National Advertisements Research Articles

Radio-Lect: Spanish/English Code-Switching in On-Air Advertisements

The 2020 census reports that 61.2 million Latinxs live in the US, totaling around 19% of all residents, forming the country’s largest minority population. With the growing number of Latinxs, there has been a higher level of contact between Spanish and English leading to language mixing or code-switching (CS) in mainstream American culture. This paper examines the Spanish/English CS in radio advertisements on Los Angeles’s 96.3 La Mega, a bilingual radio station geared towards today’s youth. Using Derrick’ 2015 sentential framework for the linguistic analysis of multilingual sentences, I carry out a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the linguistic nature of the on-air bilingual advertisements. I explore both national advertisements, as well as DJ-endorsed advertisements, to discern whether they follow the patterns previously pointed out in the literature for positive consumer evaluations of Spanish/English bilingual advertisements. Furthermore, I am interested in if these advertisements are in line with the ethos of 96.3 La Mega, which prides itself on being fully bilingual. This research will shed light on the linguistic nature of contemporary strategies being used in bilingual advertisements for the US Latinx community and marketing tactics designed to encourage their consumerism.

Electrocardiographic characteristics of definite drug induced Brugada patients

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): The Robert Lancaster Memorial Fund sponsored by McColl’s Research Group British Heart Foundation. Background Clinical, electrocardiographic, and genomic factors associated with the development of the drug induced type 1 Brugada pattern (DI-T1BP), in response to sodium channel blocker provocation (SCBP) have been investigated. However, these prior analyses have mostly been concerned with the prediction of the DI-T1BP rather than the strength or validity of the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome (BrS). We sought to analyse and compare the ECG response to SCBP with Ajmaline in a cohort of healthy subjects (Healthy Controls) and clinical patients with a DI-T1BP and a Shanghai Score (ShS) >3.5 (Definite-BrS group). Methods From an existing clinical cohort of consecutive patients investigated at our centre between 2010 - 2022, we identified those with a DI-T1BP and a ShS >3.5. Respondents to a national advertisement, completed an online medical questionnaire. Those fulfilling the inclusion criteria were invited to undergo further evaluation with eligible subjects being recruited to the healthy control group. All subjects received a diagnostic AP (1mg/kg max. 100mg over 5 minutes). A continuous ECG was recorded in the standard and high right precordial lead (HRPL) position. Automated analysis of conventional and novel ECG measurements were made at baseline and at peak drug effect, which was defined as the point of maximum QRS duration (excluding precordial leads). Results One hundred healthy controls and 166 patients with definite BrS were recruited, Table 1.0. This included 51 (31%) BrS probands. In the definite BrS group, the mean pre-ajmaline ShS was 2.1 (± 0.80) and mean final ShS was 4.3 (± 0.75). In comparison to healthy controls, the time to peak drug effect was significantly earlier in definite BrS patients, 05:18 (±02:05) vs. 05:59 (± 01:20). Whilst the increase in global QRS duration was greater in the definite BrS group, ∆37.78ms (± 18.16ms) vs. ∆25.66ms (±11.98) P<0.01, the increase in PR interval was greater in the healthy control group, ∆43.36ms (±17.27ms) vs. ∆20.77ms (±31.64ms), P<0.01. Compared to the healthy controls, the definite BrS group experienced a pronounced increase in anterior ST-J point amplitude ∆27.58µV (±27.70) vs. 115.37µV(±106.41), P<0.01, respectively. In contrast, whilst there was a reduction in inferior and lateral ST-J point amplitude in the definite BrS group, healthy controls demonstrated an increase in amplitude in these regions, Table 2.0. Mean QRS area was significantly greater at peak drug effect in the definite BrS group, ∆0.14V/s (±0.31) vs. ∆-0.20 (±0.18), P <0.01, whilst T wave area showed a reduction. Conclusion In addition to the DI-T1BP patients with definite BrS experience a number of ECG characteristics that might allow for a quantitative refinement of the diagnosis.

PO-03-198 A NOVEL ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR DEFINITE DRUG INDUCED BRUGADA SYNDROME.

