Narrow Foot Research Articles

A new heteropolar Staurosirella species (Staurosiraceae, Bacillariophyceae), widely distributed in Europe

ABSTRACT An unknown heteropolar Staurosirella taxon was observed in a survey of Lake Pavin (Massif Central, France) with peculiar marginal spines that could not be identified using the currently available literature. Additional populations of the same taxon were observed in samples from Iceland and Flanders, Belgium. The unknown taxon is described as a new species, named Staurosirella pavinensis, based on detailed light and scanning electron microscopy observations of all populations. This new species is characterised by heteropolar, slightly clavate valves, with a narrow foot pole and a more broadly rounded head pole. The marginal spines are individually located in a small depression. Only at the foot pole, a small apical pore field is present, whereas the headpole is typically depressed. A detailed comparison with morphologically similar species is provided together with notes on its ecology, based on the analysis of the associated diatom flora and physico-chemical data.

Novel T-Shaped Gate Structure of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Si for RF Application

Due to the high electron saturation velocity and breakdown electric field, GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been widely used in high frequency and power application, such as telecommunication, satellite communication, and radar system [1]. Since first demonstration of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs in 1993 [2], the RF performance of these device has continuously improved by the progress on epitaxy and device scaling technology [3].The current gain cut-off frequency (fT) and the maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) from the small-signal equivalent circuit of the HEMT are derived by the following equations [4].From these equations, it can be concluded that in order to achieve high frequency operation, HEMTs should be designed with a T-shaped gate structure that simultaneously achieves low gate resistance (Rg) and low parasitic capacitance (Cgs and Cgd). However, there are complex fabrication processes to form the T-shaped gate. Typically, the T-shaped gate structure is implemented through electron beam lithography process using a tri-layer resist such as PMMA/PMGI/PMMA, which requires multiple exposures or developments. Multiple exposures can cause overlay errors that can significantly affect the T-shaped gate with smaller gate lengths [5]. Also, it is difficult to obtain an undercut structure that enables a good lift-off and guarantees a high yield due to the need for precise dose control. In addition, since the T-shaped gate has an unstable structure in which a narrow foot supports the weight of a wide head, the gate may collapse during a subsequent process.In this work, we fabricated a novel T-shaped gate using the negative e-beam resist HSQ, which offers a simple T-shaped gate fabrication process. The HSQ that was exposed to e-beam is located underneath the gate head and on both sides of the gate foot in our novel T-shaped gate design, providing a robust structure. The HSQ-assisted gate HEMTs exhibit comparable DC/RF performance compared to conventional T-shaped gate HEMTs. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MIST) (No. NRF-2021M3C13097672).

To the dating of crossbow brooches with a long narrow foot in the Sambian-Natangian culture

To the dating of crossbow brooches with a long narrow foot in the Sambian-Natangian culture

Systematic revision of Platevindex Baker, 1938 (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)

In the Indo-West Pacific, intertidal slugs of the genus Platevindex Baker, 1938 are common in mangrove forests, where they typically live on the roots and trunks of mangrove trees. These slugs are easily distinguished from most onchidiids by their hard notum and narrow foot, but despite their large size and abundance, species diversity and geographic distributions have remained a mystery. With the aid of new collections from across the entire Indo-West Pacific, the taxonomy of Platevindex is revised using an integrative approach (natural history field observations, re-examination of type specimens, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, and comparative anatomy). In this monograph, nine species of Platevindex are recognized, including one new to science: P. amboinae (Plate, 1893), P. applanatus (Simroth, 1920) comb. nov., P. aptei Goulding & Dayrat sp. nov., P. burnupi (Collinge, 1902) comb. nov., P. coriaceus (Semper, 1880), P. latus (Plate, 1893), P. luteus (Semper, 1880), P. martensi (Plate, 1893) and P. tigrinus (Stoliczka, 1869) comb. nov. Five species names are recognized as junior synonyms, four of which are new, and two Platevindex names are regarded as nomina dubia. One new subspecies is also recognized: P. coriaceus darwinensis Goulding & Dayrat subsp. nov. Most species were previously known only from the type material and many new geographic records are provided across the Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa to the West Pacific (Japan, New Ireland and New Caledonia).

