Naringin Content Research Articles

Effects of UV-A/B/C on flavonoids and related synthetic enzymes in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum is a folk and rare medicinal plant, and specifically, it is distributed in the south, China. To investigate the cumulative properties of its medicinal components, we examined the effect of UV light on flavonoid content and related enzyme activity changes in T. hemsleyanum. The leaves and tubers were treated with UV-A, UV-B and UV-C for 1 h, 1L/23D h, 3 h and 3L/21D h (D represents darkness treatment). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the content of many flavonoids decreased significantly during UV-A treatment, increased after UV-B and UV-C irradiation and accumulated again after darkness treatment. In the root tubers of the UV-A group, naringin content in the 3L/21D h group (0.069 μg/g) was 16.30 times higher than that of 3 h group (0.0042 μg/g). The rutin content was elevated after UV irradiation but was not detected in the CK group. The test results of the enzyme-linked kit indicated that the activities of many enzymes were higher in the UV-A and UV-B irradiation groups than those in the CK group, but the results were reversed in the UV-C treatment. After darkness treatment, the activities of most enzymes were higher than those with UV irradiation alone; F3'5'H activity in the 3L/21D h group (97.25 U/L) was 1.24 times higher than that in the 3 h group (78.12 U/L) in the UV-A-treated group. The study results suggest that appropriate UV-B and UV-C irradiation, as well as darkness supplementation, had a promotive effect on flavonoids in the leaves and root tubers of T. hemsleyanum. Additionally, UV irradiation and darkness treatment enhanced the activity of most enzymes.

Exploring chemical markers and identifying phenolic markers using a metabolomics strategy and chemometrics to study the different origins of defatted Coix seed

Coix seed, a prevalent medicinal and food-homologous plant, is extensively consumed in Asia. It has various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Coix seed oil, as its main component, is widely produced. However, during the industrial production process of Coix seed oil, substantial byproducts are produced, namely, defatted Coix seeds, which are also worth researching. Currently, it remains unclear whether there will be differences in defatted Coix seeds obtained from different geographical locations, with previous studies reporting that phenolic compounds in defatted Coix seeds have a significant utilization value. In this study, firstly, the TPC and TFC of samples collected in three temperature zones were detected. Subsequently, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was used to analyze the samples, and a metabolomics data processing strategy and chemometric analysis method were established. We have confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in 30 batches of Coix seed from different temperature zones in China, and concluded that the overall quality of Coix seed from different batches is relatively stable. With the established strategy, 12 characteristic chemical markers were identified, and 5 valuable phenolic chemical markers were selected for distinguishing the origin of Coix seed and evaluating the quality of defatted Coix seed. Among them, proanthocyanidin A2 has the highest content in defatted Coix seed in subtropical regions, while the content of caffeic acid, naringin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid decreases from north to south. The strategy proposed in this study may provide some basis for the quality control and rational use of defatted Coix seeds.

Drying kinetics and quality characteristics of exocarpium citreic grandis slices with hot air, vacuum, and microwave vacuum dryers

The study investigates the impact of different drying methods on the selection of thin-layer drying kinetic models, parameters, and quality for Exocarpium Citreic Grandis. This study investigates the drying characteristics, index constituents content, and microscopic structures of Exocarpium Citreic Grandis slices, subjected to three drying techniques: HAD (at 50, 60, 70∘C), VD (at 50, 60, 70∘C), and MVD (at 1000, 1500, 2000W). A thin-layer drying kinetic model was established. The findings demonstrated that the drying process was primarily dominated by the falling rate phase. When the drying temperature was 70∘C and the microwave power was 2000W, the HAD VD, and MVD took 120, 360, and 20 minutes respectively. By fitting six commonly used thin-layer drying models, it was discovered that the optimal mathematical models for HAD, VD, and MVD were the Page model, the Logarithmic model, and the Page model, respectively. The highest average R2 values were 0.9963, 0.9965, and 0.9964, and the lowest average RMSE values were 0.01782, 0.01704, and 0.0174 respectively. The effective diffusion coefficient increased with the drying temperature and microwave power, with MVD having the maximum coefficient. As the temperature and microwave power increased, the contents of naringin and rhoifolin decreased. However, the naringin content in MVD was 23.05% and 45.71% higher compared to hot air and VD respectively. The cross-section of Exocarpium Citreic Grandis dried via microwave vacuum exhibited a porous honeycomb structure with uniformly distributed spaces and larger pores, reflecting an expansion effect. The HAD process also resulted in a honeycomb-like structure, but with smaller pores. The VD process resulted in a layered structure with significant cell collapse. Microwave vacuum drying demonstrates superior energy efficiency and product quality compared to hot air and vacuum drying methods. The study finds that microwave drying does not have a destructive impact on the active compounds of Exocarpium Citreic Grandis. To facilitate large-scale, continuous production, microwave drying can be practically applied in industrial processing.

