Nanotechnology For Cancer Therapy Research Articles

Heating Induced Nanoparticle Migration and Enhanced Delivery in Tumor Treatment Using Nanotechnology.

Nanoparticles have been developed as imaging contrast agents, heat absorbers to confine energy into targeted tumors, and drug carriers in advanced cancer treatment. It is crucial to achieve a minimal concentration of drug-carrying nanostructures or to induce an optimized nanoparticle distribution in tumors. This review is focused on understanding how local or whole-body heating alters transport properties in tumors, therefore leading to enhanced nanoparticle delivery or optimized nanoparticle distributions in tumors. First, an overview of cancer treatment and the development of nanotechnology in cancer therapy is introduced. Second, the importance of particle distribution in one of the hyperthermia approaches using nanoparticles in damaging tumors is discussed. How intensive heating during nanoparticle hyperthermia alters interstitial space structure to induce nanoparticle migration in tumors is evaluated. The next section reviews major obstacles in the systemic delivery of therapeutic agents to targeted tumors due to unique features of tumor microenvironments. Experimental observations on how mild local or whole-body heating boosts systemic nanoparticle delivery to tumors are presented, and possible physiological mechanisms are explored. The end of this review provides the current challenges facing clinicians and researchers in designing effective and safe heating strategies to maximize the delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors.

Natural compounds-based nanomedicines for cancer treatment: Future directions and challenges.

Several efforts have been extensively accomplished for the amelioration of the cancer treatments using different types of new drugs and less invasives therapies in comparison with the traditional therapeutic modalities, which are widely associated with numerous drawbacks, such as drug resistance, non-selectivity and high costs, restraining their clinical response. The application of natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of different cancer cells has attracted significant attention from the pharmaceuticals and scientific communities over the past decades. Although the use of nanotechnology in cancer therapy is still in the preliminary stages, the application of nanotherapeutics has demonstrated to decrease the various limitations related to the use of natural compounds, such as physical/chemical instability, poor aqueous solubility, and low bioavailability. Despite the nanotechnology has emerged as a promise to improve the bioavailability of the natural compounds, there are still limited clinical trials performed for their application with various challenges required for the pre-clinical and clinical trials, such as production at an industrial level, assurance of nanotherapeutics long-term stability, physiological barriers and safety and regulatory issues. This review highlights the most recent advances in the nanocarriers for natural compounds secreted from plants, bacteria, fungi, and marine organisms, as well as their role on cell signaling pathways for anticancer treatments. Additionally, the clinical status and the main challenges regarding the natural compounds loaded in nanocarriers for clinical applications were also discussed.

Application of Nanomedicine in Tumor Targeting Inflammatory Pathway

Abstract: Given the threat of ever-growing cancer morbidity, it is a cutting-edge frontier for multiple disciplines to apply nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Nanomedicine is now perpetually influencing the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Meanwhile, tumorigenesis and cancer progression are intimately associated with inflammation. Inflammation can implicate in various tumor progression via the same or different pathways. Therefore, current nanomedicines exhibit tumor-suppressing function through inflammatory pathways. At present, the comprehensive understanding and research on the mechanism of various nanoparticles in cancer treatment are still in progress. In this review, we summarized the applications of nanomedicine in tumor-targeting inflammatory pathways, suggesting that nanoparticles could be a budding star for cancer therapy.

Reduction-responsive and tumor-targeted polyprodrug nanocarriers for targeting therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

DOX@HA-SS-PFA NPs, a targeted and reduction-responsive nano-delivery platform for polyprodrug, could effectively boost the therapeutic effect of the antitumor drug and improve the therapeutic efficiency.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Preclinical Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics.

Nano-oncology is a branch of biomedical research and engineering that focuses on using nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials are extensively employed in the field of oncology because of their minute size and ultra-specificity. A wide range of nanocarriers, such as dendrimers, micelles, PEGylated liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles are used to facilitate the efficient transport of anti-cancer drugs at the target tumor site. Real-time labeling and monitoring of cancer cells using quantum dots is essential for determining the level of therapy needed for treatment. The drug is targeted to the tumor site either by passive or active means. Passive targeting makes use of the tumor microenvironment and enhanced permeability and retention effect, while active targeting involves the use of ligand-coated nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is being used to diagnose the early stage of cancer by detecting cancer-specific biomarkers using tumor imaging. The implication of nanotechnology in cancer therapy employs photoinduced nanosensitizers, reverse multidrug resistance, and enabling efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA molecules for therapeutic applications. However, despite recent advancements in nano-oncology, there is a need to delve deeper into the domain of designing and applying nanoparticles for improved cancer diagnostics.