Clinical, electrocardiographic, and genomic factors associated with the development of the drug induced type 1 Brugada pattern (DI-T1BP), in response to sodium channel blocker provocation (SCBP) have been investigated. These prior analyses have mostly been concerned with the prediction of the DI-T1BP rather than the strength of the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome (BrS). To analyse and compare the ECG response to SCBP with Ajmaline in a cohort of healthy subjects (Healthy Controls) and clinical patients with a DI-T1BP and a Shanghai Score (SS) ≥3.5 (Definite-BrS group). From an existing clinical cohort of consecutive patients investigated at our centre between 2010 - 2022, we identified those with a DI-T1BP and a SS ≥3.5. Respondents to a national advertisement for healthy volunteers completed an online medical questionnaire. Those fulfilling inclusion criteria were invited to undergo further evaluation with eligible subjects undergoing a diagnostic ajmaline challenge. Digital ECG acquisition facilitated the development of automated measurements. A univariable analysis following by a multivariable analysis were undertaken to compare ECG characteristics between the two groups. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify ECG characteristics that accurately associated with the definite drug induced BrS patient group. Two-hundred-and-forty-eight volunteers completed an online questionnaire, 103 accepted an invitation to undergo further screening and 100 were recruited into the healthy control (HC) group including three with a DI-T1BP. From a cohort of 1241 consecutive patients undergoing ajmaline provocation, 372 had a DI-T1BP and 166 had a DI-T1BP and SS ≥3.5. Of the ECG characteristics investigated, ajmaline induced changes (delta) in precordial QRS area (mv/ms), Anterior STJ point amplitude (μV) and S wave duration in lead II (ms), were independent predictors of definite BrS, Table 1.0. A model incorporating these 3 ECG characteristics was an outstanding discriminator with an area under the curve of 0.937 [95% confidence interval 0.907 – 0.966], P<0.01, Figure 1. This novel predictive model demonstrates excellent discrimination between patients with definite BrS and healthy controls. Further refinement of this model in clinical patients with DI-T1BP and SS <3.5 will identify additional clinical characteristics that can be incorporated into a clinical-ECG diagnostic model.

A game theoretic approach to sustainable freight transportation: Competition between road and intermodal road–rail systems with government intervention

Sustainable freight transportation is a logistics approach that provides affordable services to consumers where environmental, economic, and social sustainability dimensions are concerned. Governments usually improve sustainability dimensions in freight transportation by imposing taxes on transportation systems. Therefore, they should extend their knowledge on interactions between sustainability dimensions and how their interventions affect each dimension. In this regard, we analyze competition between two freight transportation systems in the context of government intervention. These systems include road and intermodal road–rail transportation modes, where the latter is regarded as an environmentally sustainable mode. A sequential game is addressed to analyze the duopoly competition. In the upper level, a government, as a Stackelberg leader, imposes taxes on fuel usage based on environmental, economic, and social concerns. In the lower level, a Nash game is developed to analyze price competition in the transportation market. Our analyses reveal that: (a) Given a fixed level of the consumers' loyalty to their specific transportation systems, economic and social sustainability are consistent with each other, while they conflict with environmental sustainability. (b) Economic risks increase economic sustainability requested by the transportation systems. Such a relationship and the mentioned conflict between environmental and economic sustainability imply that a reduction of economic risks by the government indirectly contributes to environmental sustainability. (c) An increase in the consumers' loyalty simultaneously improves the three sustainability dimensions. (d) The energy efficiency improvements of the transportation systems may pose adverse environmental and social effects, called the rebound effects. Moreover, government intervention effectively eliminates such rebound effects. (e) Government support for the service enhancement of the intermodal system, combined with the national advertisement of this system, may exempt the government from subsidy payment.

Development of an Outcome Measure of Observable Signs of Health and Well-Being in Infants With Orofacial Clefts.

