Nasal Cycles Research Articles

Dynamics and periods in the nasal cycle during night sleep by separate measurement of nostril respiration

Abstract BACKGROUND. The registration of the nasal cycle by separate measurement of breathing through the left and the right nostril appears a non-invasive method, in which the passability of the nostrils is assessed by the respiratory amplitudes of the air. OBJECTIVE. To present the dynamics and periods of the nasal cycle during night sleep using the Interface 2-Channel System Method. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The recordings demonstrate the dynamics and periods of the nasal cycle during the night sleep of a healthy volunteer. RESULTS. The patient respiratory and nasal cycle through the left and right nostril was measured separately for 10 hours. The entire record consisted of 3 large nasal cycles lasting 4.0h, 3.5h and 2.5h, separated by short awakenings, getting out of bed lasting no longer than 10 minutes. Each part was composed of smaller cycles that structure separate stages of the nasal and sleep cycles. The smallest period recorded in the nasal cycle was about 4 minutes long. Records show that the duration of the REM stage must be longer than 20 minutes to perform the nasal cycle reversal. In the presented records, the nasal cycle reversals were performed after a 30-minute duration of the REM stages. It has been found that nasal cycles can change fast (impulse change) and gradually (gradual change). The impulse change implies that the passability of only one nostril lasts for about 12 seconds, while the other nostril retains its passability. The slow gradual changes of the nasal cycle involve both nostrils and continue for about 4 minutes. Waking up and getting up of persons for about 10 minutes restarts the nasal cycle with potential for a new nasal cycle reversal. CONCLUSION. The method provides an objective assessment of nasal resistance, which can be used in the diagnosis of patients with breathing disorders during sleep.

Shivaswaroday An Ancient Indian Science, A Study of Nasal or Nostril Cycles and Its Applications

Shivaswaroday An Ancient Indian Science, A Study of Nasal or Nostril Cycles and Its Applications

Shivaswaroday An Ancient Indian Science, A Study of Nasal or Nostril Cycles and Its Applications

Shivaswaroday An Ancient Indian Science, A Study of Nasal or Nostril Cycles and Its Applications

The nasal cycles during sleep on OSA

The nasal cycles during sleep on OSA

0435 The Relationship Between Nasal Cycles During Sleep and OSA

0435 The Relationship Between Nasal Cycles During Sleep and OSA

Evaluation on Context Recognition Using Temperature Sensors in the Nostrils.

We can benefit from various services with context recognition using wearable sensors. In this study, we focus on the contexts acquired from sensor data in the nostrils. Nostrils can provide various contexts on breathing, nasal congestion, and higher level contexts including psychological and health states. In this paper, we propose a context recognition method using the information in the nostril. We develop a system to acquire the temperature in the nostrils using small temperature sensors connected to glasses. As a result of the evaluations, the proposed system can detect breathing correctly, workload at an accuracy of 96.4%, six behaviors at an accuracy of 54%, and eight behaviors in daily life at an accuracy of 86%. Moreover, the proposed system can detect nasal congestion, therefore, it can log nasal cycles that are considered to have a relationship with the autonomic nerves and/or biological states.

Numerical simulation of two consecutive nasal respiratory cycles: toward a better understanding of nasal physiology.

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations have greatly improved the understanding of nasal physiology. We postulate that simulating the entire and repeated respiratory nasal cycles, within the whole sinonasal cavities, is mandatory to gather more accurate observations and better understand airflow patterns. A 3-dimensional (3D) sinonasal model was constructed from a healthy adult computed tomography (CT) scan which discretized in 6.6 million cells (mean volume, 0.008 mm3 ). CFD simulations were performed with ANSYS©FluentTMv16.0.0 software with transient and turbulent airflow (k-ω model). Two respiratory cycles (8 seconds) were simulated to assess pressure, velocity, wall shear stress, and particle residence time. The pressure gradients within the sinus cavities varied according to their place of connection to the main passage. Alternations in pressure gradients induced a slight pumping phenomenon close to the ostia but no movement of air was observed within the sinus cavities. Strong movements were observed within the inferior meatus during expiration contrary to the inspiration, as in the olfactory cleft at the same time. Particle residence time was longer during expiration than inspiration due to nasal valve resistance, as if the expiratory phase was preparing the next inspiratory phase. Throughout expiration, some particles remained in contact with the lower turbinates. The posterior part of the olfactory cleft was gradually filled with particles that did not leave the nose at the next respiratory cycle. This pattern increased as the respiratory cycle was repeated. CFD is more efficient and reliable when the entire respiratory cycle is simulated and repeated to avoid losing information.

