Nasal Depth Research Articles

Correlation of the Upper Nasolabial Angle With Skeletal Patterns and Nasal Morphology in Indian Adults: An Observational Study.

The upper nasolabial angle (UNLA) is an important determinant in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to assess the correlation between various skeletal parameters and nasal morphology in an Indian cohort, particularly UNLA. The secondary objectives were to evaluate sex differences in nasal morphology, optimal cut-off values of the UNLA for skeletal malocclusions, and differences in nasal morphology in different skeletal malocclusions. This retrospective study used 162 pre-treatment lateral cephalometric records of patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III relationships. Group 1 consisted of 68 skeletal Class I patients (ANB angle of 2-40), Group 2 consisted of 68 skeletal Class II patients (ANB angle > 40), and Group 3 consisted of 26 skeletal Class III patients (ANB angle of less than 20). Each group was further subdivided according to the growth pattern into low (horizontal), average, and high (vertical) growers. The angle between the sella-nasion plane and mandibular plane (SN-GoGn angle) was used to further divide the groups according to their growth pattern into a horizontal growth pattern (SN-GoGn angle < 280), an average growth pattern (SN-GoGn angle of 28-360), and a vertical growth pattern (SN-GoGn angle > 360). The study sample was also divided into males and females to assess gender differences. Spearman's correlation coefficient, multinomial logistic regression analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to obtain the optimal cut-off values for UNLA. The UNLA showed a positive correlation with the sagittal position of the maxilla and a negative correlation with the sagittal position of the mandible and palatal plane (PP) inclination angle. Statistically significant sex differences were observed in nasal length, nasal depth, and lower anterior facial height. The optimal cut-off values for the UNLA angle in the class II skeletal pattern were ≥ 200, 16-200 for skeletal class I, and ≤ 160 for skeletal class III patients. None of the skeletal and nasal parameters were reliable predictors of the skeletal pattern type. The present study showed that the UNLA increased in the skeletal class II pattern with the downward inclination of the PP. Patients with skeletal class III malocclusion had an upward-canted nasal tip.

Nasal profile changes after orthodontic tooth extraction in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion patients: A retrospective study

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate changes in the facial soft-tissue profile, especially the nose, following fixed orthodontic treatment, with or without tooth extraction, in individuals diagnosed with dental Class II malocclusion. Materials and methodsCephalometric images of 81 individuals with dental Class II malocclusion who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment were assessed before and after treatment. The participants were categorized into three groups: non-extraction; upper first premolar extraction; and four first premolar extractions. The parameters measured were: upper lip height, upper lip to E-plane, lower lip to E-plane, lower lip height, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, facial convexity, lower anterior face height, soft-tissue facial convexity, nasal tip angle, nasal bridge length, N′-nasal bridge point, nasal bone length, nasal bone angle, nasal depth, columella convexity, and nose height. ResultsWithin the upper two extraction group, there were significant increases at the start and end periods in nasolabial angle (P = 0.023), nasal depth Pr to Ac (P = 0.027), and nasal depth Pr to N-Prn (P = 0.040); and decreases in columella convexity (P = 0.010), upper lip to E-plane (P = 0.009), and nasomental angle (P = 0.009). There were significant results in comparisons between measurements based on the extraction status in the mean nasolabial angle (P = 0.011), mean columella convexity (P = 0.028), and mean lower lip to E-plane (P = 0.045). ConclusionOrthodontic treatment involving tooth extraction may potentially affect the nasolabial angle and nasal depth. During treatment planning, it is crucial to consider the potential changes that may occur to the nose and any alterations that may be needed to achieve the desired esthetic outcome.

Comparison of various nasal parameters in different anteroposterior jaw relationships and growth patterns