Emerging Epigenetic-Based Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy: Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment.

Dysregulated epigenetic modifications dynamically drive the abnormal transcription process to affect the tumor microenvironment; thus, promoting cancer progression, drug resistance, and metastasis. Nowadays, therapies targeting epigenetic dysregulation of tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment appear to be promising adjuncts to other cancer therapies. However, the clinical results of combination therapies containing epigenetic agents are disappointing due to systemic toxicities and limited curative effects. Here, the role of epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones, and noncoding RNAs is discussed, followed by detailed descriptions of epigenetic regulation of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the application of epigenetic modulators in antitumor therapy, with an emphasis on the epigenetic-based advanced drug delivery system in targeting the tumor microenvironment.

Nano based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapy: A Next Generation Theranostics

Cancer is considered as one of the foremost cause of illness and death with very complex pathophysiology even though prominent advancement has been made on innovative tumor treatments. Therapeutic properties and the global survival rate are still disappointing for the patients with cancer. There is a shortfall in the capabilities of these cancer therapies, some novel strategies are developed to provide better treatment therapies to improve their quality of life and also aids in reducing the number of deaths. Amongst the cardinal phases towards ensuring ideal cancer management is early diagnosis and targeted drug delivery of anti-tumor to decrease its toxicities. Recently the progress of nanotechnology as novel therapeutics, have advanced and trialed to overwhelm numerous limitations of previously available drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Nanobased therapeutics has provided the chance to directly contact the tumorous cells selectively with improved drug localization, cellular application as well as providing targeted drug delivery eluding the interaction with the healthy cells. In this review, we summarize about various novel nanomaterials as anti-tumour drug delivery carriers for cancer treatment; also provide insight into the superlative necessities of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and its challenges in targeted drug delivery

Engineering Macrophages via Nanotechnology and Genetic Manipulation for Cancer Therapy

Macrophages play critical roles in tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, macrophages display highly diverse phenotypes and may perform antitumorigenic or protumorigenic functions in a context-dependent manner. Recent studies have shown that macrophages can be engineered to transport drug nanoparticles (NPs) to tumor sites in a targeted manner, thereby exerting significant anticancer effects. In addition, macrophages engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) were shown to actively migrate to tumor sites and eliminate tumor cells through phagocytosis. Importantly, after reaching tumor sites, these engineered macrophages can significantly change the otherwise immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment and thereby enhance T cell-mediated anticancer immune responses. In this review, we first introduce the multifaceted activities of macrophages and the principles of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and then elaborate on macrophage engineering via nanotechnology or genetic approaches and discuss the effects, mechanisms, and limitations of such engineered macrophages, with a focus on using live macrophages as carriers to actively deliver NP drugs to tumor sites. Several new directions in macrophage engineering are reviewed, such as transporting NP drugs through macrophage cell membranes or extracellular vesicles, reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) by nanotechnology, and engineering macrophages with CARs. Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining engineered macrophages and other treatments to improve outcomes in cancer therapy.

Nanocargos: A Burgeoning Quest in Cancer Management

Cancer, a complex series of diseased conditions, contributes to a significant health problem and is a leading cause of mortalities across the world. Lately, with the advent of improved diagnostics and imaging techniques, and newer advanced oral chemotherapeutics; millions of cancer affected people can lengthen their life span. Despite all the challenges associated with an active chemotherapeutic molecule like microenvironment and the intestinal barrier of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) etc., the oral delivery remains the most acceptable route of drug administration. In this regard, nanotechnology has played a significant role in the counteracting the challenges encountered with newly developed molecules and aiding in improving their bioavailability and targetability to the tumour site, while administering through the oral route. Several literature instances document the usage of nanostructured drug delivery systems such as lipid-based, polymerbased or metallic nanomaterials to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Besides, sitespecific targeted surface-modified drug delivery system designed to deliver the active molecule has opened up to the newer avenues of nanotechnology. However, the issue of potential toxicity allied with nanotechnology cannot be compromised and thus, needs specific ethical regulations and guidelines. The various in vitro models have been developed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity profile which can be further correlated with the invivo model. Thus, this review provides a summarized account of the various aspects related to the role of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and various related issues thereof; that must be triumphed over to apprehend its full promise.