To develop an outcomes instrument that assesses observations that can be reliably reported by caregivers and can be used to assess health of infants with a cleft lip or cleft lip and cleft palate (CL±P) and impacts of treatments. Cross-sectional, mixed methods study. Caregivers and health-care providers were recruited from 3 academic craniofacial centers and national advertisements. Most interviews were conducted by telephone, and surveys were completed online. Caregivers had a child less than 3 years of age with CL±P and spoke either English or Spanish. Health-care providers were members of a cleft team. Caregivers (n = 492) and health-care professionals (n = 75) participated in at least one component of this study. Caregivers and health-care providers participated in tasks related to instrument development: concept elicitation for items within relevant health domains, prioritization of items, and item review. We identified 295 observations of infant well-being across 9 health areas. Research staff and specialists evaluated items for clarity, specificity to CL±P, and responsiveness to treatment. Caregivers and health-care providers rated the resulting list of 104 observations and developed the final instrument of 65 items. In this phase of development of the Infant with Clefts Observation Outcomes (iCOO) instrument, items were developed to collect caregiver observations about indicators of children's health and well-being across multiple domains allowing for psychometric testing, sensitivity to changes associated with treatment, and documentation of the effects of treatment.

Healthcare advertisement (promotion) – ethical and legal issues - Applicability of Indian laws - An analysis

Advertising is a form of Communication meant to entice and persuade the audience to buy a product/service offered by the communicator. Advertising has become the important way of reaching the consumers. Consumers are faced with numerous advertisements in everyday life either for product/service in print media, electronic/digital media and so on and so forth. This has become a difficult task for the promoters of the product/service as well the consumers who are in need of product/service. In India presently no central statutory agency or uniform legislature to regulate advertising industry; and advertising market is regulated and controlled by a statutory body such as Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI), and advertising agencies should comply with all local and national advertisement laws that are prevailing in the country, for the time being in force. Healthcare globalization and with the advent of corporate culture in healthcare, advertisement has taken multidimensional change. In addition to journal laws healthcare advertisement attracts other laws also and liable for civil/criminal prosecution, because it relates to Human beings. This review article made an attempt to study the advertising flaws and the remedial measures with respect to Indian Laws in particular in healthcare sector. Suggestions are made with respect to healthcare laws which are now having their loop holes for the healthcare sector people to come over successfully from the clutches of laws and how to plug them and also some other suggestions that make the healthcare sector more responsible in their promotional campaign.

Rehoming of pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Sweden: an investigation of national advertisement

AbstractRabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are popular companion animals, yet there has been little research into rabbits kept as pets in Sweden. Many rabbits that are rehomed are done so via personal contacts rather than through animal shelters. The purpose of this study was to provide a picture as to why rabbit owners rehome their pets and to what extent this is done in Sweden. There were 505 rabbits put up for rehoming through a large Swedish advertisement site during the winter of 2012/2013. The most commonly stated reasons for trying to rehome rabbits were ‘Lack of time’ (35.8%), ‘Owners are moving’ (16.6%) and ‘Allergies’ (13.2%). The mean age of the rabbits was 17.6 months and most rabbits were put up for sale for a price of between €11.1 and €55. Requests about the new home were mentioned in 46.8% of the adverts and the majority of the comments described the type of home needed for the rabbit. Reasons for relinquishing rabbits were similar to those found in other studies and the number of rabbits with behavioural problems was very low (0.9%). We conclude that a number of rabbits in Sweden are experiencing rehoming and the effect of this on their welfare should be further investigated.

Coping with psychotic-like experiences without receiving help from mental health care. A qualitative study

This study describes the ways in which people with psychotic-like experiences without mental health care manage to achieve successful lives. The qualitative study, which used a grounded-theory approach combined with elements of narrative research, draws on interviews with 18 individuals who were recruited through a self-selection strategy via a national advertisement. The frequency of participants’ psychotic-like symptoms was comparable to that of patients who receive mental health treatment for psychosis; however, participants experienced lower levels of distress. The results provide insight into the variety of strategies and interpretative frameworks participants develop to create and to maintain self-defined successful lives while coping with psychotic-like experiences. Experiential knowledge from people outside care settings can be helpful in the development of more sophisticated activities, ideas, and discussions within the international recovery movement.

