Nanoparticles For Biomedical Applications Research Articles

Catalytic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications: Exploiting Advanced Nanozymes for Therapeutics and Diagnostics.

Catalytic nanoparticles (CNPs) as heterogeneous catalyst reveals superior activity due to their physio-chemical features, such as high surface-to-volume ratio and unique optical, electric, and magnetic properties. The CNPs, based on their physio-chemical nature, can either increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level for tumor and antibacterial therapy or eliminate the ROS for cytoprotection, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. In addition, the catalytic activity of nanozymes could specifically trigger a specific reaction accompanied by the optical feature change, presenting the feasibility of biosensor and bioimaging applications. Undoubtedly, CNPs play a pivotal role in pushing the evolution of technologies in medical and clinical fields, and advanced strategies and nanomaterials rely on the input of chemical experts to develop. Herein, we present a systematic and comprehensive review of the challenges and recent development of catalytic NPs for biomedical applications from the viewpoint of advanced nanomaterial with unique catalytic activity and additional functions. Furthermore, we critically discuss the biosafety issue of applying biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanozymes and future perspectives to guide a promising direction in developing span-new nanozymes and more intelligent strategies for overcoming the current clinical limitations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Chitosan-coated nanoparticles in innovative cancer bio-medicine.

In the recent decade, nanoparticles (NPs) have had enormous implications in cancer biomedicine, including research, diagnosis, and therapy. However, their broad application still faces obstacles due to some practical limitations and requires further development. Recently, there has been more interest in the coated class of nanoparticles to address those challenges. Chitosan-coated NPs are simple to produce, biodegradable, biocompatible, exhibit antibacterial activity, and have less cytotoxicity. This study provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the application of chitosan-coated NPs as a promising class of NPs in cancer biomedicine. Additionally, we discussed chitosan-coated lipid, metal, and polymer-based nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Furthermore, different coating methods and production/characterization procedures were reviewed. Moreover, the biological and physicochemical advantages of chitosan-coated NPs, including facilitated controlled release, greater physicochemical stability, improved cell/tissue interaction, and enhanced bioavailability of medications, were highlighted. Finally, the prospects of chitosan-coated NPs in cancer biomedicine were discussed.

Optimization of the Synthesis and Radiolabeling of ZIF-8 Nanoparticles

Background: Lately, there has been increasing interest in the benefits of metal-organic frameworks, and among them, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF - 8) stand out as one of the most commonly employed systems owing to their unique characteristics. Objectives: Given that properties like particle size play a key role in biomedical applications of nanoparticles, optimizing the synthesis conditions becomes crucial. Additionally, it is essential to label these nanoparticles to track them effectively within the body. Methods: Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks nanoparticles were synthesized under various conditions, including high and room temperature, using two different solvents: Water and methanol. Modifications were made to the reaction temperature and the ratio of reactants to improve the outcomes. Particle size and size distribution were assessed in all conditions. Additionally, the radiolabeling of nanoparticles was examined using four different methods to identify the method with the highest efficiency and radiochemical purity. Results: The optimum conditions for ZIF-8 synthesis were determined at 50°C using methanol as the solvent. A reactant weight ratio of 1 : 2 (zinc nitrate to 2 - methylimidazole) was utilized. The most effective radiolabeling approach involved using tin chloride as a reducing agent, with the reaction mixture maintained at a temperature of 70°C for 30 minutes. Conclusions: In this study, the optimum conditions were successfully identified for synthesizing and labeling ZIF-8 nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have the potential to serve as effective carriers for diagnostic and therapeutic agents.

Exosome Heterogeneity Affects the Distal "Barrier-Crossing" Trafficking of Exosome Encapsulated Quantum Dots.

The biological activities of nanoparticles (NPs), which include endocytosis by macrophages and subsequent intracellular degradation and/or release, transfer to other cells, or translocation across tissue barriers, highly depend on their fate in living organisms. Yet, translocation across barriers, especially the distal "barrier-crossing" trafficking of NPs, is still unclear. The exosome (Exo) plays a crucial role in intercellular communication and biological barrier trafficking. Here, we report that ZnCdSe@ZnS quantum dots (QDs), as a representation of NPs in biomedical applications, could cross the blood-brain barrier and approach the mouse brain via active Exo encapsulation. By employing multiple techniques, we demonstrated that QDs were internalized by macrophages (J774A.1) and tumor cells (HeLa) and then released to the extracellular environment along with Exo. Exo encapsulation facilitates the distal barrier-crossing trafficking of QDs in vivo, while Exo biogenesis inhibitor GW4869 suppressed the QDs enriched in the brains of mice with a 4T1-Luc breast cancer xenograft. Interestingly, Exo heterogeneity affects the distal trafficking of enveloped QDs. Exo derived from tumorous HeLa cells, not macrophages, that were enriched in functional proteins with cell adhesion, cell migration, axon guidance, and cell motility, showed a better capacity for the remote trafficking of QDs. This study proposes Exo as a vehicle to deliver exogenous NPs to translocate across the distal barrier and provides further information for biomedical application and the risk assessment of NPs.

Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Use in Biomedical Field

In recent years, the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications has gained more and more attention. Their unusual properties make them ideal candidates for the advancement of diagnosis, therapy, and imaging applications. This review addresses the use of MNPs in the field of biomedicine encompassing their synthesis, biofunctionalization, and unique physicochemical properties that make them ideal candidates for such applications. The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles involves a range of techniques that allow for control over particle size, shape, and surface modifications. The most commonly used synthesis techniques that play a crucial role in tailoring the magnetic properties of nanoparticles are summarized in this review. Nevertheless, the main characterization techniques that can be employed after a successful synthesis procedure are also included together with a short description of their biomedical applications. As the field of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications is rapidly evolving, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource, especially for young researchers and medical professionals, offering basic but very useful insights into recent advancements and future prospects in this highly interdisciplinary research topic.

Hybrid Cell Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

There is growing interest in developing cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles (CNPs) for unique host cell mimicry and therapeutic applications. The continuous evolution of this technology has motivated the coating of nanoparticles with hybrid membranes originating from diverse cell types. The resulting hybrid cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles (hybrid CNPs) exhibit a higher level of synergy among multifunctionalities with better multitasking capabilities than their monotypic membrane‐coated counterparts. This advancement has catalyzed the initiation of numerous research opportunities, marking the advent of a promising frontier in therapeutic applications. This review outlines emerging biomedical applications of hybrid CNPs, focusing on drug targeting, immune modulation, biological neutralization, and disease diagnosis. Within each application, the review underscores how the strategic hybridization of distinct cell membranes augments the resulting nanoparticle therapeutic efficacy. Overall, the insights presented herein consolidate our understanding of current applications and may inspire novel designs with new biomedical applications.

Synthesis and characterization of 4-nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death and morbidity, and skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis. Skin problems can be treated with nanoparticles (NPs), particularly with zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, which have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. An antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared in the presence of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (4NB) was also tested in the present study. In addition, the influence of synthesized NPs on cell apoptosis, cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and cell adhesion was also examined. The synthesized 4-nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO (4NBZnO) NPs were confirmed via characterization techniques. 4NBZnO NPs showed superior antibacterial properties against the pathogens tested in antibacterial investigations. As a result of dose-based treatment with 4NBZnO NPs, cell viability, and MMP activity of melanoma cells (SK-MEL-3) cells were suppressed. A dose-dependent accumulation of ROS was observed in cells exposed to 4NBZnO NPs. As a result of exposure to 4NBZnO NPs in a dose-dependent manner, viable cells declined and apoptotic cells increased. This indicates that apoptotic cell death was higher. The cell adhesion test revealed that 4NBZnO NPs reduced cell adhesion and may promote apoptosis of cancer cells because of enhanced ROS levels.

Novel Characterization Techniques for Multifunctional Plasmonic-Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications.

In the rapidly emerging field of biomedical applications, multifunctional nanoparticles, especially those containing magnetic and plasmonic components, have gained significant attention due to their combined properties. These hybrid systems, often composed of iron oxide and gold, provide both magnetic and optical functionalities and offer promising avenues for applications in multimodal bioimaging, hyperthermal therapies, and magnetically driven selective delivery. This paper focuses on the implementation of advanced characterization methods, comparing statistical analyses of individual multifunctional particle properties with macroscopic properties as a way of fine-tuning synthetic methodologies for their fabrication methods. Special emphasis is placed on the size-dependent properties, biocompatibility, and challenges that can arise from this versatile nanometric system. In order to ensure the quality and applicability of these particles, various novel methods for characterizing the magnetic gold particles, including the analysis of their morphology, optical response, and magnetic response, are also discussed, with the overall goal of optimizing the fabrication of this complex system and thus enhancing its potential as a preferred diagnostic agent.