Introduction: Evaluation of the patient soft tissue is one of the most important considerations in the diagnosis and customized treatment plan to enhance the facial esthetics of the patient. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the nasal parameters in different anteroposterior jaw dysplasia and its association with different growth patterns and any gender dimorphism. Materials and Method: This study was conducted at the Chitwan Medical College in the Department of Orthodontics. Lateral Cephalogram of 100 patients with age ranging from 18-27 years were collected and traced manually. Various nasal parameters were then measured and descriptive statistics were performed followed by ANOVA tests to find out any statistical differences. Result: Among 100 subjects, 48 had average growth pattern, 26 had horizontal pattern, and 26 had vertical pattern. Likewise, 41 samples had skeletal class I, 39 had skeletal class II, and 20 had skeletal class III relationship. Nose length was greater in vertical growth pattern and skeletal class I. Nasolabial angle was greater in vertical growth pattern and skeletal class II. Nasal depth was greater in horizontal growth pattern and skeletal class II. Lower nose to Frankfurt horizontal angle was greater in average growth pattern and skeletal class III. All the parameters showed greater value in males with no statistically significant difference between gender. Conclusion: The present study showed that although different parameters showed variation among different malocclusions and growth pattern but it was not statistically significant.

Anthropometric Measurements of the Nose and Nose Types

Background: In this study, the purpose was to obtain normal anthropometric data of the nose, and to determine the changes in age and gender. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the nose anthropometric measurements were made with a caliper in 874 healthy individuals who were between the ages of 5 and 64, and the nose types were de-termined for adults. The individuals were divided into 8 groups as 5-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-40, and 41-64-year-old. The nasal length, nasal height, morphological nasal width, anatomical nasal width, nasal root width, nasal depth, lengths, nostril widths, face width, and face heights of the individu-als were measured; and the external nasal surface area, nasal volume, nasal index, nasofacial index, and nose-face width index were calculated. According to Martin and Sallar, the types of noses were classified in adults. The SPSS 20.0 Program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The most common type of nose was determined to be Mesorrhine. Statistically significant differ-ences were detected between the genders in all measurements except nasal depth. Statistically signifi-cant differences were detected in all groups in terms of all length and height measurements, morphologi-cal and anatomical nasal width values, external nasal surface areas, and nasal volume and indices. Conclusions: It is expected that detailed data about age-sex-related nose morphometry in our study will contribute to the creation of a database of our population. It is thought that these detailed data will be helpful in the determination of age and gender in forensic medicine, the reconstruction studies in anthro-pology, and the treatment plan and post-surgery evaluation to surgeons.

Lateral Cephalometric Analysis of Nasal Morphology in Patients Visiting Nishtar Institute of Dentistry

Nasal morphology is the keystone of facial aesthetics. Being the most prominent part of the face, the shape and position of the nose greatly influence the facial profile and nasal soft tissue thickness also plays a vital role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Objective: To evaluate the soft tissue nasal morphology in individuals presenting with different skeletal patterns such as skeletal class 1 and skeletal class 2 jaw relationship. Methods: It was Comparative Cross-sectional study conducted in Orthodontics Department of Nishtar Institute of Dentistry for the period of six months (5th Mar 2020 to 6th Jun 2021). Study sample consisted of Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 65 subjects. Age range of sampled subjects was 19-26 years (mean age 20.93). The sample was divided into two groups on basis of the Skeletal jaw relationship as class-1 and class-2. An Independent t-test was applied for evaluation of the difference in lateral nasal morphology between both groups. Results: Notable differences were found between skeletal class 1 and skeletal class 2 groups for the prominence of the mandible and Linear distance between soft tissue Pogonion and Pronasale. Considerable differences in measurements of nasal depth, nasofrontal angle, nasal tip projection angle, nasofacial angle and nasomental angle were found. Conclusions: It is concluded that nasal morphology was greatly influenced by not only the underlying skeletal jaw relationship yet other factors e.g., dentition along with soft tissue thickness were also responsible for nasal morphology differences among various skeletal patterns. Gender dimorphism also exists for various nasal features.

Relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures: does part of the nasal profile reflect some craniofacial structures?

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the nasal profile and other craniofacial structures. Lateral cephalometric images of 124 adults were collected for this purpose. Statistical analyses such as regression analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) were conducted on nasal and craniofacial anatomical parameters and their relationships. The regression analysis revealed that nasal length was related to maxillary height; nasal depth was related to the position of the maxilla and anterior cranial base length; and nasal base angle was related to upper dentoalveolar height. CCA revealed that nasal parameters (nasal length, depth, and hump) correlated more strongly with craniofacial parameters (maxillary height, anterior-posterior position of the maxilla, and maxillary length). Individuals with maxillary development curved anteriorly upwards had a straighter and smaller nasal profile, while those with maxillary development curved posteriorly downwards had a more arched and large nasal profile. The shape of the nasal dorsum was affected by the maxillomandibular rotation, while the increase in nasal base inclination was accompanied by an upward rotation of the maxillary plane, an increase in the upper dentoalveolar height, and an increase in the lower facial height. While it was observed that each nasal parameter was correlated with the underlying craniofacial structures to some extent, it was also observed that it would be more useful to evaluate the cumulative effects posed by craniofacial parameters. Various combinations of skeletal and dental structures are related to the nasal profile in varying forms and knowing these relationships will help reshape the face and provide aesthetic harmony.