Thermal stability, antioxidant activity and bioavailability of pea protein–naringin Pickering emulsion for enhanced delivery applications

After successfully addressing to mitigate bitterness of naringin through construction Pickering emulsion using pea protein (PP) and naringin (NG) in our previous study, we now probed thermal stability, antioxidant efficacy, and bioavailability. FTIR analysis and UV–vis spectroscopy indicated predominant interactions between PP and NG were hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. TGA and DSC analyses demonstrated that PP-NG complexes exhibited superior heat-resistance compared to pure PP and NG. Thermal stability assessments indicated a significant retention of NG in the PP-NG Pickering emulsion than the control NG across varied temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 37 °C, and 65 °C). Moreover, the antioxidant activity of PP-NG emulsion was dependent on the concentration of NG, as evidenced by DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging abilities, ferric reducing power, and lipid peroxidation resistance. Additionally, PP-NG Pickering emulsion exhibited substantially high bioavailability (92.01 ± 3.91%). These results suggest a promising avenue for the application of NG with improved characteristics.

INCREASING SOME FLAVONOIDS COMPOUNDS FOR ECHINACEA PURPUREA L. USING COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES IN VITRO.

This study was aimed to increase some flavonoids active compounds production in Echinacea purpurea seedlings through plant seeds treatment with different concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles that daignosed and characterized using AFM technique. This research was implemented at plant tissue culture labrotary of College of biotechnology - Al Nahrain University, during the period of 2021 and 2023. The experiment designed factorial within CRD using three factors and ten replicates (3X3). Sodium hypochlorite concentration (S1, S2, S3, S4) (0.0, 1, 2, 3%) represented the first factor, treatment duartion time (T1, T2, T3) (5, 10, 15min) represented the second factor and copper oxide nanoparticles concentrations (C1, C2, C3, C4) (0.0, 25, 50, 75mg/ml) represented the third factor. Results showed that the full reduction in the contamination rate of the selected E. purpurea explant recorded in 3% sodium hypochlorite at 10 and 15min. The results also showed that there were a significant increase in the shoots numbers in 50mg/ml CuNPs that recording the highest shoots numbers, the shoot length increased significantly within the 25mg/ml recording 13.5cm then decreased in 50 and 75 mg/ml and the seedlings dry weight increased significantly up to 50mg/ml CuNPs that recording the highest seddlings dry weight, then the seedlings dry weight also decreased significantly in 75mg/ml CuNPs. Also, all the analyzed flavonoids compounds using HPLC device as Echinolone, Humulene, Coumarin, Myricetin, Heperidin and Naringin concentrations were significantly increased in 50 and 75 mg/L-1 Cu ONPs, except the Humulene and Coumarin compound that significantly decreased in 75 mg/L-1 Cu ONPs in comparsion to the control.

Physical, Chemical and Enzymatic Changes in Amla (Emblica officinalis) Fruit during Growth and Maturation.

