India faces a critical challenge of drug-impaired driving, with over 1500 fatal intoxicated driving crashes reported by the National Crime Records Bureau in 2024. Pilot initiatives in Maharashtra and Kerala show promise but underline the need for a unified legal and technological enforcement framework. This study compares international best practices from the US, UK, and Australia, focusing on detection accuracy, legal admissibility, ethical safeguards, officer training, and public perception. Effective enforcement relies on validated oral fluid testing, rapid toxicology, blockchain-verified legal records, and interoperable cloud systems. The UK's statutory limits and officer training ensure legal clarity; Australia's zero-tolerance model maximises deterrence; the US, despite diverse technologies, faces inconsistency. India's system remains fragmented under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act and Motor Vehicles Act, weakened by unvalidated devices, unclear post-2019 laws, poor coordination, and inadequate Article 21 protections. The comparative analysis reveals that while India's current framework suffers from fragmented legal authority, unvalidated detection practices, and weak inter-agency coordination, the US, UK, and Australian models demonstrate complementary strengths in officer training, statutory clarity, technological validation, and institutional oversight—insights that directly inform the design of the proposed “Safe Drive India 1.0” framework. The study proposes a phased “Safe Drive India 1.0” pilot that integrates standardised oral fluid kits, AI-based behavioural impairment analysis with privacy safeguards, blockchain-based evidence management, and coordinated digital enforcement platforms. It emphasises constitutional compliance, procedural transparency, and oversight through a National Drug-Impaired Driving Observatory. This study aims to (i) comparatively examine roadside drug testing laws and enforcement practices in the US, the UK, and Australia; (ii) identify legal, institutional, and evidentiary gaps in India's existing framework governing drug-impaired driving; (iii) evaluate the feasibility of integrating behavioural detection technologies within constitutional and procedural safeguards; and (iv) propose a phased legal–technological–institutional reform model, titled “Safe Drive India 1.0,” tailored to the Indian context. Key contributions include a comparative framework, an integrated legal-technological-ethical model, and policy recommendations for reform, institutional strengthening, and rights-conscious enforcement. This roadmap supports India in developing scientifically validated, legally robust roadside drug testing systems that enhance public safety while upholding individual liberties within its federal structure. Safe Drive India 1.0: A Phased Framework for Roadside Drug TestingThis schematic outlines India's phased framework, drawing from US DRE programs, UK drug limits, and Australian zero-tolerance policies. It addresses challenges and technical and legal features, aiming for outcomes such as less impaired driving, greater judicial confidence, and increased public trust.Source: Author's own creation, based on synthesis of US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports, UK Home Office protocols, Australian Transport Safety Bureau guidelines, and Indian legislative frameworks.

Narcotics trafficking has emerged as one of the most serious forms of organized crime in the modern world, posing a significant threat to public health, social stability, economic development, and national security. In India, the growing menace of drug abuse and illicit trafficking led to the enactment of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act), which provides a comprehensive legal framework to regulate and control narcotic substances. This research article examines the nature, scope, and effectiveness of the NDPS Act in combating drug trafficking. It analyses the stringent provisions of the Act, including punishment based on quantity, reverse burden of proof, and restrictive bail conditions. The article also evaluates procedural safeguards and highlights the critical role played by the judiciary in ensuring fairness and protection of fundamental rights. Further, it discusses major challenges such as over-criminalization, lack of distinction between traffickers and minor offenders, delays in trials, and misuse of provisions. The study emphasizes the need for a balanced socio-legal approach that integrates strict enforcement with rehabilitation, awareness, and reformative justice. The article concludes that while the NDPS Act is a powerful tool against drug-related crimes, necessary reforms are required to ensure justice, proportionality, and effectiveness in its implementation.