Digital image processing for evaluating the impact of designated nanoparticles in biomedical applications

Nanomaterials are finding increasingly diverse medical uses as technology advances. Researchers are constantly being introduced to new and improved methods, and these applications see widespread use for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Early disease detection, efficient drug delivery, cosmetics and health care products, biosensors, miniaturisation techniques, surface improvement in implantable biomaterials, improved nanofibers in medical textiles, etc. are all examples of how biomedical nanotechnology has made a difference in the medical field. The nanoparticles are introduced deliberately for therapeutic purposes or accidentally from the environment; they will eventually reach and penetrate the human body. The exposed nanoparticles interact with human blood, which carries them to various tissues. An essential aspect of blood rheology in the microcirculation is its malleability. As a result, nanomaterial may cause structural abnormalities in erythrocytes. Echinocyte development is a typical example of an induced morphological alteration. The length of time it takes for these side effects to disappear after taking a nano medication also matters. Haemolyses could result from the dangerous concentration. In this experiment, human blood is exposed to varying concentrations of chosen nanomaterial with potential medical applications. The morphological modifications induced were studied by looking at images of erythrocyte cells. That’s a picture of a cell taken using a digital optical microscope, by the way. We used MATLAB, an image-analysis programme, to study the morphometric features. Human lymphocyte cells were used in the cytotoxic analysis.

Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Biocompatible Structures of Gold Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications (Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anticancer)

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stand out due to their low toxicity and high compatibility, and the large and modifiable surface areas they provide. In this study, the leaves of Celtis tournefortii Lam. (CT) were used for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) first time. The size, shape, surface charge, and functionality of the synthesized AuNPs are described in detail. The suggested mechanisms of action on the tested target cells are highlighted. The biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer) of “green” AuNPs and their further biomedical application possibilities are also discussed. Synthesized AuNPs displayed a spherical appearance, surface plasmon resonance band at 553.67 nm wavelength, and surface charge of -16.53 mV. Particle morphology, size, and surface charge were observed to be affected by the leaf extract used in the reduction reaction. FTIR and TGA-DTA data revealed that functional groups from the CT extract participate in the synthesis and stabilization of AuNPs. AuNPs showed antibacterial and antifungal effects on all the strains and yeast tested by microdilution method (MIC). AuNPs showed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity on cancerous cell lines (SKOV-3, CaCo2, and U118). The obtained results highlight a potentially low-cost green synthesis method using CT leaf extract to synthesize AuNPs showing important biological properties.

Kinetics and Timescales in Bio–Nano Interactions

Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to revolutionize disease diagnostics and treatment. However, NP interactions with proteins in biological fluids complicate their in vivo control. These interactions often lead to the formation of protein coronas around the NP surface, shaping NP fate and behavior within biological systems. To harness the full potential of NPs in biomedical applications, it is therefore essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of their interactions with proteins. Within this context, it must be recognized that traditional equilibrium-based descriptions of NP–protein interactions, which encompass parameters like equilibrium binding affinity and corona composition, do not provide sufficient detail to predict NP behavior in vivo. This limitation arises because the open in vivo system is a nonequilibrium state characterized by constantly changing concentrations and dynamic regulation of biological processes. In light of these considerations, this review explores the kinetics and timescales of NP–protein interactions, discussing their relevance, fundamental concepts, measurement techniques, typical ranges of association and dissociation rate constants, and dynamics of protein corona formation and dissociation. The review concludes by outlining potential areas for further research and development in this field.

Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Polymer-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are receiving increasing attention from individual scientists and research companies as promising materials for biomedical applications. Mas different methodny other methods can synthesize magnetic nanoparticles can synthesize magnetic nanoparticles. Before proceeding to the synthesis process, the cost of using it and the practicality of the synthesis conditions are well investigated. Especially in their use in the biomedical field, features such as not containing toxic substances, high biocompatibility, and low particle size are desired. However, the use of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications is limited due to various difficulties such as particle agglomeration and oxidation of magnetic cores of MNPs. To overcome these challenges, MNPs can be coated with various natural and synthetic polymers to alter their morphological structure, magnetic character, biocompatibility, and especially surface functional groups. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the synthesis of MNPs by different methods, the effects of these synthesis methods on magnetic properties and size, their modifications with natural and synthetic polymers, and the use of these polymer-coated MNPs in biomedical fields such as targeted drug release, enzyme immobilization, biosensors, tissue engineering, magnetic imaging, and hyperthermia. The review article also provides examples of advanced biomedical applications of polymer-coated MNPs and perspectives for future research to promote polymer-coated MNPs. To this end, we aim to highlight knowledge gaps that can guide future research to improve the performance of MNPs for different applications.