Amla (Emblica officinalis) is one of the most prominent fruits in terms of nutritional and medicinal properties and is utilized for the preparation of many traditional processed foods and in Ayurvedic formulations. This study aims to investigate the enzyme activity and physical and chemical quality parameters during the growth and development stages of amla fruit for the determination of proper harvesting time to get optimum nutrient contents of fruit. The amla fruits of the chakaiya variety were harvested at 135 to 270 days after fruit set (DAFS) in 2021 and 2022 to study the various physical, chemical and enzymatic changes during growth and maturation. The geometrical and gravimetric attributes of the fruit, viz. diameter, height, weight, volume, surface area, sphericity, aspect ratio, and radius of curvature increased. However, density decreased with the growth and maturation of the fruit. Furthermore, the rolling resistance, yellowness index and firmness of the fruit increased during the entire harvesting period of 135 to 270 DAFS. Total soluble solids and titratable acidity of the fruits increased only up to 195 DAFS and after that, continuously decreased. In contrast, ascorbic acid concentration grew in the entire growth and development period. Tannic, phenolic compounds and naringin content of the fruit steadily dropped until the final stage of harvest. Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) activity was detected very low, 0.009 unit/ml at 135 DAFS, but as the fruit grew and matured, activity increased to 0.307 unit/ml at 270 DAFS. Polygalactouronase (PG) activity was not detected until 210 DAFS and, thereforesignificantly increased with maturity. Considering the optimal value of all studied physical, chemical and enzymatic attributes of the fruit during the entire harvesting period of 135 to 270 DAFS, the optimal harvesting time of the fruit was 210 DAFS.

A Novel Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation and In Vitro and In vivo Evaluation: Curcumin and Naringin Co-amorphous System

Curcumin (CUR) is a phytochemical widely used in food industries, cosmetics, and in the treatment of various ailments. It is a polyphenol derived from turmeric and is often considered the golden spice. CUR has a low solubility of less than 1 µg/ml and poor oral bioavailability which can be improved by co-amorphization with naringin (NRG). Analytical method to simultaneously quantify CUR and NRG is not reported in literature. This study aimed to develop a stability-indicating reverse phase HPLC method in gradient mode to simultaneously quantify CUR and NRG in co-amorphous system. The co-amorphous system of CUR and NRG in molar ratios 1:1 and 1:2 was prepared by quench cooling technique. The separation was attained on a Genesis C18, (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 4 µm) column with the mobile phase comprising of methanol and a 0.1% acetate buffer pH 3.8 at a single wavelength, 289 nm. CUR and NRG eluted at 5.1 and 11.1 min, respectively. For both the molecules, the linearity range was 0.125–16 µg/ml with LOD and LOQ of 0.063 and 0.125 µg/ml. The method developed was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was used to estimate CUR and NRG content in co-amorphous mixture and for in vitro evaluation.Graphical

Comparison of different drying methods for bergamot peel: Chemical and physicochemical properties.

This study examines the effectiveness of seven drying methods applied to bergamot peels, encompassing hot air, microwave, infrared-assisted microwave, freeze, infrared, sun, and oven drying. All samples exhibited moisture content and water activity levels within the acceptable range for dry foods. All methods effectively transformed the peels into powdered form, yielding comparable results. Each method offers distinct advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method should be based on the desired properties of the final product. The highest ascorbic acid content was found in freeze-dried and hot air-dried samples (>400mg/100g), whereas sun-dried samples had the lowest (89.58mg/100g). Infrared-dried samples exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids (193.40 and 530.14mg/100g, respectively), attributed to reactions induced by elevated temperatures. The total carotenoids were higher in freeze-dried samples (54.12mg/100g) compared to other drying methods (<27mg/100g). Microwave-dried samples had the highest 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content (73.06mg/100g), and freeze-dried samples had the highest naringin content (1568.70mg/100g). Although infrared drying had good particle density, porosity, and fluidity, freeze-drying was the most effective, retaining the highest levels of bioactive compounds. Among the methods studied, freeze-drying is recommended due to its superior ability to preserve bioactive compounds. Infrared and infrared-assisted drying methods were suitable for recovering phenolics from bergamot waste, offering lower energy consumption and practical preservation of physicochemical properties. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate drying method to ensure high-quality dried food and producing value-added products from bergamot waste, contributing to sustainable agriculture and waste reduction. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrates that infrared and freeze-drying are the most effective methods for producing high-quality bergamot peel samples with enhanced antioxidant properties. These findings hold promising implications for the food industry, offering a viable approach to preserve bergamot peels and their valuable attributes.