The nasal cycles during sleep on the patient with obstructive sleep apnea

The nasal cycles during sleep on the patient with obstructive sleep apnea

Assessment of respiratory cycles in olfactometric examination

Objective — the aim of the study was to determine the threshold of sensation, based on the analysis of the nasal respiratory cycles of olfactometric studies.Material and methods. Olfactometric diagnostics of 43 patients with the method of posterior active rhinomanometry were studied. Results. Disturbances in the sense of smell of respiratory genesis were diagnosed by the magnitude of the pneumatic power and the energy of nasal breathing under the action of the corresponding odorivectors. Conclusions. By means of cyclogram analysis of nasal breathing it was established that the characteristic breathing cycles of the stepped inspiration corresponded to the smell sense.

Nasal Cycle Pattern Can Transform Into Another Form Over Time

The nasal cycle is a physiologic phenomenon which is affected by some internal and external agents. This study aimed to determine the changes of nasal cycle in healthy subjects over time. The measurements of nasal cycle were made by using a rhinomanometer during 6 h with 30 min intervals in a total of 18 healthy volunteers. The measurements were repeated after 3 months to detect the alteration of nasal resistance over time. The results for the left and right nostril plotted graphically and then patterns of fluctuation in nasal patency were divided into the four categories as mentioned before in literature. We detected a classic pattern of nasal cycle in 6 of 18 healthy volunteers, noncyclic nose in two individuals and irregular pattern in 10 of them in first rhinomanometry measurements. In second measurements after 3 months, seven subjects exhibited different pattern from that in first examination. One participant who had noncyclic nose 3 months ago transformed to irregular pattern and two subjects present noncyclic nose which showed irregular pattern in first measurements. We strikingly detected the changes in the types and presence of nasal cycles over time and suggested that nasal cycle measurements should be made in extended time intervals.

Detection of the Nasal Cycle in Daily Activity by Remote Evaluation of Nasal Sound

To detect the nasal cycle in healthy subjects while they were performing their daily activities, using the Odiosoft-Rhino (OR) software program and to investigate the ability of the OR program to perform this procedure. Prospective analysis. Tertiary referral center. Twenty healthy adult volunteers. Investigation of the nasal cycles of volunteers by the OR program every 30 minutes over a period of 12 hours on 4 different days in the same week. Each subject performed expiration every 30 minutes into a microphone, and the nasal sounds were recorded separately for each nasal cavity. The OR data collected during 12 hours for 4 days were analyzed for cyclic nasal obstruction. The nasal sounds were calculated for each of the nasal cavities and a 2000- to 4000-Hz frequency interval was used for evaluation. In all of the individuals investigated in this study, a cyclic change of nasal patency was detected by the OR program. All of the data were calculated to be significantly different for each nasal cavity (P < .05 for all comparisons). Changes of nasal sounds and comparison of the 2 sides demonstrated that the total amount of cyclic changes ranged between 30 minutes and 2 to 2.5 hours. With the help of the OR program, we detected the nasal cycles in all of the volunteers, and the periods were not less than 30 minutes or more than 2.5 hours. Because the data collection period was long and the patient compliance was maximal, we believe that the results in the study are more reliable and natural.

Study of Nasal Cycles in Children by Acoustic Rhinometry

Studies concerning nasal cycle physiology in children are still rare, and controversies exist about its existence. This study was ascertained to evaluate the dynamic behavior of inferior turbinates in children by acoustic rhinometry. Sixteen volunteer patients, aged 2-11 years old (mean, 6.25 years), were evaluated between April and July 2003. The patients submitted to periodic acoustic rhinometry, with triplicate measurements (each 30 minutes) for 3 hours. All evaluated children presented nasal cycles, with five children presenting a classic pattern (31.25%), three children presenting a concert pattern (18.75%), and eight children presenting an irregular pattern (50%). This study suggests that children present nasal cycles, as well as adults. Nevertheless, the most prevalent pattern in children was the irregular pattern, whereas in adults the most frequently detected is the classic pattern.

Long-Term Rhinoflowmetry: A New Method for Functional Rhinologic Diagnostics

With current functional diagnostic tools in rhinology (rhinomanometry, rhinoresistometry, and acoustic rhinometry) long-term assessment of nasal function is difficult to acquire. Usually, only the situation at the time of examination is evaluated. Therefore, temporary nasal complaints of the nasal cycle are difficult to assess. It was the aim of this work to create a diagnostic tool to measure nasal flow over a long time period under physiological and everyday life conditions. We term the method long-term rhinoflowmetry (LRFM). A portable device recording nasal airflow over a time period up to 72 hours was developed. Kinetic pressure fluctuations during respiration as a measure for the flow were registered over time and relative airflow was calculated. A summary of diagnostic results is given in six exemplary patients. Classic nasal cycles could be recorded in detail with durations ranging from 90 minutes to 10 hours. The manifestation of nighttime nasal obstruction as well as a case of paradoxical nasal obstruction were objectified. LRFM enables the assessment of time, duration, and extent of temporary nasal obstruction. LRFM enables an assessment of temporary nasal obstruction as well as physiological and pathological fluctuations in the nasal cycle. Especially in cases in which traditional rhinological diagnostic tools are unsatisfying, the enhanced diagnostic quality of LRFM appears to be a promising supplement to the currently available rhinological monitoring methods.