Revolutionizing Drug Delivery: The Potential of PLGA Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine

Abstract: Nanomedicine is an emerging field that utilizes nanoparticles to deliver drugs and other therapeutic agents to specific cells and tissues in the body. One of the most promising materials for creating these nanoparticles is Poly(Lactic-co-glycolic Acid) (PLGA), which has several unique properties that make it well-suited for biomedical applications. These nanomedicines, made from a combination of lactic acid and glycolic acid, can deliver drugs and other therapeutic agents directly to specific cells or tissues in the body. This allows for more precise and targeted treatment, reducing the potential for side effects and improving the effectiveness of the treatment. Additionally, PLGA nanomedicines are biocompatible and biodegradable, making them an attractive option for use in a wide range of biomedical applications to deliver a wide range of drugs, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and small molecules for various biomedical applications such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. In summary, research on PLGA nanoparticles for biomedical applications is ongoing and has the potential to lead a new and improved treatments for a wide range of diseases and conditions. Looking ahead, PLGA nanoparticles have the potential to revolutionize the way we treat diseases and improve human health. As research continues to advance, we can expect to see new and innovative uses for PLGA nanoparticles in the biomedical field, leading to the development of more effective and targeted therapeutics. The current review focuses on the synthesis, physicochemical properties, biodegradation properties of PLGA, method to prepare PLGA nanoparticles and biomedical application of PLGA. It examines the current progress and future directions for research on PLGA in drug delivery.

Denatured BSA-mediated co-assembly with iron oxide nanoparticles and their effect on protein fibrillation

Understanding the interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and proteins provides a preliminary foundation for the further biomedical application of NPs. Herein, we disclosed that, unlike the natural bovine serum albumin (BSA) that interacts with iron oxide NPs (IONPs) to form a monolayer protein crown, the denatured BSA could co-assemble with IONPs to form stable protein coronal aggregates. Moreover, the effects of protein crown encapsulated IONPs on the anti-fibrotic ability was investigated. It was found that formation of protein crown on IONPs resulted in a weakened anti-fibrillation effect. Nevertheless, such adverse effect could be minimized by denatured BSA induced stable protein coronal aggregates.

Development of a Microfluidic Chip System with Giant Magnetoresistance Sensor for High-Sensitivity Detection of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely utilized in the biomedical field for numerous years, offering several advantages such as exceptional biocompatibility and diverse applications in biology. However, the existing methods for quantifying magnetic labeled sample assays are scarce. This research presents a novel approach by developing a microfluidic chip system embedded with a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor. The system successfully detects low concentrations of MNPs with magnetic particle velocities of 20 mm/s. The stray field generated by the magnetic subject flowing through the microchannel above the GMR sensor causes variations in the signals. The sensor's output signals are appropriately amplified, filtered, and processed to provide valuable indications. The integration of the GMR microfluidic chip system demonstrates notable attributes, including affordability, speed, and user-friendly operation. Moreover, it exhibits a high detection sensitivity of 10 μg/μL for MNPs, achieved through optimizing the vertical magnetic field to 100 Oe and the horizontal magnetic field to 2 Oe. Additionally, the study examines magnetic labeled RAW264.7 cells. This quantitative detection of magnetic nanoparticles can have applications in DNA concentration detection, protein concentration detection, and other promising areas of research.

Hybrid Nanoplatforms Comprising Organic Nanocompartments Encapsulating Inorganic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Drug Delivery and Bioimaging Applications.

Organic and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique physico-chemical properties, which have paved the way for their application in numerous fields including diagnostics and therapy. Recently, hybrid nanomaterials consisting of organic nanocompartments (e.g., liposomes, micelles, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs, dendrimers, or chitosan NPs) encapsulating inorganic NPs (quantum dots, or NPs made of gold, silver, silica, or magnetic materials) have been researched for usage in vivo as drug-delivery or theranostic agents. These classes of hybrid multi-particulate systems can enable or facilitate the use of inorganic NPs in biomedical applications. Notably, integration of inorganic NPs within organic nanocompartments results in improved NP stability, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity. Moreover, these hybrid nanomaterials allow synergistic interactions between organic and inorganic NPs, leading to further improvements in therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, these platforms can also serve as multifunctional agents capable of advanced bioimaging and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, with great potential for clinical applications. By considering these advancements in the field of nanomedicine, this review aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the use of hybrid nanoparticulate systems that consist of organic nanocompartments encapsulating inorganic NPs for applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics.