Naringin-induced M2 macrophage polarization facilitates osteogenesis of BMSCs and improves cranial bone defect healing in rat

Osteoimmunology has uncovered the critical role of the immune microenvironment in the bone healing process, with macrophages playing a central part in generating immune responses via chemokine production. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside extracted from various plants, has been shown to promote osteoblast differentiation, thereby enhancing bone formation and mitigating osteoporosis progression. Current research on the osteogenic mechanism primarily focuses on the direct impact of naringin on mesenchymal stem cells, while its indirect immunoregulatory effects remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the bone defect-enhancing effects of varying naringin concentrations in vivo using a cranial bone defect model in Sprague-Dawley rats. We assessed the osteoimmune modulation capacity of naringin by exposing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages to different doses of naringin. To further elucidate the underlying osteogenic enhancement mechanism, Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) derived from mice were treated with conditioned media from naringin-treated macrophages. Our findings indicated that naringin promotes M2 phenotype polarization in macrophages, as evidenced by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in osteoblast differentiation and anti-inflammatory response pathways in naringin-pretreated macrophages, with the cytokines signaling pathway being upregulated. The conditioned media from naringin-treated macrophages stimulated the expression of osteogenic-related genes Alkaline phosphatase (Alp), osteocalcin (Ocn), osteopontin (Opn), and Runt-related transcription factor (Runx) 2, as well as protein expression in BMSCs. In conclusion, naringin alleviates macrophage inflammation by promoting M2 phenotype polarization, which in turn enhances the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, contributing to its bone healing effects in vivo. These results suggest that naringin holds significant potential for improving bone defect healing through osteoimmune modulation.

A few hematological and biochemical markers of broilers breeders males ross-308 at various hesperidin and naringin concentrations

A few hematological and biochemical markers of broilers breeders males ross-308 at various hesperidin and naringin concentrations

Changes in the Biological Activities of Gracilaria verrucosa Extracted Using Different Extraction Solvents

This study investigated the antioxidant, antiaging, and antibacterial properties of Gracilaria verrucosa (GV) based on 95% methanol (GVM), ethanol (GVE), and hot water (GVW) extractions. Antioxidant activity assays revealed the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in GVM and GVE. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activities were highest in GVE and GVM. Furthermore, GVE exhibited the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value. In comparison, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were highest in GVM. Collectively, GVE and GVM had stronger antioxidant activities than GVW. Additionally, collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase inhibition assays showed that GVM exhibited the strongest anti-wrinkle and skin-whitening activities. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) revealed that GVW had the highest 4-hydroxy benzoic acid content, whereas GVE had the highest naringenin and naringin contents. Additionally, GVE exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity against six foodborne bacteria, with minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of 0.06–0.3 and 0.1–0.5 μg/μL. Correlation analysis of the GV extracts indicated a strong positive relationship between TPC and ABTS, SOD, and CAT activities (r = 0.760–0.982, p = 0–0.018). Overall, GVE and GVM can be applied to the development of functional agents across diverse industries.

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Gibberellic acid Regulates the Growth and Flavonoid Synthesis in Phellodendron chinense Schneid Seedlings.