Nasal and sleep cycle – possible synchronization during night sleep

Regular cyclic changes in nostril airflow due to a nasal congestion and decongestion are known in literature as nasal cycle. Registration of breathing from each nostril separately gives possibility to registrate moments of alternative change of airflow of nostrils and periods of nasal cycle. This registration during night sleep shows that the length of these periods are about 1.5 h, 3.0 h and 4.5 h. The length of these periods are multiple of mean length of sleep cycle – about 1.5 h. The alternative change of airflow through nostrils occurs through some of REM stages of the sleep. This shows, that during the night sleep becomes synchronization of nasal and sleep cycles in some of the REM phases of sleep. As a result – length of periods of the nasal cycle are one or more length of sleep cycle.

ヒト鼻粘膜血液量

Hemoglobin concentration (IHb) in the human nasal mucosa was measured as an indicator of mucosal blood volume with a spectrophotometric analyzer, and nasal blood flow (BF) was measured with a laser speckle flowmeter.IHb and BF in the nasal mucosa, so f t palate, and posterior wall of the mesopharynx were compared. In normal subjects, both IHb and BF were highest in the nasal mucosa.IHb and BF in patients with various pathological conditions were compared. IHb in the nasal mucosa was higher in patients with chronic sinusitis and those with chronic pharyngitis, and lower in those with allergic rhinitis and those with abnormal sensation in the throat. BF in the nasal mucosa was higher in patients with chronic pharyngitis, and lower in those with allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, or abnormal sensation in the throat. IHb in the soft palate showed no significant differences on the basis of pathological condition, and BF in the soft palate was higher only in patients with allergic rhinitis. IHb in the posterior wall of the mesopharynx was higher in patients with chronic pharyngitis, and BF there was higher in patients with chronic pharyngitis and in those with allergic rhinitis.IHb was measured before and after total laryngectomy, and was found to d ecrease following operation. Nasal resistance and IHb were measured simultaneously; it was found that some normal subjects showed cyclic changes in nasal resistance and IHb. Simultaneous measurement of bilateral nasal IHb showed that some normal subjects showed cyclic changes. It was considered that the change of nasal blood volume was the main cause of these nasal cycles. IHb increased during hyperventilation or upon changing from a supine to lateral position, and decreased during breathholding, during mental exertion or upon changing from a supine to sitting position.The influenc e of drugs on IHb was studied. IHb was increased by administration of methacholine, histamine, or substance P, and was decreased by administration of tetrahydrozoline, phenylephrine, or oxymetazoline.It is concluded that measurement of both IHb and BF is useful in assessing mucosal microcirculation in the human nose, and that IHb level reflects blood volume in capacitance vessels.

Zur Regulation des kindlichen Nasenwiderstandes*

By means of active anterior rhinorheomanometry we searched for nasal cycles in children of 3-10 years of age. We measured the nasal air flow every 15 minutes for a period of 2 hours on both sides in relation to a pressure of 1 mbar. In the group of the 7-10 year old children we found nasal cycles in 79 per cent according to Hasegawa's and Kern's definition. In contrast to other authors nasal cycles were also ascertained in 50 per cent of the 3-6 year old children: Computing the correlation coefficient between the difference of one measurement from the right and left mean nasal air flow, we could demonstrate that the nasal cycle was actually subject to a regulatory mechanism. In contrast "solidary movements" showed no regulation in our challenge-controlled measurements.

Development of nasal respiration and sniffing in the rat

Nasal inhalation cycles of 1- to 20-day-old rat pups were measured and recorded using strain gage plethysmography, a technique that compares favorably with more common cinemagraphic methods of quantification. Respiratory recordings were taken from individual pups before and after habituation to a novel but bland environment, and in response to repeated, counterbalanced presentations of the odor of amyl acetate and gentle tactile stimulation. Baseline respiratory rates increased during the first two postnatal weeks and subsided in the third week. Rat pups of all ages displayed significant respiratory acceleration (polypnea) to suprathreshold olfactory and tactile stimulation, although there were ontogenetic differences in response topography. The occurrence and duration of bursts of polypnea increased with age. Sniffing, rhythmically regular episodes of polypnea, appeared as early as Day 3, but did not become prominent until about Day 11. The relationship between the development of nasal respiration and sniffing, and the development of olfaction in the rat was discussed.