Mössbauer study of AFe2O4 (A = Mn, Fe, and Co) nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Mössbauer study of AFe2O4 (A = Mn, Fe, and Co) nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Surface Modification of Titanium Implants by Metal Ions and Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application.

Implant surface modification can improve osseointegration and reduce peri-implant inflammation. Implant surfaces are modified with metals because of their excellent mechanical properties and significant functions. Metal surface modification is divided into metal ions and nanoparticle surface modification. These two methods function by adding a finishing metal to the surface of the implant, and both play a role in promoting osteogenic, angiogenic, and antibacterial properties. Based on this, the nanostructural surface changes confer stronger antibacterial and cellular affinity to the implant surface. The current paper reviews the forms, mechanisms, and applications of nanoparticles and metal ion modifications to provide a foundation for the surface modification of implants.

Histological, haematological, and thyroid hormones toxicity of female rats orally exposed to CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles synthesized by Ar plasma jets.

Advancements in nanomedicine helped scientists design a new class of nanoparticles known as hybrid nanoparticles (core/shell) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An essential requirement for the successful use of nanoparticles in biomedical applications is their low toxicity. Therefore, toxicological profiling is necessary to understand the mechanism of nanoparticles. The current study aimed to assess the toxicological potential of CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles with a size of 32nm in Albino female rats. In vivo toxicity was evaluated by oral administration of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 (mg/L) of CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles to a female rate for 30 consecutive days. During the time of treatment, no deaths were observed. The toxicological evaluation revealed significant (p < 0.01) alteration in white blood cells (WBC) at a 5 (mg/L) dose. Also, increase in red blood cells (RBC) at 5, 10 (mg/L) doses, while hemoglobin (Hb) levels and hematocrit (HCT) increased at all doses. This maybe indicates that the CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles stimulated the rate of blood corpuscle generation. The anaemia diagnostic indices (mean corpuscular volume MCV and mean corpuscular haemoglobin MCH) remained unchanged throughout the experiment for all the doses tested 5, 10, 20, and 40 (mg/L). According to the results of this study, exposure to CuO/ZnO core/shell NPs deteriorates the Triiodothyronine hormone (T3) and a Thyroxine hormone (T4) activated by Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which is generated and secreted from the pituitary gland. There is possibly related to an increase in free radicals and a decrease in antioxidant activity. Significant (p < 0.01) growth retardation in all groups treated due to rats' infection by Hyperthyroidism induced by thyroxine (T4) level increase. Hyperthyroidism is a catabolic state related to increased energy consumption, protein turnover, and lipolysis. Usually, these metabolic effects result in weight reduction and a decrease in fat storage and lean body mass. The histological examination indicates that the low concentrations of CuO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles are safe for desired biomedical applications.

Antibacterial Properties of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles-An Overview

Nanotechnology has made a tremendous impact over a period of three decades in various facets of industrial and medical sectors and still find recent interests to exploit their characteristics for commercial applications. Nanobiotechnology is a field of using nanomaterials for biological applications. The preparation of nanomaterials from biological sources has been known as 'green' technology. Nanoparticles measure in the size range of 1-100 nm and possess unique characteristics than their bulk materials with potential applications in various biological, medical, industrial, agricultural and ecological fields. Using nanoparticles in antimicrobial applications has been explored since the early years of Nanotechnology development. However, few reports exist on the mechanisms of antimicrobial actions mediated by nanoparticles and their effects on environment and ecosystems. Several factors affect the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles, which are quite important to understand the roles of their antimicrobial action. This review is aimed to discuss the antibacterial properties, the mechanisms and antimicrobial applications of Nanoparticles in medicine and allied areas. We have suggested that despite the several applications of nanomaterials, their production by biological methods and suitable applications also need to focus on the toxicity implications. Nanomaterial toxicity in the ecological niche is of significant concern and regulatory bodies should be organized to evaluate the successful use of nanomaterials for a wide variety of applications. The review significantly summarizes hot topics of interest in antibacterial activities, mode of action, biomedical applications of nanoparticles, their metabolic fate in vivo and toxicity effects in humans for further consideration of researches in Microbial Nanotechnology.