The phytohormone gibberellic acids (GAs) play a crucial role in the processes of growth, organ development, and secondary metabolism. However, the mechanism of exogenous GA3 regulating the growth and flavonoid synthesis in Phellodendron chinense Schneid (P. chinense Schneid) seedlings remains unclear. In this study, the physicochemical properties, gene expression level, and secondary metabolite of P. chinense Schneid seedlings under GA3 treatment were investigated. The results showed that GA3 significantly improved the plant height, ground diameter, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, soluble substance content, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activities. This was accompanied by elevated relative expression levels of Pc(S)-GA2ox, Pc(S)-DELLA, Pc(S)-SAUR50, Pc(S)-PsaD, Pc(S)-Psb 27, Pc(S)-PGK, Pc(S)-CER3, and Pc(S)-FBA unigenes. Conversely, a notable reduction was observed in the carotenoid content, catalase activity and the relative expression abundances of Pc(S)-KAO, Pc(S)-GID1/2, and Pc(S)-GH 3.6 unigenes in leaves of P. chinense Schneid seedlings (p < 0.05). Furthermore, GA3 evidently decreased the contents of pinocembrin, pinobanksin, isosakuranetin, naringin, naringenin, (-)-epicatechin, tricetin, luteolin, and vitexin belonged to flavonoid in stem bark of P. chinense Schneid seedlings (p < 0.05). These results indicated that exogenous GA3 promoted growth through improving chlorophyll content and gene expression in photosynthesis and phytohormone signal pathway and inhibited flavonoid synthesis in P. chinense Schneid seedlings.

Examining the Naringin Content and Sensory Characteristics of Functional Chocolate Fortified with Grapefruit Peel Extract

Grapefruit peel contains a high concentration of naringin- a potent antioxidant with strong bioactive properties. In this study, a new type of functional chocolate fortified with grapefruit peel extract and different concentrations of aqueous methanol and ethanol were evaluated as extraction solvents. A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to analyze the naringin content of the fortified chocolates was developed with a recovery of 107% ± 3.1% and repeatability below 3.5%. A sensory evaluation was conducted to assess the preference for the chocolates among individuals who self-described a preference for bitter flavors. No significant preference was observed in the cases of astringency and aftertaste while the increased bitterness proved to be favorable. However, taste, flavor and overall acceptability were regarded somewhat less favorably. While chocolate proved to be a satisfactory carrier for naringin and had several enjoyable characteristics, further research may focus on improving the organoleptic properties of chocolates fortified by naringin.

Production of natural bitter orange (Bitter orange aurantium) sauce

Sour sauces are an important part of Turkish cuisine and the Mediterranean diet. They are generally used as a flavoring in salads, cold appetizers and various dishes such as stuffed meatballs, raw meatballs and casseroles. In this study, it was aimed to obtain a sauce with a high consistency from the juice of bitter oranges grown in the Mediterranean climate, which is not evaluated due to its bitter taste due to its high naringin content and to be used in salads or meals. Carob molasses pulp (CMP) was used in the sauce preparation process to obtain high consistency. In addition to providing high consistency, CMP has increased the nutritional value of the sauce. For this purpose, bitter orange (Bitter orange aurantium) juice was evaporated in the open boiler until it reached 25-30 ⁰Brix. After adding 2% CMP to the semi-evaporated bitter orange juice, the evaporation process was continued till it reached the final concentration of 55 ⁰Brix. The obtained sauce was evaluated in pH, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, color and sensory properties. As a result, the total phenolics content was 785±4.00 mg GAE/L and the total antioxidant capacity was 77±0.00 µmol TE/L. The results showed that the citrus sauce supplemented with CMP was exposed to less heat treatment and lower change in its lightness according to the control and it was liked more than the control in terms of color, consistency, taste and overall acceptability. Consequently, a new high-consistency sour bitter orange sauce was produced which was appreciated by consumers.

Effect of ecofriendly grapefruit peel extract on PVC thin films photostabilizing tested under harmful weathering conditions

AbstractExposure to ultraviolet radiation triggers a photooxidative deterioration mechanism in plastics, resulting in bond breakage, release of volatile substances, overall weight reduction, generation of free radicals, and loose crosslinking. The aim of this study was to obtain a plant extract with appropriate concentration and use it to protect polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from photodegradation. PVC films containing different concentrations of naringin that were already extracted and TINUVIN 622 as a commercial stabilizer were investigated in this paper. UV light was used to irradiate PVC films for 300 h to test the photostability. After radiation, infrared spectra, weight loss, molecular weight reduction, and surface morphology examination for PVC films were studied. In comparison to blank film, the photodegradation of PVC films was significantly reduced by the naringin and TINUVIN 622 photostabilizers. The role of photostabilizers includes deactivating excited states (as quenchers), functioning as effective light filters (pigments and absorbers), scavenging radicals, and decomposing hydroperoxides.