Precision Robotic Leaping and Landing Using Stance-Phase Balance

Prior work has addressed control of continuous jumping using touchdown angle from flight, but greater precision can be obtained by directing individual leaps using liftoff angle from stance. We demonstrate targeted leaping as well as balanced landing on a narrow foot with a small, single leg hopping robot, Salto-1P. Accurate and reliable leaping and landing are achieved by the combination of stance-phase balance control based on angular momentum, a launch trajectory that stabilizes the robot at a desired launch angle, and an approximate expression for selecting touchdown angle before landing. Dynamic transitions between standing, hopping, and standing again are now possible in a robot with a narrow foot. We also present approximate bounds on acceptable velocity estimate and angle errors beyond which balanced landing is infeasible. Compared to a prior Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP)-like gait, the jump distance standard deviation is reduced from 9.2 cm to 1.6 cm for particular jumps, now enabling precise jumps to narrow targets.

Vertical drop jump landing depth influences knee kinematics in female recreational athletes

ObjectivesTo examine whether different vertical drop jump (VDJ) landing depth (small versus deep) and stance width (wide versus narrow) may alter movement biomechanics in female recreational athletes. The purpose was also to identify whether leg muscle strength is a predictive factor for knee control during a VDJ. DesignCross-sectional. SettingBiomechanics laboratory. Participants: Eighteen women aged between 18 and 30 years. Main outcome measuresThree VDJ tests were used for biomechanical analysis: 1) small “bounce” jump (BJ), 2) deep “countermovement” jump with wide (CMJW) and 3) narrow foot position (CMJN). Subjects also performed an isometric knee-extension strength test, dichotomized to ‘weak’ versus ‘strong’ subjects according to median and quartiles. ResultsThere were greater knee valgus angles during landing for both the CMJW and CMJN test compared to the BJ test (p ≤ 0.05). Differences in knee valgus between weak and strong subjects were significant for the BJ test (p = 0.044) but not for any of the other tests. ConclusionsVDJ landing depth influences knee kinematics in women. Landing depth may therefore be considered when screening athletes using the VDJ test. Also, muscle strength seems to influence the amount of knee valgus angles, but the difference was not statistically significant (except for the BJ test) in this small cohort.

Change-of-Direction Biomechanics: Is What's Best for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Also Best for Performance?

Change-of-direction maneuvers (e.g., side-step cutting) are an important aspect of performance in multi-directional sports, but these maneuvers are also associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Despite this, the impact of biomechanics on ACL injury risk and performance is often examined in isolation. The purpose of this review was to examine the alignment between biomechanical recommendations for ACL injury prevention and performance with regard to change-of-direction maneuvers. Several studies linking change-of-direction biomechanics to both ACL injury risk and performance were examined. A degree of overlap was identified between biomechanical strategies that could both reduce ACL injury risk and enhance performance during change-of-direction maneuvers. A fore-foot footfall pattern along with trunk rotation and lateral flexion in the intended cutting direction were identified as biomechanical strategies that could both reduce potentially hazardous knee joint moments and enhance change-of-direction speed. Minimizing knee valgus during change-of-direction maneuvers may also reduce ACL injury risk, with this biomechanical strategy found to have no impact on performance. Certain biomechanical strategies proposed to reduce ACL injury risk were linked to reduced change-of-direction performance. A narrow foot placement and "soft" landings with greater knee flexion were identified as ACL injury prevention strategies that could have a negative impact on performance. The findings of this review emphasize the need to consider both ACL injury risk and performance when examining the biomechanics of change-of-direction maneuvers.