ABSTRACT Drug trafficking ranks among the gravest threats confronting contemporary societies, cutting across public health, social cohesion, and national security in ways that no single legislative instrument can fully address. In the Indian context, the enactment of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (hereinafter "the NDPS Act" or "the Act") marked a decisive shift in state policy toward illicit narcotics consolidating a fragmented pre-existing legal architecture, honouring India's obligations under foundational United Nations conventions,[1] and erecting a comprehensive statutory mechanism for regulating every phase of the drug supply chain from cultivation through to financing. The Act's penal philosophy rests on deterrence: offences are graded by the quantity of the substance involved, and commercial-quantity offences attract mandatory minimum sentences of rigorous imprisonment ranging from ten to twenty years alongside substantial fines.[2] Reinforcing this framework are provisions for reverse burden of proof, restrictive bail conditions under Section 37, and enhanced penalties for repeat offenders each reflecting a legislative determination to suppress narcotics-related criminality through the instrument of severe, predictable punishment. Keywords: Drug Trafficking, NDPS Act 1985, Mandatory Minimum Sentences, Proportionality, Judicial Interpretation, Reverse Burden of Proof, Drug Policy Reform, India [1]Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (Act 61 of 1985), Preamble [hereinafter NDPS Act]; Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Mar. 30, 1961, 520 U.N.T.S. 151; Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Feb. 21, 1971, 1019 U.N.T.S. 175. [2]NDPS Act §§ 15–25 (prescribing rigorous imprisonment of not less than ten years and a fine of not less than one lakh rupees for commercial-quantity offences).

The issue of postoperative pain relief in outpatient surgery, particularly in dentistry, remains relevant both in Russia and abroad. This work analyzes the literature on the topic of modern approaches to choosing a method of pain relief after outpatient dental interventions, and reviews the most common painkillers and their combinations. The influence of different groups of drugs on the mechanisms of pain formation is considered: transduction, transmission, modulation and perception. The article also reflects the mechanisms and features of pain formation in the orofacial region in dental pathology. The conducted analysis of the literature showed that, today in outpatient practice, there is no single standard for pain relief for patients during and after dental operations. This is greatly influenced by the national characteristics of different countries, such as the presence or ban on a number of drugs, as well as the availability of potent and narcotic drugs for prescription in outpatient settings. At present, the evidence collected in the world specialized literature confirms the effectiveness of using the principles of preventive and multimodal analgesia in dental outpatient practice. Meanwhile, high-quality comparative clinical studies that allow choosing the most effective and safe method of postoperative pain relief are limited.

The reliable identification of narcotic and hazardous drugs in blood is of critical importance in forensic, clinical, and public health investigations. In this work, gas chromatography (GC) combined with quantitative structure–retention relationship (QSRR) modeling was employed to predict the retention times (RTs) of narcotic and hazardous drugs in blood samples. Experimental RTs of 75 drugs were determined using GC equipped with a non-polar HP-5 column, and a wide range of molecular descriptors was calculated from optimized molecular structures. Genetic algorithms were applied for descriptor selection, and linear and nonlinear predictive models, including GA-PLS, GA-KPLS, and artificial neural networks (ANN), were developed and evaluated using leave-group-out cross-validation and an external test set. The results demonstrated that nonlinear approaches provided superior predictive performance compared to linear models, with the ANN model showing the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.969 for the training set and 0.932 for the test set) and the lowest prediction errors. Analysis of selected descriptors revealed that molecular hydrophobicity, structural complexity, hydrogen bonding capability, and three-dimensional molecular features play a significant role in chromatographic retention behavior. Overall, the proposed QSRR and machine learning framework enables accurate prediction of GC retention times, reduces the need for extensive experimental measurements, and offers an efficient tool for the screening and analysis of novel narcotic and hazardous drug derivatives.

Indonesia faces significant challenges in narcotics control, particularly in balancing punitive enforcement with rehabilitation mechanisms. This study adopts a normative legal research approach to compare Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics with the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study analyzes the regulatory orientation of Indonesia’s penal and non-penal strategies, particularly as reflected in the policy framework of the National Narcotics Agency (BNN). The analysis indicates that Indonesian legislation adopts a stringent enforcement model, including the possibility of capital punishment for certain trafficking offenses, whereas international standards emphasize proportionality, international cooperation, and preventive mechanisms. Although national law formally recognizes medical and social rehabilitation, its regulatory orientation remains predominantly enforcement-centered. The study also identifies normative and institutional shortcomings in the coordination between BNN and other agencies, such as the police, the Ministry of Health, and UNODC. It highlights the need for clearer communication frameworks, strengthened rehabilitation pathways, and closer alignment between Indonesia’s narcotics legislation and international standards. By reinforcing proportional penal measures alongside structured non-penal mechanisms and enhanced inter-agency and international cooperation, Indonesia may improve the coherence of its narcotics governance framework. A balanced approach that integrates law enforcement with rehabilitation remains essential within a sustainable and legally consistent drug control strategy.