An Innovative method for intraoperative guidance of nasal shape in rhinoplasty: Application of a convenient, sterilizable, patient-specific film model

3D simulation is increasingly used in rhinoplasty. However, during the operation, there is no tool to directly link the 3D simulation results with the intraoperative operation. Doctors rely on 3D simulation results only according to their intuition. Recently, the authors have discovered a simple, low-cost, and practical method for intraoperative assessment: a film model can be made according to the contour of the nose shape in its midsagittal view. The authors aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the innovative method for intraoperative assessment of nasal shape in rhinoplasty. Thirty-nine patients who underwent rhinoplasty for the first time between January 2019 and January 2021 were included in this study. All the patients confirmed ideal nasal shape based on preoperative three-dimensional photography (INOVA 3D-EX). In the guide group, procedures were based on guide of the film model and a picture of 3D simulation, and in the control group, procedures were performed based on the surgeon's intuition and a picture of 3D simulation. There were no statistical differences in basic data between the two groups before operation. Both groups showed a satisfactory correlation. Except for the columellar lobular angle, the ICC of nasal length, nasal depth, dorsum height, columella length, nasofrontal angle, nasorostral angle, and nasolabial angle were all stronger in the guide group than in the control group. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the nasal-shaped film model, which is made according to the contour of the nose shape in its midsagittal view. This approach is simple, low-cost, and practical.

Aging of the Nose: A Quantitative Analysis of Nasal Soft Tissue and Bone on Computed Tomography.

Morphologic and anatomical changes of the aging nose affect the surgical strategy of rhinoplasty in older patients, but age-related changes in noses have yet to be fully characterized. This study aimed to determine the evolution of nasal soft tissue and bone in aging noses using computed tomography. Computed tomographic images of 200 Asian patients were included. The study population was divided into two groups according to age and sex: a younger group (20 to 35 years of age) and an older group (65 to 80 years of age). Measurements of nasal soft tissue and bone on computed tomography were performed using Osirix 9.0 software. With regard to soft-tissue changes, the nasal skin and soft-tissue envelope thickness at rhinion, supratip, and nasal tip increased significantly with aging in both sexes. Increase of nasal depth and decrease of nasolabial angle were significant in both sexes. Nasal length and nasofrontal angle showed significant age-related increases in men; decrease of nasal tip angle and increase of pyramidal angle were significant in women. With regard to nasal bone changes, the bone length decreased significantly in women and the bone thickness decreased significantly in both sexes. Nasofrontal angle in men and pyramidal angle in women increased significantly. These results suggest that the aging process leads to drooping of the nasal tip, thickened nasal skin and soft tissue, and resorption of the nasal bone, providing a reference for rhinoplasty in older patients.

Which Is the Optimal Anthropometric Method for Asian Noses: Conventional Rulers, Two-Dimensional Photographs, Three-Dimensional Imaging, or Computed Tomography?