Evaluation of SARAL / AltiKa Measured Significant Wave Height and Wind Speed in the Indian Ocean Region

Significant wave height (SWH) and wind speed (WS) estimated by AltiKa are evaluated using in situ measurements and Jason-2 observations over the Indian Ocean region (30°S – 30°N and 30°E – 120°E). SARAL carried a Ka-band altimeter (AltiKa) along with a dual frequency radiometer onboard. This is the first altimeter operating in such high frequency of 35.75 GHz. Advantage of this high frequency is the narrow foot print of the satellite, which is useful for studies related to coastal regions, with the limitation of high attenuation to rain. From the validation exercise with in situ data for 21 cycles of AltiKa high resolution 40 Hz data, it is observed that the SWH is good while little underestimation of WS is observed. The root mean square error (RMSE) and bias of SWH are 0.21 m, −0.04 m respectively with a scatter index of 0.13; whereas in the case of WS, the RMSE and bias are 1.75 m/s, 0.25 m/s respectively with scatter index of 0.30. Inter-comparison is carried out between AltiKa and Jason-2 at all the cross over points in the Indian Ocean region and the SWH and WS of these two altimeters are in good concurrence with each other with the bias and RMSE of 0.03 m and 0.35 m for SWH and 0.01 m/s and 1.45 m/s for WS. From this study of Ka-band altimeter, it is inferred that the quality of the products is extremely good which is also capable of picking up accurate SWH during extreme events.

2D 데이터에 의한 여고생의 발바닥 유형 분석

This study classified the type of sole for female high school students and analyzed the characteristics of each type by the shape of the sole (plantar view) using 2D scan data. The data were collected from a foot anthropometry of 310 female high school students in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do. Left feet and right feet were measured indirectly by using flatbed scanner. The sole anthropometric measurements consisted of 24 items. The results of the investigation into the differences between left and right feet soles by the 2D measurements data indicated that there was no significant statistical differences in the length of items. The left sole had higher values than right sole in the width items and angle items; however, the lateral side of the right feet projected to the outside more often than left feet. In analyzing foot sole of female high school students, the shapes of sole were classified into three types. Type 1(41.94%), Type 2(36.77%), Type 3(21.29%). The most characteristic sole type for female high school students was Type 1. Type 1 referred to a narrow foot width with little or no curvature of the toe. Type 2 represented the longest foot, with foot width shown as a spacious and distinctive feature in width at the medial area of the foot. Type 3 represented the shortest and widest of ball width, gathered inside toe 5, and lateral side as the most projected among the three types.

Vegetative and reproductive development of Mediterranean Gulsonia nodulosa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) and its genetic affinities

Rodríguez-Prieto C., Freshwater D.W. and Hommersand M.H. 2013. Vegetative and reproductive development of Mediterranean Gulsonia nodulosa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) and its genetic affinities. Phycologia 52: 357–367. DOI: 10.2216/13–132.1Gulsonia nodulosa was originally described as Crouania annulata by Berthold in 1882 and transferred to Gulsonia by Kylin in 1956 because its lateral indeterminate branches originated from the basal cells of whorled branchlets rather than being borne directly on the axis as a fourth branch. This study provided photographic evidence for the characters portrayed by other researchers and added new information concerning carposporophyte development. Each node bore four whorled branchlets that were usually up to five times trichotomously branched, terminated by one to four dichotomous branches and were formed in successive rows offset by 45°. Rhizoidal filaments were produced singly on basal cells of whorled branchlets and overlapped earlier-formed rhizoids while remaining undivided throughout their length. Plants were dioecious. Spermatangial parent cells arose as oppositely or quadraverticillately branched filaments on whorled branchlets, with each forming two to three spermatangia. Mature spermatangia were ovoid with a distal nucleus and a proximal vacuole, and released a single spermatium. Female thalli were procarpic and produced four-celled, L-shaped carpogonial branches proximally on young lateral branches of limited growth. After fertilization, the carpogonium cut off a terminal capping cell and a lateral connecting cell, whereas the supporting cell enlarged and divided transversely to produce a uninucleate auxiliary cell. The connecting cell fused with the auxiliary cell, its nucleus then dividing, with one of the derived nuclei entering the auxiliary cell and the other extruded in a residual cell that remained attached to the carpogonium. The diploidized auxiliary cell divided transversely into a diploid gonimoblast initial and a narrow bilobed foot cell in which the lobe nearest the carpogonium contained a diploid nucleus and the distal lobe received the original haploid nucleus, which usually divided into two nuclei. The first gonimolobe was produced laterally toward the carpogonium, followed by a second gonimolobe from the opposite side. A third gonimolobe sometimes formed midway between the first two. Involucral filaments surrounded the mature gonimolobes. Analyses of DNA sequences for two nuclear-encoded and two plastid-encoded genes indicated that G. nodulosa is more closely related to Ptilocladia and Euptilocladia species than to Crouania, and support hypothesized relationships of Crouanieae genera on the basis of morphological characters.