Microfluidization of juice extracted from partially granulated citrus fruits: Effect on physical attributes, functional quality and enzymatic activity

Citrus juice sac granulation reduces the yield of extractable juice and impairs its nutritional and functional quality. Therefore, present study was carried out to improve the physico-functional quality of juice extracted from partially granulated ‘Dancy’ tangerine. Juice was passed through microfluidizer under varying pressure (41, 62, 83, 103, 124 MPa) for different number of passes (1, 2, 3). The microfluidized juice was evaluated for different quality attributes, viz. cloud value, fractal dimension, lacunarity, colour attributes and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity. Naringin and hesperidin were quantified through HPLC. Control juice exhibited the highest fractal dimension (18.89), indicating irregular cell structure, while 103MPa/3 passes (1.04) displayed the lowest indicating uniformity in juice. Microfluidized juice showed improved opalescence stability, greater hue, low PME activity and augmented hesperidin and naringin contents. Juice treated at 103 MPa for a single pass exhibited the best organoleptic quality. The high pressure applied during microfluidization can drastically improve the quality of otherwise low quality juice extracted from granulated citrus fruits. Application of appropriate processing pressure and number of passes through the microfluidizer yields citrus juice possessing enhanced bioactive constituents, reduced enzymatic activity with good organoleptic acceptability.

UPLC-QTOF-MS with a chemical profiling approach for holistic quality evaluation between a material reference of Wen Dan decoction and its commercial preparations

BackgroundWen Dan decoction (WDD) has been a famous classic formula for resolving phlegm since ancient times in China. Currently, there are many types of WDD commercial preparations produced through modern technology. However, it is not known whether the holistic quality of WDD commercial preparations is consistent with the traditional decocting method to exert its proper effects. Therefore, the WDD material reference was studied and prepared, which can represent the traditional Chinese formulation WDD. MethodsA method based on UPLC-QTOF-MS was developed to evaluate the quality of WDD material reference and commercial prescriptions. At the same time, the multivariate statistical method was used to compare the differences between the material reference and the commercial prescription by principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap. Finally, the UPLC-QTOF-MS method was established to quantitatively study 11 representative components, including naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, adenosine, liquiritigenin, tangeretin, eriocitrin, naringenin and synephrine.ResultsA total of 107 compounds were identified in the WDD material reference by comparing the retention time and fragment ion characteristics, including 54 flavonoids, 14 triterpenes, 10 organic acids, 7 alkaloids, 7 coumarins and 15 other components. The samples were almost evenly split into two groups, indicating a difference in quality between the WDD material reference and its commercial preparations in multivariate statistical analysis. Eleven major components of linearity, precision, repeatability, stability and recovery rate met the requirements, which were clearly different in commercial preparations and WDD material references. In terms of the content of 11 components in the commercial preparation, only CP8 is close to the material reference, which is in agreement with the statistical analysis of the heatmap. The concentrations of naringin and neohesperidin from the WDD material reference were higher than those from the commercial preparations.ConclusionsThe quality evaluation method established in this study can be used to identify different sources of WDD but also proves that the WDD material reference contains higher naringin. Furthermore, this study confirmed that the preparation technology of WDD commercial prescriptions should be optimized on the basis of WDD material references, producing the closest possible clinical basis for the substance.Graphical

Fabrication of pea protein–naringin Pickering emulsion to mask the bitterness of naringin