Nanotechnology in cancer therapy: An overview and perspectives (Review)

Nanotechnology is the study and use of structures between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. Cancer is the leading cause of death among people younger than 85 years. Nanoparticles that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells are under development. Nanomaterials are increasingly used as drug carriers for cancer therapy. Nanomaterials also appeal to researchers in the areas of cancer diagnosis and biomarker discovery. Among the newly developed nanomedicine and nanodevices such as quantum dots, nanowires, nanotubes, nanocantilevers, and nanopores, nanoshells and nanoparticles are the most promising applications for various cancer treatments. This article aims at giving an overview of the present status of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and the prospects of nanomaterials as drug carriers for future clinical applications are also discussed. Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, Application of nanomedicine, Nanomedicine for cancer, Risks of nanotechnology.

Engineered Nanoparticles Against MDR in Cancer: The State of the Art and its Prospective.

Cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease at intra/inter patient levels and known as the leading cause of death worldwide. A variety of mono and combinational therapies including chemotherapy have been evolved over the years for its effective treatment. However, advent of chemotherapeutic resistance or multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer is a major challenge researchers are facing in cancer chemotherapy. MDR is a complex process having multifaceted non-cellular or cellular-based mechanisms. Research in the area of cancer nanotechnology over the past two decade has now proven that the smartly designed nanoparticles help in successful chemotherapy by overcoming the MDR and preferentially accumulate in the tumor region by means of active and passive targeting therefore reducing the offtarget accumulation of payload. Many of such nanoparticles are in different stages of clinical trials as nanomedicines showing promising result in cancer therapy including the resistant cases. Nanoparticles as chemotherapeutics carriers offer the opportunity to have multiple payload of drug and or imaging agents for combinational and theranostics therapy. Moreover, nanotechnology further bring in notice the new treatment strategies such as combining the NIR, MRI and HIFU in cancer chemotherapy and imaging. Here, we discussed the cellular/non-cellular factors constituting the MDR in cancer and the role of nanomedicines in effective chemotherapy of MDR cases of cancers. Moreover, recent advancements like combinational payload delivery and combined physical approach with nanotechnology in cancer therapy have also been discussed.

Cancer Nano-Immunoengineering: The Marriage of Immunoengineering and Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy

Cancer Nano-Immunoengineering: The Marriage of Immunoengineering and Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy

A fast, reliable and cost-effective method to generate tumor organs for therapy screening in vivo

Innovative anticancer treatments continuously require tissue bioengineering models to test novel therapies. The increasing number of developments based on nanotechnology for cancer therapy or theragnostics demand simple, reliable, fast and cost-effective cancer in vivo models for preclinical testing. However, despite the many tumor models available, very few reproduce the complex intratumoral cell-to-cell interactions as well as the accompanying systemic whole body effects resulting of the tumor organ metabolic, hormonal or growth factor activities, all having critical implications in the success of cancer therapies. Here we describe a reliable tumor model that can be easily reproduced to generate visible solid malignant melanoma tumor organs within a defined period of 5–10 days recapitulating the tumor stroma that is essential for cancer development. These models can be easily evaluated in vivo or by anatomo-pathological procedures. This method provides a fast, reproducible, reliable and cost-effective way to generate solid tumors for in vivo therapy, drug, nanomaterial or imaging probe evaluation, diagnostic or theragnostic screening and validation.

ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled DNA Nanostructures for Drug Delivery

AbstractReview: 119 refs.