Objective — to analyse current literature on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in pregnant women. Materials and methods. The study used analytical and bibliosemantic methods. A search in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases was conducted using the keywords «tuberculosis», «pregnancy», «diagnosis of tuberculosis in pregnant women», «treatment of tuberculosis in pregnant women». Results and discussion. Tuberculosis is a major public health problem worldwide. Although tuberculosis during pregnancy is not associated with an increased risk of congenital abnormalities, it can worsen during pregnancy and progress in the postpartum period due to endocrine changes, blood loss, lactation, emotional stress, inadequate treatment or complete absence of treatment for tuberculosis during pregnancy. During this time, a woman can develop both pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis of this disease in pregnant women is difficult, as some non-specific symptoms are common to both tuberculosis and pregnancy, such as shortness of breath, fatigue and weakness. Detection of tuberculosis cases in pregnant women can be improved by using new technologies such as digital radiography and molecular diagnostics (Xpert MTB/RIF, Xpert MTB/XDR), risk assessment and initiation of preventive treatment if necessary.Early detection and treatment of active disease can reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Untreated tuberculosis in pregnant women is more dangerous to the mother and fetus than the use of specific treatment.There is no consensus on the optimal treatment regimen for tuberculosis in pregnant women, therefore studies are required to determine the efficacy, safety, tolerability and outcomes for the mother and fetus. The first-line drugs — isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide — are considered relatively safe.Potentially dangerous second-line drugs due to possible teratogenicity include prothionamide-ethiona­mide, pretomanid, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, linezolid, clofazimine, terizidone and delamanid.It is generally accepted that in pregnant women with active tuberculosis, chemotherapy should be started immediately, regardless of the gestational age. The decision to postpone the start of treatment is made jointly by the doctor and the patient after assessment of the risks and benefits of chemotherapy. Conclusions. The problem of tuberculosis in pregnant women remains relevant and should not be ignored by clinicians and researchers. Timely rapid diagnosis and treatment will help detect tuberculosis in the early stages and treatment will reduce the harmful effects of this disease on the health of the woman and the child.

Drug abuse constitutes a significant social and legal challenge that adversely affects individual well-being and social stability. Islamic law (Sharia) prohibits the use of harmful substances and establishes preventive principles aimed at safeguarding intellect, health, and public welfare. Given the growing impact of narcotic drugs on contemporary societies, examining preventive mechanisms within an Islamic legal framework is of considerable importance. This study aims to analyze the Sharia-based and legal measures for preventing drug abuse in light of the Qur’an and Sunnah. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on classical and contemporary library sources, focusing on Islamic jurisprudential principles and relevant legal regulations. The findings demonstrate that Islamic law emphasizes both individual and collective responsibility in preventing narcotic use. Preventive strategies include moral education, family supervision, community awareness, and state enforcement measures. The study concludes that coordinated efforts among families, religious scholars, policymakers, and legal institutions can substantially reduce the prevalence of drug abuse and mitigate its social consequences. Keywords: Islamic law, Sharia, drug abuse prevention, narcotic substances, legal measures

Self-medication is widely discussed regarding over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, as well as some prescription drugs, especially antibiotics. There are virtually no studies on selfmedication with cardiovascular drugs. To assess the prevalence of self-medication and adherence to prescribed treatment in patients with Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) seeking advice at a cardiology dispensary. Our cross-sectional study included all patients aged 50 years or older (n=300) who repeatedly visited an outpatient clinic for CVD from December 14, 2023, to August 07, 2024. The information on previously prescribed and actually taken medicinal drugs by the patient was recorded during the visit. Patient-reported adherence was evaluated using a specific scale. Self-medication was detected in 120 patients (40%) who either replaced or added drugs to the therapy prescribed by their attending physician. The most common recorded practice was self-prescription of medicinal drugs (106 cases, 88.3%), especially prescription drugs (72 of 106 patients, 67.9%). In 17 patients, self-medication led to inappropriate administration of the drug. In 7 patients (41.2%), self-medication resulted in potentially dangerous combinations of drugs. In 4 patients (23.5%), self-medication resulted in inadequate replacement of the drug, and in 6 patients (35.3%), duplication of drugs was noted. The majority of patients (76.3%) exhibited various violations of compliance with medical recommendations. Among patients practicing self-medication, there were more partially nonadherent patients, and in the subgroup without selfmedication, there were more completely nonadherent patients (p=0.008). Self-medication is potentially associated with several risks, including delayed professional consultation, incorrect self-diagnosis, severe adverse reactions, dangerous drug-drug interactions, masking of severe conditions, and the risk of drug abuse. Existing literature predominantly focuses on self-medication with over-the-counter drugs. This study demonstrates that in the Russian Federation, self-medication (including the use of cardiovascular drugs) is remarkably prevalent. More than a third of the surveyed patients independently added new medications to their physician's regimen or substituted prescribed ones. Moreover, more than half of the self-medications were for prescription drugs. Self-medication, as one of the options for nonadherence, was employed by 40% of CVD patients. In some cases, this has led to the emergence of potentially dangerous drug combinations.

