial review of the law in the Mahkamah Konstitusi, and apply the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generalis. Second, the ideal formulation for the future is to revise the Military Justice Law and the TNI Law, which specifically regulates TNI soldiers who commit military crimes only. If a soldier commits a corruption crime, the Corruption Court will resolve the case without distinguishing the perpetrator's military or civilian status.

Troops Preparation Policy On A World Peace Mission

Indonesia’s involvement in peacekeeping missions has long been a key part of its foreign policy, contributing to world peace as outlined in Republic of Indonesia Law Number 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations. This study aims to analyze the government's policy implementation regarding troop preparation for world peace missions, particularly in relation to Indonesia's role as a Troops Contributing Country (TCC) to the United Nations (UN). The research utilizes a qualitative descriptive approach to understand the intricacies of the troop preparation process through George Edward III's policy implementation model, which emphasizes the importance of disposition, communication, resources, and bureaucracy. Data were collected through document analysis, interviews, and observation of relevant practices in Indonesian military operations. The findings highlight that the personnel selection process for peacekeeping missions is highly structured, requiring compliance with rigorous standards set by both the Indonesian government and the UN. The pre-deployment training, supervised by the TNI (Indonesian National Army) Headquarters, ensures that selected personnel are adequately prepared for their assignments. This comprehensive preparation includes mental and physical readiness, as well as the necessary technical and language skills. The results also emphasize the importance of strong inter-agency coordination, particularly between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to ensure the success of these missions. Furthermore, the study reveals that budgetary and resource constraints remain significant challenges in sustaining peacekeeping operations. In conclusion, Indonesia's contribution to global peacekeeping missions underscores the nation's commitment

Optimalisasi Pengawasan Bidang Pertahanan dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Transparansi Pada Sistem Pertahanan Negara

This study is motivated by the government's efforts to realize ideal national defense management by means of transparent supervision and control by a relevant government institution. Because, in the government environment, maladministration, and violations of laws and regulations are still found. The purpose of this research is to comprehensively understand external supervision in the national defense system, the formation of effective supervisory mechanism regulations, internal supervision in the national defense system, and reform of national defense institutions. The research method used is a descriptive analysis approach through literature study. Based on the results of the discussion, it is found that in organizing a good defense system, it is necessary to optimize the control mechanism by conducting effective supervision. This supervision is carried out by government agencies, both the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia, the Inspectorate General within the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia and the Indonesian National Army

Does the Indonesian National Army develop democracy and human rights? a comparative perspective

Does the Indonesian National Army develop democracy and human rights? a comparative perspective

The Role of Motivation, Work Discipline and Work Environment and Their Influence on the Performance of the Air Force

Efforts to improve the performance of members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Maintenance Depot (Depohar) 60 Iswahjudi Magetan Air Base require proper processing of human resources to achieve the desired performance in line with expectations. This research aims to analyze the influence of motivation, work discipline and work environment on the performance of Indonesian National Army Air Force members at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base Magetan, either simultaneously or partially. This research also wants to analyze which variables, such as motivation, work discipline, and work environment, influence the performance of members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan. The type of research used is explanatory research. The research population was all members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan, namely 40 members. Considering that the population is a manageable 0size, census research is used. Namely, all members of the first 60 officers in Depohar will be research respondents. The analysis method uses multiple linear regression and hypothesis testing. The research results show that motivation, work discipline and work environment affect the performance of the first officer members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan, both simultaneously and partially. Furthermore, this research identified that the work environment had a dominant influence on the performance of Indonesian National Army Air Force members at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan. The benefit of this research is that it can be used as input for practitioners so that they can find out how members' attitudes towards motivation variables, work discipline and work environment affect performance and can also be used as a reference in carrying out strategic steps in order to improve member performance.

Physical Fitness in the Armed Forces: A Comprehensive Study of International Assessment Practices

The aim of this study is to thoroughly examine the physical fitness assessment methods used in the armed forces of various countries and to evaluate the physical fitness criteria necessary for military personnel to maintain their operational capabilities and overall health. Within the scope of the research, physical fitness assessment tests used in the armed forces of 17 countries, including the United States, Germany, Australia, Austria, the Czech Republic, China, Finland, France, Georgia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Israel, Sweden, Latvia, Russia, and Turkey, were examined. It was observed that the tests aim to determine the soldiers' muscle strength, aerobic capacity, endurance, and overall physical fitness status. Additionally, it was found that while the physical fitness test and evaluation criteria applied by these countries vary, their fundamental purposes in practice are similar. Research has shown that maintaining physical fitness levels results in increased resilience of soldiers against problems and difficulties they may face in combat conditions, contributing to operational success. In this context, it is of great importance for national armies to continue and enhance their physical fitness programs. Moreover, it is essential to systematically review and update physical fitness test evaluations in accordance with scientific advancements, which will contribute to varying operational requirements in the armies. In conclusion, maintaining and improving physical fitness levels is a critical factor for the operational success of soldiers. Therefore, it should be regularly monitored and enhanced. This research aims to emphasize the importance of physical fitness test evaluations applied in national armies and contribute to the development of related studies. By sharing the practices implemented, it aims to take significant steps internationally towards enhancing soldiers' physical capacities.

