Molybdenum Disulfide Nanostructures Research Articles

Highly-pseudocapacitive origin and design principles of MoS2 for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion storage

Pseudocapacitive storage of Zn2+ in nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is expected to break through the limitations of sulfide in monovalent or multivalent ions storage; however, the deficiency of theoretical guidance and experimental strategies that enable rational design of MoS2 as a kind of cathode material towards aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Herein, we firstly establish guiding theory in order to design pseudocapacitive MoS2-based cathode in the light of the first-principles calculation, and then propose a simple and effective one-pot template-free solvothermal method to synthesize 1T phase-dominated MoS2 cathode with low crystallinity. Through this method, MoS2 cathode delivers an exceptional reversible capacity of 233 mAhg−1 at 0.05 A g−1, especially at 0.1 A g−1, the stability can achieve >150 cycles, and maintains 84 % capacity retention after 2100 cycles at 5 A g−1. Experimental and theoretical analysis show that such extraordinary pseudocapacitive contribution determines by the synergistic effects in the activated and stable metallic phase, abundant lattice defects and larger interlayer spacing in the rag-like MoS2 cathode. The revealed origin of highly pseudocapacitive Zn2+ storage and design principle for MoS2-based cathode facilitate the design of a variety of efficient cathodes.

The use of LA-ICP-MS as an auxiliary tool to assess the pulmonary toxicity of molybdenum(IV) sulfide (MoS2) nano- and microparticles.

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has considerable applicative potential for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of elemental spatial distribution and concentration. It provides high resolutions at pg-level detection limits. These qualities make it very useful for analyzing biological samples. The present study responds to the growing demand for adequate analytical methods which would allow to assess the distribution of nanostructured molybdenum(IV) disulfide (MoS2) in organs. It was also motivated by an apparent lack of literature on the biological effects of MoS2 in living organisms. The study was aimed at using LA-ICP-MS for comparing micro- and nanosized MoS2 ditribution in selected rat tissue samples (lung, liver, brain and spleen tissues) after the intratracheal instillation (7 administrations) of MoS2 nano- and microparticles vs. controls. The experimental study, approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments was performed using albino Wistar rats. This was performed at 2-week intervals at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w., followed by an analysis after 90 days of exposure. The MoS2 levels in control tissues were determined with the laser ablation system at optimized operating conditions. The parameter optimization process for the LA system was conducted using The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) glass standard reference materials. Instrument parameters were optimized. The study found that molybdenum (Mo) levels in the lungs of microparticle-exposed rats were higher compared to nanoparticle-exposed rats. The opposite results were found for liver and spleen tissues. Brain Mo concentrations were below the detection limit. The LA-ICP-MS technique may be used as an important tool for visualizing the distribution of Mo on the surface of soft samples through quantitative and qualitative elemental mapping. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(1):18-33.

Synthesis of binder-free nanostructured MoS2 films for optoelectronic applications

The binder-free polycrystalline nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films are synthesized on glass substrates placed at 15, 16 and 17 cm with respect to source material by powder vapor transport technique. The X-rays diffraction analysis confirms the development of different diffraction planes related to MoS2 and Mo2S3 phases. The formation of surface morphologies (nano-boxes and nano-fibers) of MoS2 films is associated with increasing substrate distances. The changes in reflectance (0.18–0.09), refractive index (2.52–1.91), energy band gap (1.62–2 eV), Urbach energy (0.61–1.11 eV), dielectric constant (7-5.6), dissipation factor (0.04–0.06), surface/volume energy loss functions (0.0017–0.005/0.002–0.005), optical & electrical conductivities (1.23–2.04 × 1014 s−1 and 9.86–6.70 × 1019 S m−1), single oscillator energy (5.70–3.36 eV), dispersion energy (26.45–5.80 eV), nonlinear and static refractive index (0.041–1.58 × 10−5, 5.64–2.72), linear & nonlinear optical susceptibilities (0.37–0.14 and 0.011–6.16 × 10−6) are strongly associated with increasing substrate distances. Results indicate that the synthesized MoS2 films can be used in optoelectronic and solar cell devices.