ABSTRACT In April 2024, FSQ Forensic Chemists attended Queensland’s largest mushroom growing operation. Seized items included: 219 50 L plastic tubs of mushrooms in growth medium, bags of dried mushroom material, sterilised grain bags and spores in liquid. In consultation with QPS, six exhibits were selected for illicit drug analysis. Fresh mushrooms were harvested and freeze-dried, and all exhibits were homogenised prior to analysis. Psilocybin, found in “magic mushrooms,” converts to the psychoactive compound Psilocin. FSQ Forensic Chemistry uses LC-MS/MS and UPLC-PDA methods to detect and quantitate these scheduled dangerous drugs. Proportions of these psychoactive compounds varied across the different mushroom presentations, and one exhibit had no reportable levels of Psilocybin or Psilocin. This unexpected result prompted DNA testing on all six exhibits in collaboration with CPHS. DNA testing confirmed all exhibits as the species Psilocybe cubensis. The absence of psychoactive compounds in one genetically identical exhibit remains unexplained, warranting further investigation.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by loss of body movement control due to dopamine abnormalities. PD leads to various pathological symptoms, including muscle stiffness, bradykinesia, tremors, and postural disturbances. As a severe disease, PD caused approximately 329,000 deaths worldwide in 2019. However, PD treatment is very challenging; thus, alternative therapeutic strategies are in high demand. The primary therapeutic hurdle in PD therapy is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This biological barrier further protects against dangerous foreign substances and drugs in the brain, which limits therapeutic action in PD. Currently, there are several approved medications for PD therapy, although the majority only address associated symptoms. Unfortunately, because of related adverse effects, existing treatments have not been able to slow the severity of PD. This illness is initiated and progresses by specific pathogenic mechanisms like α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. As a result, a patient with PD has a limited chance of surviving roughly about 14.5 years. Therefore, to better understand and improve the overall survival rate, it is necessary to understand the different pathogenic processes behind the progress of PD. However, in the current and past decade, nanotechnology has rapidly expanded into the field of treatment and diagnosis of mental illnesses. Therefore, the review underscored recent insights into PD pathogenesis, neuropathogenic mechanisms, advancements in theragnostic and therapeutic strategies, nanotherapeutics, current clinical trial updates, and emerging PD therapeutic development. That has aided scientists in developing alternative approaches to deal with the drawbacks of PD's conventional therapies.

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Drug storage is an important factor in maintaining drug quality so that the quality of drugs remains in accordance with the storage parameters according to Ministry of Health Regulation No. 73 of 2016. This study aims to examine the percentage of compliance with the drug storage system in pharmacies in Boyolali Regency, as regulated in Minister of Health Regulation No. 73 of 2016. The research method used was descriptive observational with data collection using a checklist, observation of pharmacies in Boyolali Regency, and interviews with the pharmacists in charge. Drug storage based on Minister of Health Regulation No. 73 of 2016 shows that storage parameters in 56 pharmacies in 18 subdistricts indicate drug storage system parameters based on dosage form, drug stability temperature, storage equipped with shelves or pallets, air conditioning and refrigerators, therapeutic or pharmacological class, and alphabetical order, showing a compliance rate of 100%. Storage based on the original packaging from the manufacturer showed a compliance rate of 94.42%. Storage areas should not be used to store other items, with a compliance rate of 98.21%, and storage of narcotic and psychotropic drugs showed a compliance rate of 92.86%. The storage systems at 56 pharmacies have met the standards set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 73 of 2016

γHydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a depressant of the central nervous system, is commonly used illegally and in drug-facilitated crimes; therefore, it is crucial to develop reliable and fast methods for detecting GHB. This study uses DFT theory to design and evaluate the performance of electrochemical and colorimetric nanosensors based on fullerene and its forms of doping with boron and zinc for GHB detection. The calculation results (bond length, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, infrared spectra and UV-visible absorption spectra) for C60 showed very good overlap with experimental results in other literature, indicating the validity of the computational method used in this work. Several analyses (such as electronic structure calculations, adsorption energy evaluation, charge-transfer analysis, NBO, NCI/RDG, ELF, LOL, QTAIM, conductivity, recovery time, and optical response analyses) were performed to investigate the sensor performance. After comparing these results, Boron-Doped C60 (BC59) was found to be the best candidate for electrochemical sensing of GHB based on conductivity modulation & charge transfer behavior. In contrast, pure C60 with the largest spectral shift (in the visible range) was introduced as a suitable candidate for colorimetric measurement. Zinc-doped C60 adsorbs GHB best (based on adsorption properties), making it suitable for GHB removal and adsorption in purification applications. Overall, this computational study makes experimental efforts more targeted by qualitatively assessing sensor performance and reducing trial and error, and provides clear guidance for future experimental validation and development of efficient GHB detection platforms.

An important problem remains drug addiction in the population of most countries, including residents of Russian regions. A significant transformation of the drug situation in the world is associated with changes in the motives for initiation and drug use, with the social portrait and lifestyle of drug and psychoactive substance users, and the composition of the substances taken. On the other hand, there is a weakening of social control institutions due to emerging trends in the “everyday” use of illegal substances. The authors noted that the trend of growth and transformation of drug addiction registered in the world community is also registered in the regions of Russia, the distinctive features of which are considered using the example of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The purpose of the study was to analyze and summarize the causes of drug use in the world, country, region in order to establish emerging trends. Based on the results of the analysis of domestic and foreign sources, the researchers noted that scientists tend to divide the problems of drug addiction into “sectoral” aspects: medical, psychological, legal, pedagogical, sociological. The above determines the relevance of a systematic study of medical-social, medical-organizational and medical-legal aspects of combating illegal trafficking and non-medical use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. As part of the review, the authors came to the conclusion that the multifaceted nature of the problems of drug addiction in society requires solving not individual, isolated, mainly departmental, regional, country problems, but a set of problems of drug addiction in society that have common features at all levels. Apparently, an important aspect is a comparative legal analysis of the emerging national anti-drug policy aimed at finding tools for its implementation in accordance with international principles, norms, country and regional specifics. The formation of a well-developed scientific methodology and effective measures aimed at managing the growing set of trends, potential threats and ways to eliminate the consequences of the addiction in society will allow forming the right anti-drug patterns.

The presence of novel psychoactive substances in international drug markets has become commonplace. Misrepresentation of illicit drugs is also common, leading to initiatives such as Drug Checking, which aim to reduce drug-related harm by providing scientific testing of unknown substances. Drug Checking is legal in New Zealand and has led to numerous detections of potentially dangerous substances circulating in the community, including nitazenes which are highly potent synthetic opioids. This paper describes the detection and characterisation of a novel nitazene analogue, butodesnitazene, which had been sold as heroin and subsequently submitted for Drug Checking in Auckland, New Zealand. Analysis methods used by chemistry laboratories and those suited to in-field analysis have been utilised to provide guidance to enable future detections. This is the second novel drug detection in recent months in New Zealand that has arisen from Drug Checking. This highlights the benefits of this legalised service in reducing drug-related harm through increased public awareness of potentially dangerous drugs and drug trends.