Facebook likes and Sport Brand Image: An Empirical Examination of the National Advertising Division’s Coastal Contacts’ Decision

Eighty-six percent of companies surveyed in the 2013 Social Media Examiner Report indicated that they were using social media for marketing purposes. Similarly, many sport brands are also incorporating social media in their marketing strategies. Like-gating, the process of offering consumers a benefit in exchange for liking their Facebook pages, is a popular method brands use to connect with consumers through Facebook. The National Advertising Division (NAD), a dispute resolution agency for claims related to national advertisements, recently determined that Facebook likes and the number of likes are a form of social endorsement and advised marketers that Facebook likes should be genuine endorsements for the brand. This study tested whether the NAD’s concerns were justified, and thus warranting additional regulatory action by the NAD, by examining whether the number of Facebook likes for a sport brand creates an endorsement effect, thus influencing brand image and consumer purchase intention. The results indicated a strong relationship between the number of Facebook likes, a consumer’s perception of the brand, and likelihood of purchase.

"When pirates feast … who pays?" condoms, advertising, and the visibility paradox, 1920s and 1930s.

For most of the 20th century, the condom in the United States was a cheap, useful, but largely unmentionable product. Federal and state statutes prohibited the advertising and open display of condoms, their distribution by mail and across state lines, and their sale for the purpose of birth control; in some states, even owning or using condoms was illegal. By the end of World War I, condoms were increasingly acceptable for the prevention of sexually transmitted disease, but their unique dual function--for disease prevention and contraception--created ongoing ambiguities for sellers, consumers, and distributors as well as for legal, political, health, and moral leaders. Not until the 1970s did condoms emerge from the shadows and join other personal hygiene products on open drugstore and supermarket shelves and in national advertisements. Then came the 1980s and AIDS when, despite the rise of Ronald Reagan, the radical right's demonization of condoms, and the initial reluctance of condom merchants to market to gay constituencies, the HIV/AIDS epidemic slowly but inexorably propelled the condom to the top of the prevention agenda. The condom's journey from lewd device to global superstar was fitful, but colorful. The Comstock Act of 1873, prohibiting birth control information and devices, created a vast underground operation--periodically illuminated, however, by arrests, protests, legal proceedings, and media coverage. This essay chronicles one such moment of illumination: the legal battle in the 1920s and 1930s over the legitimacy and legality of the Trojan Brand condom trademark and the unusual series of advertisements produced by the Youngs Rubber Corporation, makers of Trojans, to dramatize the ethical and economic issues of the trademark battle. Culminating in Youngs Rubber Corporation v. C.I. Lee & Co., Inc. (45 F, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 103 [1930]), this landmark case in trademark law established the right of the Trojan Brand condom, despite its ambiguous dual function, to the protection of a federal trademark. I seek to show how the Youngs antipiracy ad series illuminates the paradox of visibility by illuminating the paradox of any binary division: to establish the one depends inevitably on invoking or making visible--even if to suppress--the other. This essay is a case study in the negotiation of such a dialectic.

Exposure to Food Advertising on Television Among US Children

To examine exposure to food advertising on television (TV) among children aged 2 through 11 years. Weighted examination of the distribution of national advertisements (ads) using TV ratings data. National ads from 170 top-rated TV shows viewed by children aged 2 through 11 years from September 1, 2003, through May 31, 2004. Sample of 224,083 ads. Television nonprogram content time was assessed across 6 mutually exclusive categories that included food products, non-fast food restaurants, fast food restaurants, other products, public service announcements, and TV promotions. Food advertising was assessed according to 7 food categories--cereal, snacks, sweets, beverages, fast food restaurants, non-fast food restaurants, and other food products--and then examined across more detailed categories. In 2003-2004, 27.2% and 36.4% of children's exposure to total nonprogram content time and product advertising, respectively, was for food-related products. Similar distributions were found by race. Cereal was the most frequently seen food product, making up 27.6% of all food ads. Comparisons with previous studies suggest that, over time, food ads account for a smaller share of the product ads seen by US children. Children aged 2 through 11 years are exposed to a substantial amount of food advertising through TV, but the dramatic increase in childhood obesity rates during the past few decades was not mirrored by similar changes in food advertising exposure. However, we found evidence of a very recent (2000-2005) upward trend in the amount of exposure to food advertising on TV among US children.