Enhanced Electrochemical Biosensing of the Sp17 Cancer Biomarker in Serum Samples via Engineered Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanosheets on the Reduced Graphene Oxide Interface.

In the present investigation, we reported a label-free and highly effective immunosensor for the first time employing a nanostructured molybdenum disulfide nanosheets@reduced graphene oxide (nMoS2 NS@rGO) nanohybrid interface for the determination of sperm protein 17 (Sp17), an emerging cancer biomarker. We synthesized the nMoS2 NS@rGO nanohybrid using a one-step hydrothermal technique and then functionalized it with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Furthermore, the anti-Sp17 monoclonal antibodies were covalently attached to the APTES/nMoS2 NS@rGO/indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode utilizing 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide-N-hydroxy succinimide (EDC-NHS) coupling chemistry. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was then used to block nonspecific binding regions on the anti-Sp17/APTES/nMoS2 NS@rGO/ITO bioelectrode. The morphological and structural features of the synthesized nanohybrid and the modified electrodes were studied using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) composition studies, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The immunoreaction between the Sp17 antigen and anti-Sp17 antibodies on the surface of the BSA/anti-Sp17/APTES/nMoS2 NS@rGO/ITO sensing bioelectrode was applied as the basis for the detection technique, which measured the electrocatalytic current and impedimetric response change. The designed BSA/anti-Sp17/APTES/nMoS2 NS@rGO/ITO bioelectrode showed improved amperometric and impedimetric biosensing performance in the response studies, including remarkable sensitivity (23.2 μA ng-1mL cm-2 and 0.48 kΩ mL ng-1 cm-2), wider linearity (0.05-8 and 1-8 ng mL-1), an excellent lower detection limit (0.13 and 0.23 ng mL-1), and a rapid response time of 20 min. The biosensor exhibited impressive storage durability lasting 7 weeks and showed remarkable precision in identifying Sp17 in serum samples from cancer patients, as confirmed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

Boosting the energy storage performance of aqueous NH4+ symmetric supercapacitor based on the nanostructured molybdenum disulfide nanosheets

Nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2-2H phase) is a well-known metal dichalcogenide and promising material for electrochemical energy storage due to its unique properties, including structural stability, tuneable bandgap, and dangling-bond free basal surface. However, electrochemical devices based on MoS2 suffer from a short lifespan, low power density, and safety. Herein, we proposed 2H-MoS2 nanosheets as a capacitive energy storage material for aqueous ammonium-ion supercapacitors (AASCs) to address the above-mentioned issues. MoS2 nanosheets were grown on carbon cloth (MoS2@CC) with a wet-chemical method as binder-free capacitive electrodes, and a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) was assembled to evaluate its energy storage performance. According to our simulation results with density functional theory (DFT), the ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 aqueous solution was selected as the ammonium-ion electrolyte. The MoS2@CC electrode exhibits outstanding NH4+ ion storage by achieving a high capacitance of 1,010 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 and ultra-high rate performance (60% at 50-folded high current density) with 98% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. The pseudocapacitive charge storage process governs the NH4+ intercalation/deintercalation mechanism through the bounding/breaking of H with S atoms. A symmetric AASC was fabricated using the MoS2@CC and an aqueous (NH4)2SO4 electrolyte to assess the practical performance. The assembled AASC can operate at a wide potential window (0.0–1.5 V) and demonstrates high charge storage performance (237 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 and 133 Fg−1 at 50 Ag−1) with extremely stable rate and cycling performance of ∼ 99% up to 50,000 cycles. This study would give an effective and a succinct technique for creating metal dichalcogenide with porous structure for advanced NH4+ storage.