This study aims to examine and analyze the role of Customs Departments in the United Arab Emirates in combating the smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and chemical precursors. It does so by clarifying their responsibilities in this area, proposing a unified national mechanism to regulate customs work in anti-smuggling efforts, as well as assessing the compatibility of relevant national legislation with the Unified Gulf Customs Law. The study also outlines the limits of customs authorities’ powers in applying settlement procedures on seizures of prohibited substances. The research concludes with the necessity to strengthen the legislative and executive framework related to customs control, and to enhance coordination mechanisms among relevant authorities to ensure the protection of society from the risks of smuggling, particularly given the increasing sophistication of smuggling networks’ deceptive methods.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the earliest domesticated plants, cultivated for thousands of years for its useful properties, including medicinal properties. In Polish herbal and botanical literature, they are already described in Renaissance herbariums, but an increase in interest in their medicinal applications has been observed since the mid-nineteenth century. While original research papers on Cannabis, published in Polish at that time, are scarce, in the professional press addressed to doctors and pharmacists, reprints and studies of articles from the world medical and pharmaceutical literature appear relatively often. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, cannabis preparations, in the form of tinctures, thick extract of the herb and infl orescences of cannabis, became popular and often used around the world, including in the USA and European countries. The most common indications of medical cannabis preparations in the early 20s of the twentieth century. These included: treatment of headaches, migraines, insomnia, mental illnesses, neuralgia, various gynecological diseases and many others. Relatively early, at the end of the 19th century, the risk of addiction was indicated, especially associated with long-term use of certain cannabis preparations (especially hashish). The first legal regulations limiting the availability of cannabis, including medicinal preparations, in Western countries were introduced in the USA in 1906, and in 1937 the USA introduced a law outlawing marijuana under the influence of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Awareness of the dangers associated with the growing illegal trade in narcotic drugs prompted the governments of many countries to counteract these practices in the period preceding World War II at the forum of the League of Nations. However, it was not until 1961 that a resolution was adopted at the UN forum to outlaw the cultivation, production, possession and sale of drugs, including cannabis. Regardless of administrative efforts to curb drug trafficking, scientific research into the properties of cannabis continued, which contributed to a number of discoveries, a better understanding of its chemical and medicinal properties, and its reintroduction into modern medicine.

Drug abuse is a substantial problem worldwide, with a prevalence of >2% in Southeast Asia. However, the detection of illegal drugs in urine is time-consuming and requires expert interpretation. Therefore, this study aimed to establish attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms to screen and analyze urine samples of narcotic drug users for methamphetamines and tetrahydrocannabinol. Urine supernatant samples provided clearer absorption peaks compared to the whole urine samples, allowing for better discrimination between nondrug users and drug users. Principal component analysis revealed key spectral regions (3500-3000 cm-1 and 1700-1400 cm-1) for model development. The predictive model was successfully developed using a support vector machine to classify nondrug and drug users' urine samples in the single spectral range of 3500-3000 cm-1 (F1 score of 81.9 ± 12.5%, with 80.8% accuracy, 80.8% sensitivity, and 85.2% specificity). Therefore, the SVM model was considered suitable for classifying drug and nondrug users' urine samples. These findings underscore the promise of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning for the rapid detection of drugs in urine samples. This innovative technique potentially improves the drug screening process. However, we recommend that the current findings be interpreted as preliminary. Future studies are necessary to increase the sample size, create a comprehensive library of standard spectral data for various narcotics to aid in identification, and optimize the models to enhance the accuracy of classifying drug users' urine samples.

This study highlights, discusses, and analyzes the conditions and elements through which the crimes of drug and psychotropic substance trafficking of an organized and transnational nature are realized. These crimes are committed through multiple, complex, and organized means. We based our analysis on the provisions of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, as it is one of the most significant international agreements that serves as a reference for member states in defining and regulating the concept of organized criminal groups, as well as in defining the concept and cases of transnational organized crime. We called for the enhancement of border control in all countries using the latest advanced technologies, to prevent and combat all forms of land, sea, and air trafficking of drugs and psychotropic substances by organized criminal groups, which may operate across borders. We called for the enhancement of border control in all countries using the latest advanced technologies, to prevent and combat all forms of land, sea, and air trafficking of drugs and psychotropic substances by organized criminal groups, which may operate across borders. We also studied the classifications of drugs and psychotropic substances and their economic, social, and health impacts on individuals and society. In conclusion, we identified the key mechanisms of international cooperation outlined in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000. The study reached several conclusions, including that international cooperation in the field of combating drug and psychotropic substance trafficking is necessary and binding on member states. The spread of such criminal activities poses threats that lead to the destruction of societies socially, health-wise, security-wise, and economically. Therefore, we made several recommendations, the most important of which include enhancing the exchange of information and training in combating this type of organized and transnational crime. key words: Drug trafficking, organized crime, organized criminal groups, international cooperation, international drug trafficking methods.