Genetic Signatures of Coancestry within Surnames

Surnames are cultural markers of shared ancestry within human populations. The Y chromosome, like many surnames, is paternally inherited, so men sharing surnames might be expected to share similar Y chromosomes as a signature of coancestry. Such a relationship could be used to connect branches of family trees, to validate population genetic studies based on isonymy, and to predict surname from crime-scene samples in forensics. However, the link may be weak or absent due to multiple independent founders for many names, adoptions, name changes and nonpaternities, and mutation of Y haplotypes. Here, rather than focusing on a single name, we take a general approach by seeking evidence for a link in a sample of 150 randomly ascertained pairs of males who each share a British surname. We show that sharing a surname significantly elevates the probability of sharing a Y-chromosomal haplotype and that this probability increases as surname frequency decreases. Within our sample, we estimate that up to 24% of pairs share recent ancestry and that a large surname-based forensic database might contribute to the intelligence-led investigation of up to approximately 70 rapes and murders per year in the UK. This approach would be applicable to any society that uses patrilineal surnames of reasonable time-depth.

The Recruitment of Secondary School Physical Education Teachers in England: A Gendered Perspective?

The current UK government’s concern with social inclusion in many aspects of educational policy has generated much professional debate amongst teachers in terms of what the new policy directives will mean for their practice. While this has highlighted the need to respond to pupils’ diverse learning needs, little has been said in respect of the recruitment of secondary school teachers within an all-inclusive framework. Under the provisions of the UK Education Reform Act (1988), governing bodies have increased responsibilities for all aspects of staffing, including appointments and promotion and have a legislative obligation with regard to equal opportunities both as a provider of services and as an employer. This article focuses on the recruitment of secondary school physical education (PE) teachers. Specifically, the research investigates gendered dimensions of this and assesses the extent to which secondary school employers in England use socially constructed perceptions of gender as a basis to advertise for PE staff. The article contends that secondary schools are restricting employment opportunities for male and female teachers through the vocabulary used in national advertisements and thus perpetuating gender divisions within PE.

The USA's biggest marketing event keeps getting bigger: an in-depth look at Super Bowl advertising in the 1990s

Over the last decade, US Super Bol advertising has evolved into a unique phenomenon. US advertisers love the Super Bowl because it has reached an average television audience of over 120 million US viewers for the last 10 years. This manuscript examines the popularity of Super Bowl advertising during the 1990s. Every Super Bowl advertisement aired in the USA during the 10-year period 1990-1999 was video taped and viewed. In addition, USA Today's published Super Bowl advertisement likeability results were incorporated into the analysis. A total of 454 national advertisements were examined with regard to advertisement likeability. The impact of humour, advertisement length, animals, celebrities and product category type on advertisement likeability was assessed with the help of a comprehensive Super Bowl advertisement likeability model. It was hypothesized that each of these variables would be positively related to Super Bowl advertisement likeability. The results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that all these factors except the presence of celebrities had a strong significant impact on advertisement likeability scores.Based on these findings,this paper provides advertising strategy recommendations for future Super Bowl advertisers and marketing academics.

Legal, decent, honest, and truthful

Popeye, “strong to the finish, ‘cos he eats his spinach,” and Jack Sprat, who would eat no fat (and his wife would eat no lean), seem to have inspired the Meat and Livestock Commission's campaign Meat Matters, which is aimed at consumers, health professionals, and journalists. One of the eye catching national advertisements compares the dietary iron contained in a huge tower of raw spinach on one plate and a grilled steak on the other. A great photo opportunity, but not quite the “rational” approach boasted by the commission. Although steak ranks highly among meats in iron content, spinach is not the front runner among plant sources. Indeed, Popeye might have done better to take a spoonful of black molasses since, gram for gram, molasses, cashew nuts, soya beans, wholemeal bread, and even popadums provide considerably more, and better absorbed, iron than does spinach. A more equitable approach, although less visually striking, would have compared similar portions of cooked soya …

Marginal Life after 49: A Preliminary Study of the Portrayal of Older People in Canadian Consumer Magazine Advertising

A content analysis of the national advertisements in the December 1990 editions of the ten largest circulating Canadian consumer magazines indicated that people from age 50 on were under- represented, especially women. There were no 65 and older age group and non-white representations at all. Compared with characters of the 18–49 age range, older characters were cast in less important roles, in lower-level occupations, as tending to stay at home, and being less physically active, reflecting negative stereotypic images in general. However, older characters were included in social and ‘transgenerational’ scenes and were used in advertisements promoting a variety of products and services.