Preparation of MoS2 Nanospheres using a Hydrothermal Method and Their Application as Ammonia Gas Sensors Based on Delay Line Surface Acoustic Wave Devices.

An ammonia sensor based on a delay-line surface acoustic wave (SAW) device is developed in this study by coating the delay line area of the device with a nano-structured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) sensitive material. A SAW device of 122 MHz was designed and fabricated with a pair of interdigital transducers (IDTs) defined on a 128° y-cut LiNbO3 substrate using photolithography technologies, and the aluminum IDT electrodes were deposited by a DC magnetron sputtering system. By adjusting the pH values of precursor solutions, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanospheres were prepared with various structures using a hydrothermal method. Finally, an NH3 gas sensor with high sensitivity of 4878 Hz/ppm, operating at room temperature, was successfully obtained. The excellent sensitivity performance may be due to the efficient adsorption of NH3 gas molecules on the surfaces of the nanoflower-like MoS2, which has a larger specific surface area and provides more active sites, and results in a larger change in the resonant frequency of the device due to the mass loading effect.

Detection of Acetaminophen in Groundwater by Laccase-Based Amperometric Biosensors Using MoS2 Modified Carbon Paper Electrodes.

The use of enzyme-based biosensors for the detection and quantification of analytes of interest such as contaminants of emerging concern, including over-the-counter medication, provides an attractive alternative compared to more established techniques. However, their direct application to real environmental matrices is still under investigation due to the various drawbacks in their implementation. Here, we report the development of bioelectrodes using laccase enzymes immobilized onto carbon paper electrodes modified with nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The laccase enzymes were two isoforms (LacI and LacII) produced and purified from the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43 that is native to Mexico. A commercial purified enzyme from the fungus Trametes versicolor (TvL) was also evaluated to compare their performance. The developed bioelectrodes were used in the biosensing of acetaminophen, a drug widely used to relieve fever and pain, and of which there is recent concern about its effect on the environment after its final disposal. The use of MoS2 as a transducer modifier was evaluated, and it was found that the best detection was achieved using a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Moreover, it was found that the laccase with the best biosensing efficiency was LacII, which achieved an LOD of 0.2 µM and a sensitivity of 0.108 µA/µM cm2 in the buffer matrix. Moreover, the performance of the bioelectrodes in a composite groundwater sample from Northeast Mexico was analyzed, achieving an LOD of 0.5 µM and a sensitivity of 0.015 µA/µM cm2. The LOD values found are among the lowest reported for biosensors based on the use of oxidoreductase enzymes, while the sensitivity is the highest currently reported.

Growth of nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films on a nanohole-patterned substrate using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD)

Nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films were grown on a nanohole-patterned silicon substrate using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. A nanoscale hole-patterned silicon substrate was fabricated for the growth of MoS2 film using the self-assembly-based nanofabrication method. The nanoscale holes can significantly increase the surface area of the substrate while the formation and growth of nanostructures normally start at the surface of the substrate. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas was used as the S source in the growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) while molybdenum (V) chloride (MoCl5) powder was used as the Mo source. The MoS2 film had a stoichiometric ratio of 1 (Mo) to 2 (S), and had peaks of E12g and A1g, which represent the in-plane and out-plane vibration modes of the Mo–S bond, respectively. It was found that the MoS2 film grown in the nanoscale hole, especially at the wall of the hole, has more hexagonal-like structures due to the effects of nanoscale space confinement and the nanoscale interface although the film shows an amorphous structure. Post-growth high-temperature annealing ranging from 800 to 900 °C produced local crystalline structures in the film, which are compatible with those reported by other researchers.