Most Asian noses have a bulbous tip, low radix, low dorsum, short columella, and thick skin envelope, which make rhinoplasty one of the most popular plastic surgery procedures among Asians. Nasal anthropomorphic measurements are required for planning and obtaining a pleasing aesthetic result in rhinoplasty.1 In addition, understanding the relative effect of individual treatments or techniques depends on accurate and objective nasal measurements. Several anthropometric methods have been applied, including conventional rulers, two-dimensional photographs, three-dimensional imaging, or computed tomography (Table 1). Table 1. - Advantages and Disadvantages of Nasal Measurement Methods Method Advantages Disadvantages Conventional rulers Accessible Imprecise, examiner-biased, unfavorable angular measurements Two-dimensional photographs Accessible, appearance record, favorable angular measurements Need to set scale manually, not applicable to the noses with low radix and alar hypertrophy Three-dimensional imaging High reliability, accuracy, time saving, low cost, no radioactivity, repeatability No tissue information, expensive imaging machine CT High reliability, accuracy, visible bone and soft tissue High cost, radioactivity CT, computed tomography. Anthropometric measurements are referenced to the standards established by Farkas et al.2 Conventional rulers, such as calipers and protractors, have proven to be time-consuming, examiner-biased, and extremely relying on patient cooperation. This is probably because of the difficulty in identifying anatomical landmarks with sufficient precision. In addition, the identification of some landmarks by individuals is somewhat subjective. As the nose is three-dimensional, it is also difficult to simulate some nasal angles, such as nasal tip angle and nasofacial angle, and measure them accurately with protractors. Two-dimensional photographs are routinely used to record changes before and after rhinoplasty. Linear measurements can be obtained using image processing software if the photographs contain a scale; otherwise, only angles can be measured. The accuracy of the measurements can be affected by many factors, such as lighting, camera angle, and distance relative to the patient. A large percentage of Asians have a low radix, and the landmarks of nasion points are not visible from lateral photographs, resulting in some nasal measurements—including nasal height, nasal length, nasofrontal angle, and nasofacial angle—not being able to be measured. Likewise, alar hypertrophy causes the subnasal points to be unrecognizable on lateral photographs and, consequently, the nasal depth and nasolabial angle cannot be measured. Three-dimensional imaging can produce high-resolution three-dimensional images by capturing and constructing topographic surface maps. Several studies have been performed using three-dimensional imaging for facial anthropometric measurements, and the method has proven to be highly accurate and reliable.3,4 Computed tomography has become an important tool for rhinoplasty because of its high efficiency to analyze and simulate nasal bone and soft tissue independently. The midsagittal images and axial images of computed tomography were used for nasal measurements previously, whereas the position of the head during the examination may affect the images. Besides, computed tomographic data can be used to generate three-dimensional images of the face to facilitate nasal measurements.5 The three-dimensional images can be moved and rotated to any view, and the nasal details can be magnified to identify the anthropometric landmarks. The scale of the three-dimensional image is defaulted by the machine with high precision, without the need to determine the scale manually as for two-dimensional photographs. Computed tomography allows precise acquisition of head tissue information, but the disadvantages of high cost and radioactivity prevent its routine use for nasal measurements. Although three-dimensional imaging can obtain only facial surface images, it is sufficient for nasal measurements. Compared to computed tomography, three-dimensional imaging has the advantages of time saving, low cost, no radioactivity, and repeatability. Overall, three-dimensional imaging is recommended for nasal measurements, especially for Asian noses. One day, three-dimensional scanning will replace direct measurements and two-dimensional photographs, because of its reliability, accuracy, repeatability, time saving, patient convenience, and low cost. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest in any of the products or devices mentioned in this article.

Cone-beam computed tomography analysis of the nasal morphology among Uyghur nationality adults in Xinjiang for forensic reconstruction

IntroductionFacial reconstruction or approximation is the procedure of rebuilding a face onto an anonymous skull to aid identification in forensic and archaeological or paleobiological cases. In the procedure of facial identification, the relationship between hard and soft tissues of the face needs to be identified. The aim of this study is to investigate the shape variability and sexual dimorphism of the nose by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and establish normal values for the nasal form among Uyghur adults. Materials and methodsA total of 258 pre-treatment CBCT images of Uyghur adults (120 males and 138 females, aged 18–30 years old) were retrospectively retrieved from orthodontic clinical data. The three-dimensional parameters of the nasal soft structures and hard structures were measured. All CBCT images were traced using Dolphin 11.95 software. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0. ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed in terms of the nasal length, nasal height, nasal depth, and nasal tip angle between the Uyghur males and females. Uyghur males had longer dorsa and increased vertical distances from the pronasale to the posterior columellar point compared with females. ConclusionsThese results suggest that gender and ethnicity must be considered when establishing normal values for the nasal form and its relationship to the other cranial structures. The clinical significance of this study is that hard and soft tissue relation data from CBCT can be useful for predicting the position of the nose. The values of the nasal form are useful for facial reconstruction and rhinoplasty.