Alcohol Advertising in College Newspapers: A 7-Year Follow-up

The authors report on the frequency and nature of alcohol advertisements in a representative sample of college newspapers from 1984/85 and compare these with results of a similar study conducted 7 years earlier, in 1977/78. On average, nearly 24 column inches of space per issue were devoted to national alcohol advertisements in 1984/85. This represents a significant decrease from an earlier period. The space devoted to national alcohol advertisements, however, still far exceeded that for comparison products (books, soft drinks). Local alcohol advertisements averaged 20 column inches per issue and were somewhat more frequent than in the previous study. The content of the advertisements differed markedly from the messages presented 7 years earlier. Although national alcohol advertisements in 1977/78 frequently ridiculed education and study, none did so in 1984/85, when appeals were to taste and product quality instead. Fantasy themes also were relatively common. Very few national alcohol advertisements featured athletes or group drinking. Sponsorship of campus activities by the alcohol industry, however, had increased since the earlier study. In contrast to national advertisements, many local advertisements consisted of inducements to drink through special offers and happy hours. Some encouraged irresponsible and heavy drinking. Interestingly, alcohol advertisements were just as frequent in papers from states with higher minimum drinking ages and were more frequent in papers from campuses with higher proportions of women students.

Shortage of expert system personnel in the UK — hype or reality?

Abstract: There is much conjecture in the press about the manpower shortage in the UK expert system field. Is it hype or reality? Presented here are the findings of a three‐month study which investigated the availability of jobs in this field, the types of personnel sought by employers and whether demand is currently being met. The study involved identifying and analysing all national advertisements for expert system posts over a six‐month period and undertaking follow‐up surveys involving the agencies and employers who placed the advertisements. It was concluded that the shortage of expert system personnel in the UK is neither hype nor reality. The reason for this is that although there is not a sizeable demand for expert system personnel (only 134 posts were advertised) some employers are genuinely finding it hard to fill posts.

Survey of Pharmacy Directors' Experience with Staff Vacancies and Recruitment

Hospital pharmacy directors were surveyed in September 1987 about staff pharmacist turnover, recruitment, and retention. Questionnaires were mailed to pharmacy directors at 541 hospitals in the United States. Three hundred thirty-nine questionnaires were returned (62.7% usable response rate); more than 50% of the questionnaires sent to each geographic region were completed. Only 129 respondents reported difficulty filling vacant staff pharmacist positions within the past 12 months, although 320 believed there is a pharmacist shortage. Seventy-eight reported having positions that remained unfilled for three to six months. For more than 90% of the vacant positions, two-thirds of the duties were in drug distribution. Five hundred thirty-three pharmacists were reported to have left their positions in the past 12 months; the directors said salary and working hours were the reasons most often given, and that 47.5% left to work at other hospitals and 13.1% at chain community pharmacies. National advertisements and the use of professional recruitment agencies were the recruitment methods most frequently mentioned, and salary increases, recognition through feedback from management, and participation in management decisions were the methods most commonly mentioned for retaining pharmacists. Salary was the most frequently reported reason for hospital pharmacist turnover, and nearly half of the pharmacists leaving their positions went to other hospitals.

Recruitment of institutional psychiatrists for the 50 states

We studied institutional recruitment of non-federal psychiatrists in 1979 as measured by national advertisements. Vacant positions in state mental hospitals and CMHCs are over-represented in the adverts compared to the current institutional distribution of physicians practicing psychiatry. States' per capita recruitment rates vary widely, but do not decrease linearly or exponentially with increasing abundance of psychiatrists. The percentage increase sought in institutional psychiatrists (‘recruitment intensity’), however, does decrease exponentially as institutional psychiatrists/100,000 population increase. Recruitment rates and recruitment intensity are not highly correlated with states' sociodemographic characteristics or with characteristics of their health care systems. Private sector recruitment, however, is significantly higher in states that have mandated psychiatric benefit packages in private insurance. Studies relating institutional recruitment or vacancy rates to measures of local demand for psychiatric services are needed, as well as comparisons of successful versus unsuccessful institutions. Institutional vacancies are undoubtedly affecting the quality of care, compliance with standards for reimbursement and ability to generate third-party revenues. Greater understanding of institutional recruitment is needed.