The Role of TNI (Indonesian National Army) in Countering Trans-national Crimes

The Role of TNI (Indonesian National Army) in Countering Trans-national Crimes

Potential of the Indonesian Navy in Protecting Maritime Border Areas: Measurement through Mahan's Theory

Indonesia as an archipelagic country has open sea areas and the existence of the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane (ALKI) which can create vulnerabilities to various possible maritime threats. The country of Indonesia, most of which is territorial waters, requires a strong Navy to maintain security and the country's territorial boundaries. The aim of this research is to see the potential of the Indonesian National Army Navy through Mahan's Theory. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The data collection technique in this research was carried out through searching secondary data obtained from books, articles, news, comments and government publications. The results of this research indicate that there must be an increase in the Indonesian Navy and modernization of Alusista must also be carried out.

Application of Strategic Management Through Military Leadership

The Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) unit has specific duties as mandated by Law No. 34 of 2004. Soldiers are expected to adhere to values derived from the nation's military doctrine, encapsulated in the Sapta Marga, the Soldier's Oath, and the 8 Obligations of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Essential qualities for soldiers include loyalty to superiors, decisiveness, discipline, and responsibility towards their duties. The Indonesian National Armed Forces organizational structure is permanent and non-profit, which limits social interactions among soldiers, particularly those from different units or ranks. There are no specific guidelines for leadership styles at different rank levels, leading leaders to rely on the organizational culture established during military training. According to Wawan (2020), leadership in the military, underpinned by organizational culture values, motivates soldiers to improve their performance. Leaders play a critical role in applying organizational culture by making decisions based on Indonesian National Armed Forces doctrines. The responsibilities of officers within the Indonesian Army (TNI AD) evolve with their rank. Career development is determined by rank following the completion of general development education (Dikbangum), which involves rigorous selection processes evaluating various aspects supporting the required skills and competencies for higher ranks. Proportional stratified random sampling was used among officer students in Dikbangum for Secapa, Selapa, Sesko Indonesian National Armed Forces, and Seskoad. The study included 640 respondents: 111 from Secapa, 278 from Selapa, 190 from Seskoad, and 61 from Sesko Indonesian National Armed Forces. Research findings indicate that leadership positively affects soldier performance through organizational culture and work motivation within the Indonesian National Army. However, data from the overall sample revealed a negative impact of work motivation on soldier performance, both directly and through leadership roles incorporating work motivation elements. This negative effect is attributed to age, rank, job responsibility, and unit type differences among the research subjects in each cluster group. The study on officer students undergoing general development education in 2023 within the Indonesian National Army shows that leadership directly influences soldier performance, positively affects work motivation, and impacts organizational culture. Leadership also affects performance through work motivation and organizational culture. Leadership approaches at different rank levels have positively influenced soldiers' responses, enabling them to perform their duties effectively in accordance with directives from higher units, such as MABES Indonesian National Armed Forces.

Calculation of Pension Funds for TNI Group IIIA Using the Individual Level Premium Method

Prosperity in retirement is one of the important aspects to achieve in the career path of every individual, including the Indonesian National Army (TNI) which relies on pension funds as a source of post-retirement income. Pension funds manage programs that promise financial benefits to participants after they retire. In this context, the study aims to present the calculation of pension funds for TNI class IIIA using the Individual Level Premium method. This method allocates the total pension benefit equally each year. As a result, it is found that the Individual Level Premium method provides a greater pension benefit value than the benefit value using the proportion of salary from ASABRI. This shows that this method is effective in calculating retirement benefits.

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Bagi Anggota TNI Yang Menjual Amunisi Ke KKB Papua Terhadap Disparitas Putusan Pengadilan Yang Berbeda

Introduction: The misuse of ammunition by Indonesian National Army personnel by selling to Separatist Armed Criminal Groups in Papua is an important concern for Indonesian National Army leaders and emphasis from the upper command if there are Indonesian National Army personnel who misuse firearms and ammunition to be processed in accordance with applicable law.Purposes of the Research: Analyse and formulate the criminal liability for Indonesian National Army members who sold ammunition to Papuan KKB separatists against the disparity of different court decisions.Methods of the Research: Normative legal research. The research approach is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials through literature studies and then analysed through perspectives using qualitative methods.Results of the Research: Criminal liability for a defendant, especially in the case of misuse by selling ammunition to the Separatist Armed Criminal Groups in Papua against different verdicts (disparity of verdicts) must be seen from a legal point of view and standards applicable in the military, in the context of the Indonesian National Army selling ammunition to the Separatist Armed Criminal Groups or to Separatist Armed Criminal Groups sympathisers must get a fair legal process and the decision is based on the evidence presented in accordance with the legal facts. Although the legal process in court must run fairly and objectively, it is possible that court decisions can be different in the same case and the same article.