Finichnus, a new name for the ichnogenus Leptichnus Taylor, Wilson and Bromley, 1999, preoccupied by Leptichnus Simroth, 1896 (Mollusca, Gastropoda)

Tayloret al. (1999) proposed the ichnogenus Leptichnus for etching pits made by cheilostome bryozoans on calcareous substrates. Leptichnus has a Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Holocene range. The type ichnospecies is Leptichnus peristroma, with a holotype from the Coralline Crag Formation, Ramsholt Member (Pliocene), near Orford, Suffolk, England. Another ichnospecies named in the same paper is Leptichnus dromeus, with a holotype from the same locality. A third ichnospecies of Leptichnus, L. tortus, was named and described by Rosso (2008) from Upper Pleistocene sediments on the bottom of the Ionian Sea. We have recently learned that the name Leptichnus is preoccupied by a urocyclid terrestrial gastropod, LeptichnusSimroth, 1896, found in Kenya and Tanzania. The author, Heinrich Rudolf Simroth (1851–1917), apparently used the Greek roots leptos (‘flimsy, delicate, subtle’) and ichnos (‘track, footprint’) to note the narrow foot (and hence trail) of this African slug. Taylor et al. (1999) used the same roots in recognition of the shallow, delicate nature of the cheilostome etching pits. The descriptions of both taxa meet the requirements of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). The ichnogenus LeptichnusTaylor, Wilson and Bromley, 1999, is thus a junior homonym of the gastropod genus LeptichnusSimroth, 1896. We propose the new name Finichnus nom. nov. to replace LeptichnusTaylor, Wilson and Bromley, 1999. To preserve the meaning of the original name, we are substituting the Greek finos (‘fine, delicate’) for leptos. The type ichnospecies of Finichnus is Leptichnus peristromaTaylor, Wilson and Bromley, 1999, by original designation. Editor. Sally Thomas

Plectotropis yonganensis sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae) from China, with revision of two Chinese camaenid species (Gastropoda: Camaenidae)

The terrestrial snail genus Ganesella Blanford, 1863, sensu lacto by Zilch (1959–1960), is mainly distributed in the Oriental region from Japan, through south of the Yangtze of China to South-east and South Asia. Most of these land snails are endemic species with narrow geographic distribution (Tryon 1888; Pilsbry 1894; Zilch 1959–1960, 1966; Richardson 1985, Chen & Gao 1987; Azuma 1995). The genus is characterized in having thin, smooth or weakly ridged shell, slightly descent body whorl in front, toothless aperture, expanded to reflected lips, long and narrow foot, long penis with a caecum (= penial appendix) and a flagellum. However, the anatomical characters of the type species, G. capitium Benson, 1848, are still wanting. A major part of its members have been assigned to different genus according to shell characters. The species in East-Asia, i.e., Japan, Korea and Taiwan, were assigned to the genus Satsuma (+ syn. Coniglobus Pilsbry & Hirase, 1906 and Luchuhadra Kuroda & Habe, 1949). About 100 species are still catalogued in Ganesella (Richardson 1985).