Morphologically controlled photodetector performance of molybdenum disulfide nanostructures

The objective of this work is to control the morphology of molybdenum disulfide nanostructures using hydrothermal technique for improving the visible-light photodetector performance. The morphology comprises nanosheets with dimensions and packing density that are dependent on the synthesis temperature. As the synthesis temperature increases from 170 to 210 °C, the dimensional change of nanosheets is accompanied by increased packing density, as confirmed from scanning and transmission electron microscopy images. The dark current increases from 0.9 to 1.18 μA while the bright current increases from 78.57 to 112.59 μA as synthesis temperature increases from 170 to 210 °C. In addition, there is an improvement in all other parameters such as sensitivity, responsivity and detectivity of the photodetector with increase in synthesis temperature. The MoS2 based photodetectors revealed an ultrahigh sensitivity and responsivity of 95% and 11.25 mA/W, very high detectivity of 0.11 × 1011 Jones and fast rise-time and fall-time of around 0.5 and 0.7 ms respectively. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that there is no change either in the crystallographic texture or stoichiometry of the samples with change in morphology. It is, thus concluded that improved photodetector performance is entirely morphological in origin. The present work represents a facile method based on morphological control to improve the visible light photodetector performance of MoS2 nanostructures.

Molybdenum disulfide nanostructures coupled with metal plasmonics for improved electronic and photonic performances

The hybrid routes of MoS2 and plasmonic nanostructures were comprehensively classified, and the nano-hybrids demonstrated diverse improved electro-/photo-based characteristics, as well as emerging sensing, catalysis and biomedical applications.

Light modulation based on the enhanced Kerr effect in molybdenum disulfide nanostructures with curved features.

A novel type of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles (NPs) was chemically synthesized, which possessed curved features with three-dimensional (3D) freedom compared with planar two-dimensional (2D) materials. Due to the introduction of curved features, the synthesized NPs exhibited a strongly enhanced nonlinear refractive index (n2 ∼ 10-5 cm-2 W-1) and third-order susceptibility (χ(3) ∼ 10-7 esu), which were experimentally verified by the spatial self-phase modulation effect in the visible wavelength range. Both the nonlinear parameters were two orders of magnitude higher than their planar MoS2 nanostructure counterparts. In addition, the relative change of the effective nonlinear refractive index Δn2/n2 was found to be distinctly dependent on the intensity of the applied electromagnetic field. Moreover, an all-optical modulation was experimentally realized based on the spatial cross-phase modulation effect. Our results demonstrate planar MoS2 materials with 3D features as potential candidates for next generation all-optical applications and open a substantial approach for the design of efficient nanomaterials with favorable optical nonlinearity.

Molybdenum Disulfide: Scalable Fabrication of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanostructures and their Assembly (Adv. Mater. 43/2020)

Molybdenum Disulfide: Scalable Fabrication of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanostructures and their Assembly (Adv. Mater. 43/2020)

Scalable Fabrication of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanostructures and their Assembly.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) is a multifunctional material that can be used for various applications. In the single-crystalline form, MoS2 shows superior electronic properties. It is also an exceptionally useful nanomaterial in its polycrystalline form with applications in catalysis, energy storage, water treatment, and gas sensing. Here, the scalable fabrication of longitudinal MoS2 nanostructures, i.e., nanoribbons, and their oxide hybrids with tunable dimensions in a rational and well-reproducible fashion, is reported. The nanoribbons, obtained at different reaction stages, that is, MoO3 , MoS2 /MoO2 hybrid, and MoS2 , are fully characterized. The growth method presented herein has a high yield and is particularly robust. The MoS2 nanoribbons can readily be removed from its substrate and dispersed in solution. It is shown that functionalized MoS2 nanoribbons can be manipulated in solution and assembled in controlled patterns and directly on microelectrodes with UV-click-chemistry. Owing to the high chemical purity and polycrystalline nature, the MoS2 nanostructures demonstrate rapid optoelectronic response to wavelengths from 450 to 750nm, and successfully remove mercury contaminants from water. The scalable fabrication and manipulation followed by light-directed assembly of MoS2 nanoribbons, and their unique properties, will be inspiring for device fabrication and applications of the transition metal dichalcogenides.