Analysis of Facial Skeletal Morphology: Nasal Bone, Maxilla, and Mandible.

The growth and development of facial bones are closely related to each other. The present study investigated the differences in the nasomaxillary and mandibular morphology among different skeletal patterns. Cephalograms of 240 participants were divided into 3 groups based on the skeletal pattern (Class I, Class II, and Class III). The dimensions of nasomaxilla (nasal bone length, nasal ridge length, nasal depth, palatal length, and maxillary height) and mandible (condylar length, ramus length, body length, symphysis length, and entire mandibular length) were measured. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation test were used for statistical analysis. No significant differences were observed among the skeletal patterns in terms of nasal bone length, palatal length, maxillary height, or condylar length. Class II had a significantly shorter ramus, mandibular body, and entire mandibular length compared with those of Class I and Class III. Nasal ridge length exhibited a significant moderate correlated with nasal bone length (correlation coefficient: 0.433) and maxillary height (correlation coefficient: 0.535). The entire mandibular length exhibited a significant moderate correlated with ramus length (correlation coefficient: 0.485) and body length (correlation coefficient: 0.536). In conclusion, nasal and maxillary dimensions exhibited no significant difference among the 3 skeletal patterns. Mandibular body and entire mandibular lengths were significantly positively correlations with Class III skeletal patterns.

M-Shaped Auricular Cartilage as Modified Septal Extension Graft: A Study by Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Analysis in Asian Rhinoplasty.

The septal extension graft is one of the most commonly used grafts in Asian tip plasty techniques. However, the septal extension graft usually induces a hard and immobile nasal tip. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the esthetic outcomes of the modified septal extension graft with M-shaped auricular cartilage by three-dimensional anthropometric analysis. A total of 36 patients received augmentation rhinoplasty with M-shaped auricular cartilage as septal extension graft combined with silicone implant. Thirteen measurement items were evaluated using three-dimensional anthropometric techniques, and the preoperative and postoperative results were compared. The majority of patients (91.7%) were satisfied with the postoperative nasal shape. No infection, gross absorption, graft exposure, implant exposure, or implant migration was observed. Compared with the preoperative value, the nasal length, nasal height, nasal depth, nasion height, columella width, nasolabial angle, nasofrontal angle, and nasal depth-nasal width index significantly increased. The nasal width, nasal tip width, and nasal index significantly decreased. We performed tip plasty with the M-shaped auricular cartilage as modified septal extension graft, achieving a soft and mobile tip with satisfying tip projection in most patients. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Relationship of Nasal Morphology With Different Dentoskeletal Patterns: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The nose is considered by some clinicians as the keystone of facial aesthetics. A treatment plan can be customized to intensify the facial aesthetics of a patient through careful evaluation of the soft tissue drape. Hence, for getting a better outcome of the treatment plan, orthodontists are supposed to have in-depth knowledge and awareness of soft tissue changes, taking into notice the ethnic and racial variation in discrete cohorts. The objective of this study is to enlist the relationship of nasal morphology with different dentoskeletal (sagittal and vertical) patterns. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive electronic database search was performed till July 2020, of Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and ScienceDirect. Only articles published in the English language were included. After excluding all the irrelevant data through careful screening, a total of 15 articles were selected which discussed the nose–dentoskeletal pattern relation. Results and Conclusion: The nose is found to be convex in skeletal class II, straight in class I, and concave in class III. Those with increased vertical growth may have an increased tendency of a convex nasal dorsum. Maxillary and mandibular jaw length affect the nasal parameters more than the jaw position. Nasal length and nasal depth increase with the jaw length and mandibular and maxillary/palatal-plane inclination to the cranium. A long nose with increased nasal depth is expected in long faces and those with long upper and lower jaws. An upturned nose is found with an anticlockwise-rotated maxilla.