학령기 남아의 발 형태 분석

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between anthropometric data of foot and other body sizes. to categorize the foot shape of elementary school boys and to find out determinant factors related the foot that enable us to deduce the foot shape and size for the design of more comfortable shoes. Subjects of this study were 249 elementary school boys of age ranged from 6 to 11 residing Seoul and lncheon area. Anthropometric sizes were measured with the direct measurement method using Martin scales and the indirect measurement method using digital photos. Pearson's correlation, factor analysis. cluster analysis. analysis of variance, post-hoc test, and cross tabs were performed for statistical analysis of the data by SPSS program. From the investigation on the relationship between foot-related items and body items, most items of foot measure were significantly related to body size items. However, angle of the foot did not related to other body sizes although other height items and mass items of the foot did have relationships with other body sizes. Results of ANOV A indicated there were significant differences in foot-related items except for items of foot angle and all body anthropometric items by subjects' age. This implicates big toe angle, little toe angle and foot ratio factors are required in sizing shoes besides foot length. On the basis of cluster analysis using factor scores. three different foot shapes were categorized. Type 1 was large and wide foot, Type 2 was small and narrow foot with large toe angle. and Type 3 was medium foot with no deformity on big toe. These three groups show significant differences in almost all measurement items. However, Rorher index and foot angle didn't show any significant differences among groups. This implicates the foot shape can be a determinant of shoe size.br/

Clinical significance of ossification of the cartilages of the front feet based on nuclear bone scintigraphy, radiography and lameness examinations in 21 Finnhorses.

Research on the clinical significance of ossification of the cartilages of the foot has been limited, despite the common nature of the condition and conflicting reports in previous literature. Some radiographic features in the ossification of the cartilages, such as incomplete fusion lines between separate centres of ossification and the ossified base, are of clinical significance. The relationships between radiopharmaceutical uptake in bone phase nuclear scintigraphy at the heels (palmar processes of the distal phalanx, including ossification of the cartilages of the foot), radiographic extent and type of ossification of the cartilages and clinical lameness were evaluated retrospectively in 21 Finnhorses (age > or = 4 years) in a total of 36 front feet. No significant relationship between height of the ossifications and radiopharmaceutical uptake at the ipsilateral heels existed. Clearly separate centres of ossification were not associated with increased uptake. Moderately increased uptake was suspected to be associated with ossification of the adjacent cartilage in only one foot. Intense uptake was present unilaterally in 4 horses, at one medial and 3 lateral heels. In 2 of these horses, a unilateral palmar digital nerve block relieved the mild lameness; 2 horses had no obvious lameness but had a history of being stiff or having locomotion problems during high speed trot. At 2 of the lateral heels, an incomplete fusion line was present between a large separate centre of ossification and the base, and the third horse had a high sidebone with bony protrusions, suggestive of chronic entheseopathy in a narrow foot. At the medial heel, an oblique radiograph revealed a faint radiolucent line at the base of the ossification. In all cartilages with intense radiopharmaceutical uptake at the heel and/or lameness, the ossified part of the cartilage was wider and more irregular compared to other ossifications of the front feet of the individual. Increased radiopharmaceutical uptake, associated with a different radiographic appearance from that of other ossifications of the front feet, was a conclusive sign of clinical significance. Obscure locomotion problems were more commonly associated with ossification of the cartilages than true lameness. This information is useful in lameness and prepurchase examinations and is likely also to be applicable to other coldblooded breeds used for athletic purposes.

An investigation of stability limits while holding a load

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of load height and foot placement on the functional base of support (FBOS) limits and the postures that participants used when they reached their FBOS limits. Twelve young male participants were tested while holding a 12-kg load at reach (above their heads), at shoulder and knuckle height, and unladen under both wide and narrow foot placements. The FBOS limits and the centre of pressure (COP) excursion length were calculated based on data from a force platform. Postural angles when participants reached their FBOS limits were calculated from records of a 2-D motion analysis system. The results showed that the load height had greater effect on the posterior FBOS limit. As the load height decreased, the COP excursion length decreased. Participants were prone to using a hip strategy to maintain postural balance when reaching their FBOS limits. Quantitative data of FBOS limits and postural control while participants hold a load at various heights when reaching their FBOS limits is of value for designing a safe materials handling workplace.