Shape effects of molybdenum disulfide (nm) micro-rotating particles in crosswise transport of hydrogen oxide: (MoS2–H2O) nano polymer gel

Nano polymers have emerged as a new development offering promising durability, anti-corrosion and thermal efficiency. Nanoparticles shape, size and volume fraction plays critical part in improved performance of heat exchanger systems involving modern manufacturing processes of nano-rheological materials. Molybdenum Disulfide nanostructures finds significant applications in desulfurization processes, in thermoelectric appliances and many more. Motivated by elaborating in further detail, the present article presents a mathematical and computational study on steady, two-dimensional, non-aligned thermo-fluid transport of Molybdenum Disulfide doped-Hydrogen oxide (H2O) based micropolar fluid. To simulate real nano polymer dynamics, the Tiwari-Das model for nano particle concentration and Maxwell-Garnet model for nanofluid thermal conductivity is exploited. The conservation equations for mass, momentum (normal and tangential) and energy are normalized by employing suitable transformations. Numerical solutions are attained via Keller Box method in MATLAB symbolic software. The impact of key emerging dimensionless parameter i.e. nanoparticles volume fraction and various shape effects of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles on non-dimensional normal and tangential velocity components, micro rotation profile, temperature, shear stress at the wall and local heat flux is explored graphically. Local heat flux and micro-rotation profile is boosted while tangential skin friction coefficient depletes with the insertion of blade shaped nanoparticles. Moreover greatest thermal conductivity is achieved with the insertion of blade shape nanoparticles.

Promising performance of chemically exfoliated Zr-doped MoS2 nanosheets for catalytic and antibacterial applications.

Nanostructured materials incorporated with biological reducing agents have shown significant potential for use in bactericidal applications. Such materials have also demonstrated considerable efficacy to counter effects of chemical toxicity. In this study, nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was doped with various concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 wt%) of zirconium (Zr) using a hydrothermal route in order to assess its antimicrobial and catalytic potential. Doped and control samples were characterized with various techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of the hexagonal phase of MoS2 and identification of various functional groups and characteristic peaks (Mo bonding) was carried out using FTIR spectra. Micrographs obtained from FESEM and HR-TEM showed a sheet-like surface morphology, while agglomeration of nanosheets was observed upon doping with nanoparticles. To seek further clarity regarding the layered features of S–Mo–S planes, the defect densities and electronic band structure of pure MoS2 and doped MoS2 samples were investigated through Raman analysis. Optical properties of Zr-doped MoS2 nanosheets were assessed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer and the results indicated a red-shift, i.e., movement of peaks towards longer wavelengths, of the material. Dynamics of migration and recombination of excited electron–hole pairs were investigated using PL spectroscopy, which was also used to confirm the presence of exfoliated nanosheets. In addition, the synthetic dye degradation potential of pure and doped samples was investigated in the presence of a reducing agent (NaBH4). It was noted that doped MoS2 showed superior catalytic activity compared to undoped MoS2. The nanocatalyst synthesized in this study exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus at high concentrations (0.5, 1.0 mg/50 μl). The present study suggests a cost-effective and environmentally friendly material that can be used to remove toxins such as synthetic dyes and tannery pollutants from industrial wastewater.

The Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Nanostructured Molybdenum Disulfide

This short review analyzes the catalytic activity of nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The phase transition of nanostructured MoS2 semiconductor from 2H (hexagonal) to 1T (trigonal) leads to a metal-like material through so-called surface defect engineering by chemical exfoliation. The 1T phase was found to be active for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Various key aspects vis-à-vis the MoS2 synthesis, characterization, support interaction, and application are, herein, highlighted.