Morphometric Study of External Nose for Sex Determination and Ethnic Group Differentiation

Background: External nose is one of the anatomical structures that give a look in an individual’s face. The&#x0D; size and shape of the nose vary from one individual to another individual.&#x0D; Aim: To determine the sex based on morphometry of external nose.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 100 Malaysians and 100 South Indians of&#x0D; age group (20 to 30 years). The morphometric measurements of the external nose such as nasal length (NL),&#x0D; nasal breadth (NB), nasal height (NH), nasal depth (ND), width of columella (WC), nostril breadth (NB),&#x0D; alar length (AL) and alar width (AW) were measured using digital caliper by standard procedure.&#x0D; Results: The nasal width was found to be larger in Malaysian females as compared to that of Indian females.&#x0D; The nasal height was found to be larger in Indian males followed by Indian females and vice versa in&#x0D; Malaysian population. When compared among the population the nasal length was lengthier in Indian&#x0D; population and in Malaysian males when compared to Malaysian females. Alar length slight difference was&#x0D; found between male and female of both the population when compared on both the sides. The alar width&#x0D; was found to be more in Indian population when compared to Malaysian population. The nostril breadth was&#x0D; found to be wider in Malaysian population when compared to the Indian population.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study shows that their do exist gender difference in nasal morphometry and nasal&#x0D; index of both males and females.

Anthropometric Analysis of Nasolabial Region and Age-Related Changes in Adult Women.

The nasal and labial characteristics along with the other facial characteristics are different between races. The purpose of this study is to identify nasal and labial features of Turkish women by anthropometric measurements and indices besides to detect variances with aging. The study was conducted with total 302 women volunteers whose ages were between 19 and 85. The women included were divided into 3 groups according to their ages; respectively young (ages between 19 and 44), middle-aged (45-59) and senior (>60). By using camera footages with the IT version 3.00 software program, anthropometric measurements of the nasolabial region was performed. The mean nasal length of the included participants was measured as 38.56 ± 8.32 mm while mean nasal height was 50.05 ± 8.36 mm. Mean nasal root width was 13.24 ± 2.70 mm, mean morphological nasal width was 32.16 ± 5.80 mm and mean anatomical nasal width was 27.85 ± 4.92 mm. In addition, mean nasal depth was 19.55 ± 5.25 mm.In the middle-aged group of participants, the nasal length was more than senior group (P < 0.05). Nasal root width was increased with aging (P < 0.05). Morphological and anatomical widths of the nose were increased with aging but increase rate was lower in the senior group (P < 0.05). The nasal depth was lower in the young group in comparison with middle-aged and senior groups (P < 0.05). When nostril types were analyzed; ratios of 'teardrop', 'heart-shaped', 'annular' and 'triangular' types were 51.65%, 0.99%, 6.95%, and 40.39%, respectively. To be acquainted with facial anthropometric features and measurements of nasolabial region which varies with races and aging; would have a significant importance in view of conserving the facial ratio and esthetics in the plastic and reconstructive surgery field.

Nasomaxillary and mandibular bone growth in primary school girls aged 7 to 12 years

Background/purposeFacial bone growth manifests in primary school-aged children, especially girls. This study investigated the changes in nasomaxillary and mandibular morphology of primary school girls. Materials and methodsCephalograms of 60 primary school girls were divided into 3 groups (group I, aged 7–8 years; group II, aged 9–10 years; and group III, aged 11–12 years). The dimensions of the nasomaxilla (nasal bone length, nasal ridge length, nasal depth, palatal length, and maxillary height) and mandible (condylar length, condylar width, coronoid length, coronoid width, ramus length, body length, symphysis length, and entire mandibular length) were measured. One-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. ResultsNasal ridge length, nasal depth, and maxillary height were significantly greater in group III than in group I and group II. Condylar width and body length were significantly greater in group III than in group I and group II. Pearson's correlation revealed significant positive correlations between age and nasal ridge length, nasal depth, or maxillary height. There were also significant positive correlations between age and ramus length, body length, or entire length of the mandible. ConclusionWe found that nasal ridge length, nasal depth, maxillary height, condylar width and body length were significantly greater in group III than in group I or in group II. Moreover, there were significant correlations between age and the nasal ridge length, nasal depth, maxillary height, ramus length, body length, or entire length of the mandible.