An association between a dendronotid nudibranch (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and a soft coral (Octocorallia, Alcyonaria) from the Red Sea

The association between a dendronotid nudibranch and the soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum (Forskål, 1775) is described from the Red Sea. The nudibranch is a new species of the genus Marioniopsis Odhner, 1934 (Nudibranchia: Dendronotacea). This species feeds on the alcyonacean octocoral P. f. fulvum, and the slugs do not take zooxanthellae from their prey. The nudibranchs are randomly distributed on the soft coral host, usually one slug per colony, and 24.5% of the soft coral colonies found are occupied by slugs. The nudibranch matches the colour of its prey and the gill clusters have a shape similar to that of the soft coral polyps, and because of these they are very cryptic on its surface. Marioniopsis fulvicola sp. n. is characterized by a thin, elongated body with a smooth dorsal surface, a narrow foot, seven to nine clusters of gills, three to four velar processes per side, 22–32 stomach hard plates, and jaws with more than 100 denticles arranged in four to five rows. The radula presents a median tricuspid tooth, a simple first lateral, and the rest of laterals hamate, without denticles. Marioniopsis fulvicola sp. n. is usually brown-yellow in colour, with brown transverse stripes forming darker patches between the gill clusters. Rhinophores and gills have a bluish coloration.

Plantar-Advancement Skin Flap for Central Ray Resections in the Foot: Description of a Technique

A surgical technique using an advancement plantar skin flap to maintain the resection gap closure when performing central ray resections is described and illustrated. The concept, applicable to central polydactyly or polysyndactyly of the foot, was developed with goals of providing a skin tether to maintain a normally narrow foot as well as to improve the appearance of the surgical scar.

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF THE TRIBE SWARTZIEAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE: LEGUMINOSAE). 1. INTRODUCTION AND ALL GENERA EXCLUDING ALDINA AND SWARTZIA

The pollen morphology of 9 of the 11 genera of the tribe Swartzieae is described together with that of Holocalyx and Cyathostegia, two genera recently removed from the tribe based on macromorphology. The pollen is small, spheroidal to subprolate, primarily tricolporate with a perforate tectum and generally typical of the Leguminosae. Nonetheless, many of the genera have distinctive pollen morphology. Baphiopsis is 6‐colporate. The genera Harleyodendron, Lecointea and one species of Exostyles have supratectal spinules. Bocoa viridiflora has striate/rugulate ornamentation very distinct from the other species of the genus Bocoa. The exine stratification is varied but Candolleodendron has a very thick endexine and narrow foot layer. The pollen of African taxa does not differ significantly from that of South American taxa. Pollen morphology does not clarify the taxonomic relationships of the tribe and provides little evidence to assist in positioning Holocalyx and Cyathostegia.

Pollen Morphology of the Tribe Swartzieae (Subfamily Papilionoideae: Leguminosae). I. Introduction and All Genera Excluding Aldina and Swartzia

The pollen morphology of 9 of the 11 genera of the tribe Swartzieae is described together with that of Holocalyx and Cyathostegia, two genera recently removed from the tribe based on macromorphology. The pollen is small, spheroidal to subprolate, primarily tricolporate with a perforate tectum and generally typical of the Leguminosae. Nonetheless, many of the genera have distinctive pollen morphology. Baphiopsis is 6-colporate. The genera Harleyodendron, Lecointea and one species of Exostyles have supratectal spinules. Bocoa viridiflora has striate/rugulate ornamentation very distinct from the other species of the genus Bocoa. The exine stratification is varied but Candolleodendron has a very thick endexine and narrow foot layer. The pollen of African taxa does not differ significantly from that of South American taxa. Pollen morphology does not clarify the taxonomic relationships of the tribe and provides little evidence to assist in positioning Holocalyx and Cyathostegia.