INTERNAL CONTROL ON MILITARY ASSETS ACCORDING TO MILK AL-DAULAH IN ISLAMIC ECONOMIC LAW

This article aims to examine the internal control system of national military assets in Indonesia at the Kuta Alam Banda Aceh barracks, reviewed according to the concept of milk al-daulah. The approach taken by the author is a juridical-empirical study. The research findings indicate that to address issues in the internal control system of assets in the Indonesian National Army (TNI) at the Kuta Alam Banda Aceh barracks, a holistic approach is required to effectively tackle existing challenges. It is crucial to update and refine the inventory process to ensure that asset data is more accurate and current. Implementing an integrated, technology-based asset management system will facilitate tracking and monitoring. Furthermore, asset maintenance should be scheduled regularly and its implementation should be ensured to prevent damage that could increase repair costs. Enhancements in surveillance technology, such as modern CCTV and access control systems, are essential to reduce the risk of theft and damage. Compliance with policies should be strengthened through intensive training and consistent enforcement to ensure procedures are properly followed. Risk management also needs improvement with more effective and proactive mitigation strategies. Additionally, the use of advanced technology can support efficiency in asset management and reporting. Transparency should be increased by providing clear and accessible reporting mechanisms, while budget management should be improved to ensure efficient allocation. Regular personnel training is important to keep their skills relevant, and routine audits and evaluations should be conducted to maintain the effectiveness of the internal control system.

Building a National Army: The Paradoxes of Civil–Military Relations in Ethiopia

The nature of civil–military relations in postconflict states where rebel groups won a civil war and built the national army anew is underappreciated and undertheorized. Drawing from a comprehensive analysis of Ethiopia’s experience of building a national army from 1991 to 2018 as a case study, this article attempts to fill this gap. The article argues that the rebel-origin of the regime and the army, the ideology underpinning the regime, and its aspiration to emerge as a hegemonic political force determine the nature of civil–military relations in a postconflict state where the rebel won the war. The article adopts a qualitative case study methodology and relies on data collected through key-informant interviews, government archives, and extensive survey of the state-owned daily newspaper, Addis Zemen. The article contributes to the body of knowledge on civil–military relations in postconflict states in general, and the study of civil–military relations in Africa in particular.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pendeteksi Kerusakan pada Bearing Kendaraan Angkut NPS 75 4x4 milik TNI Angkatan Darat Berbasis K- (Nearest Neightbor)

The Indonesian National Army (TNI) is a key element in maintaining national defense. However, challenges in the TNI's performance arise due to the need to modernize the main defense system equipment (alutsista) especially related to the condition of the NPS75 4x4 transport vehicle. One of the problems that often occurs is damage to wheel bearings, which can threaten personnel safety. Traditional methods such as listening to the sound of the engine and carrying out a physical inspection have been used before, but with the development of electronic technology, automatic devices can be created that monitor the condition of vehicle bearings using vibration detection. In this research, we propose the use of the Wemos D1 Mini which is connected to the driver's mobile phone via a WiFi network. This device uses the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) method to classify damage to bearings based on learning data. The aim is to assist in automatically detecting and classifying bearing damage categories on NPS75 4x4 transport vehicles, so that timely and targeted maintenance actions can be taken.

Efforts to Develop TNI Defense Equipment Technology to Support National Defense Posture

The increasing complexity of global security threats and challenges is the result of technological developments, geopolitical dynamics, changes in the strategic environment, as well as the evolution of potential enemy tactics and strategies. In the midst of this dynamic, the TNI (Indonesian National Army) is faced with increasingly complex tasks to maintain the country's security and sovereignty. The TNI must continue to innovate and develop defense equipment technology that is in line with national defense needs. This research aims to see what the ideal defense posture of the Republic of Indonesia is, the current condition of Indonesia's defense equipment technology in facing these threats, and what gaps must be filled regarding the development of defense equipment technology that is in accordance with the country's ideal defense posture. This research uses qualitative research methods with data collection in the form of literature study. The research results show that the development of defense equipment technology does not only involve the modernization of military equipment, but also collaboration with the technology industry and investment in research and development.