Relevance between the facial morphology and nasal index: analysis of 210 young Han women in Henan

Objective To investigate the relationship between the facial morphology and the nasal shape for young women of Han nationality in Henan. Methods Aiming at the female conscripts in Henan province in 2016, 210 healthy young females were enrolled in this study, and their anthropometric features were measured including height, weight, total head height, physiognomic facial height, morphological facial height, upper lip height, lip height, facial width, mandibular width, mouth breadth, nasal height, nasal length, nasal depth, and width of nose. The nasal indexes were divided into 5 groups according to different facial types. And their mean and standard deviation were calculated. The differences were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. Results Among the indexes measured, there were significant differences in height, face height, shape face height, upper lip height, face width, mandibular width, head height/face width, face height/face width, shape face height/face width and nose index; P values were significant. The classification of facial types was based on the ratio of morphological surface index to area width, and the main types of the groups were mid-facial and narrow-facial types. The differences among different facial types were statistically significant (F=12.75, P<0.05). The scatter plot showed that there was a linear correlation between nasal index and facial shape. Linear regression analysis showed that the linear equation Y=135.84-75.5X (X is the ratio of morphological index to facial width, Y is the nasal index). Conclusions Nasal type is related to the face type. The linear fitting equation between morphological facial height/facial width and nasal index is Y=135.84-75.5x. These findings may enrich the external nasal database, provide reference for the correction of nasal deformity and nasal reconstruction, and direct the clinical therapy. Key words: Face; Nose; Body measurement; Han nationality; Women; Henan

When Should Pediatric Septoplasty Be Performed for Nasal Airway Obstruction?

When Should Pediatric Septoplasty Be Performed for Nasal Airway Obstruction?

Improvement of Aesthetic and Nasal Airway in Patients With Cleft Lip Nasal Deformities: Rhinoplasty With Septal Cartilage Graft and Septoplasty.

To assess the improvement of nasal morphologies and ventilation after septal cartilage graft and septoplasty of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Retrospective case-control study. Tertiary stomatology hospital. In total, 118 patients with UCLP who had been diagnosed with a secondary nasal deformity and had reconstructive rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty between 2010 and 2015. Nasal Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire, septum deviated angle, rhinoplasty satisfaction questionnaire, and 3-dimensional photographs. Average follow-up period was approximately 12 months for both groups. NOSE and 3-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT) analysis demonstrated postoperative improvement in nasal airway function of those patients who underwent rhinoplasty and septoplasty simultaneously ( P < .05). Subjective assessment by patients' visual analog scale (VAS) and objective assessment by 3-dimensional stereophotography demonstrated postoperative improvement in nasal morphologies, particularly the columella deviation angle and nasal depth (representing nasal tip height), which are crucial parameters of nasal aesthetics ( P < .05). In patients who underwent simultaneous rhinoplasty and septoplasty, nasal symmetry and ventilation function were significantly improved compared to the control group. Septum grafts could provide nasal tip support for patients with cleft lip. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry helped us to better visualize the surgical results. Although the septal cartilage of Asian patients is sometimes insufficient for simultaneous use for multiple grafts, septum grafts in rhinoplasty of patients with cleft lip nasal deformities could give support for nasal tips.

Evaluation of Nasal Proportions in Adults with Class I and Class II Skeletal Patterns: A Cephalometric Study.

AIM:The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual dimorphism in nasal proportions of Class I and Class II skeletal malocclusions in adults.MATERIAL AND METHODS:The sample comprised 120 patients (females 18 years and above and males 21 years and above), with no history of previous orthodontic treatment or functional jaw orthopedic treatment. They were divided into different groups based on point A-Nasion-point B (ANB) angle and gender. Groups I and II included 30 males and 30 females with skeletal class I malocclusion (ANB 0–4 degrees). Groups III and IV included 30 males and 30 females with skeletal class II malocclusion, respectively (ANB above 4 degrees).RESULTS:In regards to the comparison between males and females (Class I + Class II), nasal length (P < 0.001), nasal depth 1 (P < 0.001), nasal depth 2 (P < 0.001), nasobasal angle (P < 0.001), soft tissue convexity angle (P < 0.001), and nasal bone length (P < 0.008) were found to be statistically significant. Nasobasal angle was found to be significantly higher in females than in males (Class I) (P < 0.001). Nasolabial angle was prominent in class I males than in class I females (P < 0.001). Soft tissue convexity angle of Class I participants was significantly lower than that of Class II participants (P < 0.001), whereas nasobasal angle and nasomental angle of Class I participants were found to be significantly higher than that of Class II participants (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:Sexual dimorphism was found in various nasal parameters. Significant amount of differences was found in the nasal proportions of Class I and Class II (male and female) participants.