Self‐Assembled DNA Nanostructures for Drug Delivery

AbstractDue to the uniform nanoscale sizes, well‐defined shapes, precise spatial addressability and prominent biocompatibility, self‐assembled DNA nanostructures have been intensively studied for their biomedical applications. This review summarizes the recent development of DNA nanotechnology in cancer therapy, and discusses the challenges and potential strategies to advance the methodologies of cancer treatments.

ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctional Nanoparticles: Recent Progress in Cancer Therapeutics

AbstractReview: 102 refs.

Impact of Nanoparticles on Cancer Therapy

The tremendous contribution of nanotechnology to the treatment and diagnosis of medical diseases has recently attracted the attention of anticancer researchers. Most of the new nanoparticle carriers haveimproved drug bioavailability and reduced the cytotoxic effects of the drugs. This article presents an overview of the recent advances of nanotechnology in cancer therapy. It covers the mechanisms of cellular uptake for anticancer drugs delivered in nanoscale systems by either active or passive targeting.The various nanoscale systems employed in drug delivery and their immense potential in diagnosis and imaging of cancerous tumors are also addressed.Keywords: Nanocarriers, Drug delivery, Liposomes, Micelles, Dendrimers, Emulsification systems

Nanotechnology as a Platform for Thermal Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Over the past several years, there has been increasing research and clinical interest in using nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Nanoparticle provides tremendous potential for future medical therapy. Besides targeting cancer cells, delivering and releasing drugs in a regulated manner, the specificity of nanoparticles is what makes thermal therapy as attractive as a cancer therapy. In this mini review, we discuss some of the recent advances of nanotechnology for thermal therapy of prostate cancer.

Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy: Overview and Applications

ABSTRACT − Nanotechnology for cancer therapy is playing a pivotal role in dramatically improving current approaches to cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy while reducing toxic side effects associated with previous cancer therapy. A wide -spread understanding of these new technologies will lead to develop the more refined design of optimized nanoparticles with improved selectivity, efficacy and safety in the clinical practice of oncology. This review provides an integrated overview of applications and advances of nanotechnology in cancer therapy, based on molecular diagnostics, treatment, monitoring, target drug delivery, approved nanoparticle-based chemotherapeutic agents, and current clinical trials in the development of nanomedicine and ultimately personalized medicine.Key words − Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, Cancer therapy, Personalized therapy Nanotechnology is the interdisciplinary field which is focused on man-made materials up to 100×10 -9 Diagnosism (Grobmyer et al., 2010). Applications of nanotechnology in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of disease are collectively referred to as “nanomedicine” – an emerging field that has the potential to revolutionize individual and population-based health in the 21st century (Pautler et al., 2010). In recent years, considerable progress and attention have been made in the design and appli-cation of cancer nanotechnology, that is, nanooncology, which is currently the most important chapter of nanomedicine for improving cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment (Cuenca et al., 2006; Jain, 2010; Misra et al., 2010).Nanobiotechnology plays an important role in the discovery of biomarkers of cancer as well as the development of several drugs for cancer and aids to cancer surgery (Jain, 2007; Jain, 2010). It also provides a unique approach and comprehensive technology against cancer through early diagnosis, prediction, prevention, personalized therapy and medicine for cancer (Misra et al., 2010). The impact of nanobiotechnology on oncology is shown schematically in Figure 1 (Jain, 2005; Jain, 2007; Jain, 2010). This article will focus our attention on cur-rent advances and applications of nanotechnology in cancer therapy for helping with further advancement of developing better cancer drug delivery system that can be applied clin-ically.

Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy: Targeting the Inhibition of Key DNA Repair Pathways

Cancer therapy has been changing over the decades as we move away from the administration of broad spectrum cytotoxic drugs and towards the use of therapy targeted for each tumor type. After the induction of DNA damage through chemotherapeutic agents, tumor cells can survive due to their proficient DNA repair pathways, some of which are dysregulated in cancer. Latest improvements in nanotechnology and drug discovery has led to the discovery of some very unique, highly specific and innovative drugs as inhibitors of various DNA repair pathways like base excision repair and double strand break repair. In this review we look at the efficacy and potency of these small chemical molecules to target the processing of DNA damage induced by standard therapeutic agents. Emphasis is given to those drugs currently under clinical trials. We also discuss the future directions of using this nanotechnology to increase the therapeutic ratio in cancer treatment.