The Urgency of Financial Literacy in Hajj Funds Management for Indonesian Muslims

It was not widely known by the public that the cost of performing the hajj exceeded the predetermined Cost of the Hajj Travel (Biaya Perjalanan Ibadah Haji/BIPIH) set by the government. Although the government plays a role in subsidizing the cost of pilgrimage organizing (Biaya Penyelenggaraan Ibadah Haji/BPIH), the actual calculation is never shared with the public, leaving many in the dark. Indonesian Muslims must be educated about the importance of financial literacy. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Hajj, shedding light on the Muslim perspective in Indonesia regarding Hajj and its management. This comprehension will empower the community to approach matters with reason and facilitate their involvement in monitoring the management of Hajj funds. The concept of Hajj's financial literacy aims to address the communication gap in managing Hajj funds. The proposed solution is continuous education and stimulation actions that functioned in fostering a sense of novelty and raising public trust in the community. The Ministry of Religion, the Ministry of Education, and community-accessible institutions such as the police (e.g., Babinsa) and Indonesian National Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia/TNI), as well as religious leaders, mass organizations, and other members of society, should work together to shift society's mindset.

FORMATION OF CORPORATE CULTURE OF OFFICERS: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The article analyzes various perspectives on the formation of corporate culture. The purpose of the article is to review foreign scientific research in the context of the formation of corporate culture in military organizations. Among the analyzed sources are both fundamental works and works of modern authors describing the current state of affairs in the armed forces of Western countries. To achieve the defined goal and fulfill the tasks, theoretical research methods were applied – analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific sources, in which the definitions of “corporate culture” and “organizational culture” were determined and the state of their formation in the armed forces of different countries was described. The results of research. It is observed that foreign researchers often conflate the concepts of “corporate culture” and “organizational culture”. The majority of scholars focus their studies on organizational culture, with leadership recognized as one of the most influential factors shaping it. Furthermore, the development of corporate culture is closely intertwined with societal and military unit traditions. National, historical, religious, racial, social, and gender characteristics contribute to the establishment of distinct sets of norms and traditions that serve as the foundation for the corporate culture within the armed forces. The entrenched corporate culture among officers influences their career choices, often mirroring those of their parents. However, researchers caution against the emergence of castes within military organizations, as this phenomenon can lead to the degradation of the armed forces. Emphasizing the significance of military training institutions, the article underscores their role in shaping an effective corporate culture among officers by instilling the foundational principles that guide their future activities and worldview. It has been observed that there are several common classifications of the concept of “corporate culture”. However, they can be condensed into two primary models: flexible and hierarchical. The hierarchical model delineates the roles of each participant, the extent of their responsibilities, and the modes of interaction among them. Conversely, the flexible model underscores the capacity for scalability, adaptation, and rapid response to changes in external conditions. Additionally, some researchers highlight that such changes may yield both negative repercussions for corporate culture and offer new opportunities for its development. Historical experience demonstrates that the corporate culture of officers is subject to ongoing evolution. Specifically, the widespread integration of modern information and communication technologies in military affairs is already reshaping both the battlefield and intra-unit relations. The analyzed publications in foreign sources indicate that most researchers identify the concepts of “organizational culture” and “corporate culture” and mostly use the first term. Many studies point to differences in the corporate culture of different countries and different eras, as well as military branches. Therefore, national traditions and certain features inherent in national armies determine the rules that shape corporate culture. It is noticeable that considerable attention is paid to the analysis of threats that exist or may arise in the future. At the same time, the authors offer their own recommendations that would prevent the development of negative effects. Conclusions. The main factor that would contribute to the increase in the effectiveness of the formation of an effective corporate culture is considered to be training in higher education institutions during the training of future officers as well as military training and training during service. Also, most researchers point to the importance of adapting to the changing conditions of the external environment, both for officers and for their corporate culture in general.

Special physical training cadets of the Non-Commissioned Officer College of the National Army Academy

Special physical training cadets of the Non-Commissioned Officer College of the National Army Academy

Reformulation of Connexity Arrangements in Corruption Cases

Corruption crimes are not only carried out by civilians, but also occur in the military, namely the TNI (Indonesian National Army). In this situation, the civil society in question is all people, both those who work in the government and those who receive wages from the state. It is said that the TNI can commit corruption because the TNI is one of the subjects of the Corruption Eradication Law. The reason reformulation efforts are needed to regulate connectivity in cases of criminal acts of corruption is that there is a specificity given because the criminal act is different from other criminal acts in general. In terms of crime, eradicating corruption must be carried out in extraordinary ways. The ideal formulation for regulating connectivity in the case of criminal acts of corruption is that the connectivity mechanism as regulated in statutory regulations is felt to have several shortcomings, including requiring a long time, so it is felt that it ignores the principles of simple, fast and low-cost justice. So in this case the investigator prefers a split examination even though the connectivity mechanism is a mechanism that can make the case handling process into a complete series of connectivity examinations that can achieve justice for perpetrators from different jurisdictions.