On the Morphology and Optical Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanostructures from a Monomolecular Layer to a Fractal-Like Substructure

The impact of layer thickness on the morphology and optical properties of MoS2 nanostructures, including monomolecular layers, formed by the carrier-gas-assisted transport of sulfur vapor to the hot zone of a reactor containing metallic molybdenum and subsequent deposition on mica (muscovite) substrates is investigated. Molybdenum disulfide nanostructures of different thicknesses grown at different temperatures of gas-transport synthesis are studied by atomic-force microscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that synthesis at temperatures of 525–600°C makes it possible to obtain monomolecular MoS2 layers containing trigonal domains and featuring direct-gap optical transitions at 1.84 eV with the formation of excitons at room temperature. Fractal-type MoS2 substructures are obtained for the first time. The frequencies of intralayer and interlayer vibrational modes $$E_{{2g}}^{1}$$ and A1g, respectively, in their Raman spectra (377.5 and 403.8 cm–1, respectively) differ both from the corresponding values for a monomolecular layer and the known frequencies for bulk samples. The frequency of the $$E_{{2g}}^{1}$$ intralayer mode in these samples (377.5 cm–1) is the lowest of all previously reported.

MoS2 with structure tuned photocatalytic ability for degradation of methylene blue

In this work, a series of nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with various morphologies, such as spherical, flower-like, coil and hollow were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic properties of as obtained MoS2were evaluated by degrading methylene blue (MB) under visible light. Interestingly, the flower-like MoS2 exhibited the best photocatalytic activities. It is ascribed that the suitable porous structures of flower-like MoS2 can increase the number of exposed active sites, which facilitate the efficient adsorption and transfer of MB to the active sites. Meanwhile, the special structure of flower-like MoS2 can improve light absorption efficiency owing to the increasing of light paths. Furthermore, its 2D stacked petals possess abundant active sites, which will effectively affect the photocatalytic efficiency. This study indicates that the surface area of nanomaterials is not a dominated factor in photocatalytic performance. The surface morphology has a great influence on the photocatalytic performance, which provides a feasible guide for synthesizing efficient photocatalytic nanomaterials.

Micron-scaled MoS2/N-C particles with embedded nano-MoS2: A high-rate anode material for enhanced lithium storage

Nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is successfully embedded in the N-doped porous carbon to form micro-sized MoS2/N-C particles via a simple one-pot solution reaction. Yolk, a biomass carbon source with rich nitrogen and oxygen, makes a success to the heteroatom self-doping. The obtained N-doped porous carbon coating layers largely improve the conductivity and electrochemical activity. Moreover, the unique structure of MoS2 nanodots embedded in the porous carbon effectively combines the advantages of nanoscale MoS2 and micron scale N-doped C, which addresses the issues of MoS2 in lithium ion batteries (e.g., poor conductivity, sulfur loss and easy conglomeration). Interestingly, MoS2/N-C composite shows the first discharge/charge capacities of 1002 and 724 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and stabilizes around 805 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Especially, it still remains at 630 mAh g−1 even under 0.5 A g−1 after 500 cycles, exhibiting excellent lithium ion (Li+) storage and cycle-to-cycle durability. This desired performance of MoS2/N-C is mainly resulted from the unique embedded structure, which effectively improves ion/electron transportation, ensures high sulfur reservation and prevents the conglomeration or accumulation during lithiation/delithiation reaction.

Quantum-Dot-Like States in Molybdenum Disulfide Nanostructures Due to the Interplay of Local Surface Wrinkling, Strain, and Dielectric Confinement.

The observation of quantum light emission from atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides has opened a new field of applications for these material systems. The corresponding excited charge-carrier localization has been linked to defects and strain, while open questions remain regarding the microscopic origin. We demonstrate that the bending rigidity of these materials leads to wrinkling of the two-dimensional layer. The resulting strain field facilitates strong carrier localization due to its pronounced influence on the band gap. Additionally, we consider charge carrier confinement due to local changes of the dielectric environment and show that both effects contribute to modified electronic states and optical properties. The interplay of surface wrinkling, strain-induced confinement, and local changes of the dielectric environment is demonstrated for the example of nanobubbles that form when monolayers are deposited on substrates or other two-dimensional materials.