SummaryNaringin has various biological activities with an unacceptable bitter taste. In this work, pea protein–naringin complexes (PP–NG complexes) were constructed to stabilise the Pickering emulsion and reduce the bitterness of naringin. Sensory evaluation results showed that the bitterness and after‐bitterness of the PP–NG complexes were reduced by 77.78% and 75.99% compared with 1 mm naringin respectively. For the PP–NG complexes, the fluorescence spectra results showed that the endogenous fluorescence intensity of pea protein decreased with the naringin concentration increased (0–2 mm), and each pea protein molecule bound to one naringin molecule. Results obtained via thermodynamic analysis molecular docking demonstrated that naringin had an excellent binding affinity (−7.4 kcal mol−1) with pea protein and could form five hydrophobic bonds and four hydrogen bonds with pea protein. These findings would provide a new idea for the masking of bitterness and the evolution of Pickering emulsions stabilised by the protein–polyphenol nanoparticles.

Screening β-glucosidase and α-rhamnosidase for biotransformation of naringin to naringenin by the one-pot enzymatic cascade

Naringenin is a kind of flavonoid with many kinds of pharmacological activities, and is also a key intermediate metabolite in the flavonoid synthesis pathway. In this study, three α-rhamnosidases from Thermotoga petrophia DSM 13995 (TpeRha), Alternaria sp. L1 (AsRha), and Aspergillus mulundensis (AmRha), and three β-glucosidases from T. thermarum DSM 5069 T (BGLI-Tt and BGLII-Tt), and A. niger NL-1 (BGL-NL) were cloned, expressed, and characterized. The Kcat/Km value of AmRha for naringin was 2.389 s−1mM−1 which was 796-fold and 26-fold of TpeRha and AsRha. The Kcat/Km value of BGL-NL for prunin was 0.946 s−1mM−1, which was about 4.4-fold and 4.6-fold of BGLI-Tt and BGLII-Tt. According to the catalytic efficiency, expression level, and reaction condition compatibility, AmRha was coupled with BGL-NL to construct a one-pot enzymatic cascade for preparing naringenin from naringin. The effects of the ratio and dosage of the enzyme, the naringin concentration, and reaction conditions on naringenin production were optimized. At a dosage of 200 U/L AmRha and 1000 U/L BGL-NL, a temperature of 50 °C and pH 5.0, 30 mM naringin was transformed into 29.3 mM naringenin for 24 h reaction with a corresponding molar conversion of 97.6%. Therefore, this study provides an efficient enzymatic cascade to meet the large-scale and low cost preparation of naringenin from naringin.

Impact of different drying techniques on grapefruit peels and subsequent optimization of ultrasonic extraction conditions for bioactive compounds

AbstractThis research aims to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the phytochemical compounds of grapefruit peels and the subsequent optimization of ultrasonicated assisted extraction conditions for bioactive compounds. Based on the maximum retention of phenolic compounds and naringin content, the hot air‐drying approach was selected for optimization of extraction process. The Box–Behnken design was used for ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from hot air‐dried peel powder. Three factors such as solvent concentration (SC), ultrasonic amplitude (UA), and sonication time (ST) were considered for optimize the extraction condition based on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), naringin content, and total antioxidant activities (TAA). UV‐spectrophotometric and HPLC was used for the determination in this study. The results revealed that UA and ST had significant effects on all the extraction responses. Based on the numerical optimization, the optimum extraction condition was found to be 48% (v/v) ethanol concentration, 40% ultrasonic amplitude, and 13 min sonication time. The respective optimum phytochemicals and antioxidant activity responses were obtained as TPC (78.5 mg GAE/g dw), TFC (53.5 mg naringin/g dw), naringin content (40.8 mg/g dw), and total antioxidant activities by DPPH assay (25.5 mM Trolox/g dw), ABTS*+ assay (4050 mM Trolox/100 g dw) and FRAP assay (17.45 Fe [II]/g dw).Practical ApplicationsFruit peels are a rich and valuable bioactive residue obtained from the various juice and beverage processing industries. Grapefruit peels are an abundant source of antioxidants and bioflavonoids such as naringin and hesperidin, which have huge potential as a functional ingredients. The optimum extraction condition obtained by this UAE technique has higher levels of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids, particularly naringin, which shows a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical sector and might be a way towards its effective sources of utilization in functional foods.