Nanoparticles For Cancer Treatment Research Articles

Potential magnetic drug targeting with magnetite nanoparticles in cancer treatment by enhancer-modifier natural herb and loaded drug

In the present study, we prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) loaded with natural Moringa oleifera (M. olf) herb and Epilim (Ep) drug to evaluate the anti-cancerous activity against brain cancer cells. All the samples were prepared via co-precipitation approach modified with different concentrations of M. olf and Ep drug at room temperature. The MNPs loaded with drug and natural herb were studied in terms of crystal structure, morphology, colloidal stability, size distribution, and magnetic properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images exhibited the morphologies of samples with spherical shape as well as the particles size of 9 nm for MNPs and up to 23 nm for its composites. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) indicated the magnetization saturation (Ms) of 42.510 emu/g for MNPs. This value reduced to 16–35 emu/g upon loading MNPs with different concentrations of M. olf and Ep. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the chemical interaction between the Ep, M.olf and MNPs. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis confirmed the largest surface area for MNPs (422.61 m2/g) which gradually reduced on addition of M. olf and Ep indicating the successful loading. The zeta potential measurements indicated that the MNPs and MNPs loaded with M. olf and Ep are negatively charged and can be dispersed in the suspension. Furthermore, U87 human glioblastoma cell line was used for the in vitro cellular studies to determine the efficacy of synthesized MNPs against cancer cells. The results confirmed the anti-proliferative activity of the MNPs loaded with M. olf and Ep.

Cell Membrane-Coated Biomimetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment.

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems hold promise for cancer treatment by enhancing the solubility and stability of anti-tumor drugs. Nonetheless, the challenges of inadequate targeting and limited biocompatibility persist. In recent years, cell membrane nano-biomimetic drug delivery systems have emerged as a focal point of research and development, due to their exceptional traits, including precise targeting, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility. This review outlines the categorization and advantages of cell membrane bionic nano-delivery systems, provides an introduction to preparation methods, and assesses their applications in cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy. Notably, the review delves into the challenges in the application of various cell membrane bionic nano-delivery systems and identifies opportunities for future advancement. Embracing cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticles presents a novel and unparalleled avenue for personalized tumor therapy.

Transferosomes: A Versatile and Ultradeformable Approach for Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs in the Treatment of Diverse Cancers

Nanoparticles, particularly transferosomes, have emerged as promising drug delivery systems in the field of cancer therapy. With their unique properties and high adaptability, transferosomes have shown great potential in improving the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, including through transdermal applications. This article provides a comprehensive review of the advancements and applications of transferosomes in cancer therapy and gene delivery; by highlighting the advantages of nanoparticles in cancer treatment, such as their ability to passively target tumors through the enhanced permeation and retention effect. It then focuses on the composition, preparation methods, and advantages of transferosomes over conventional liposomes, including their high stability, high carrier capacity, and ability to deliver drugs to deeper skin layers. The article further explores the applications of transferosomes in cancer therapy. It presents studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of transfersomes in delivering chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin hydrochloride, carvedilol, and various natural compounds, for enhanced cancer treatment. Furthermore, it also discusses the use of transfersomes as adjuvant treatments to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Overall, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the advancements and applications of transferosomes in cancer therapy and gene delivery. The findings emphasize the potential of transferosomes as effective drug carriers, offering improved treatment outcomes and reduced side effect in the fight against cancer

Application of Nanomedicine in Tumor Targeting Inflammatory Pathway

Abstract: Given the threat of ever-growing cancer morbidity, it is a cutting-edge frontier for multiple disciplines to apply nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Nanomedicine is now perpetually influencing the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Meanwhile, tumorigenesis and cancer progression are intimately associated with inflammation. Inflammation can implicate in various tumor progression via the same or different pathways. Therefore, current nanomedicines exhibit tumor-suppressing function through inflammatory pathways. At present, the comprehensive understanding and research on the mechanism of various nanoparticles in cancer treatment are still in progress. In this review, we summarized the applications of nanomedicine in tumor-targeting inflammatory pathways, suggesting that nanoparticles could be a budding star for cancer therapy.

Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: A Concise Review.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate antitumoral treatments remain of utmost importance, since cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Within this context, nanotechnology offers specific benefits in terms of cancer therapy by reducing its adverse effects and guiding drugs to selectively target cancer cells. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the most relevant novel outcomes in the range of 2010-2023, covering the design and application of nanosystems for cancer therapy. We have established the general requirements for nanoparticles to be used in drug delivery and strategies for their uptake in tumor microenvironment and vasculature, including the reticuloendothelial system uptake and surface functionalization with protein corona. After a brief review of the classes of nanovectors, we have covered different classes of nanoparticles used in cancer therapies. First, the advances in the encapsulation of drugs (such as paclitaxel and fisetin) into nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions are described, as well as their relevance in current clinical trials. Then, polymeric nanoparticles are presented, namely the ones comprising poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyethylene glycol (and PEG dilemma) and dendrimers. The relevance of quantum dots in bioimaging is also covered, namely the systems with zinc sulfide and indium phosphide. Afterwards, we have reviewed gold nanoparticles (spheres and anisotropic) and their application in plasmon-induced photothermal therapy. The clinical relevance of iron oxide nanoparticles, such as magnetite and maghemite, has been analyzed in different fields, namely for magnetic resonance imaging, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, and drug delivery. Lastly, we have covered the recent advances in the systems using carbon nanomaterials, namely graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and carbon dots. Finally, we have compared the strategies of passive and active targeting of nanoparticles and their relevance in cancer theranostics. This review aims to be a (nano)mark on the ongoing journey towards realizing the remarkable potential of different nanoparticles in the realm of cancer therapeutics.

Nanoparticles based Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Practices

Despite of the advancements in treating cancer, it is yet one of the dominant causes of death worldwide. The current therapies are either incapable against certain cancers or impeding to the patients, which diminishes their personal satisfaction. The utilization of nanoparticles in cancer treatment might possibly increment patient endurance, decrease secondary effects and diminish death rates. The fundamental constraint of current therapeutics is an absence of explicitness in conveyance as they target normal cells too. The advancement of nanoscale carriers can possibly defeat both fundamental and growth hindrances as well as give explicit, designated conveyance. This study also aims to focus on the therapeutic strategies in which different types of nanoparticles have been discussed comprehensively. Moreover, cancer nanomedicines have also been addressed in the end to highlight some more possible therapeutic measures.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Cell Responses and the Potency to Improve Radiosensitivity.

The main concept of radiosensitization is making the tumor tissue more responsive to ionizing radiation, which leads to an increase in the potency of radiation therapy and allows for decreasing radiation dose and the concomitant side effects. Radiosensitization by metal oxide nanoparticles is widely discussed, but the range of mechanisms studied is not sufficiently codified and often does not reflect the ability of nanocarriers to have a specific impact on cells. This review is focused on the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles while they occupied a special niche among the prospective radiosensitizers due to unique physicochemical characteristics and reactivity. We collected data about the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitizing effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the main approaches to increase their therapeutic efficacy by variable modifications.

Cytotoxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with glucose and conjugated with Coumarin (Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs) on liver cancer, HepG2, cell line

Liver cancer is a severe and frequent disease that is the 3rd leading cause of cancer related-death, worldwide. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer treatment has gained interest. This work aimed to synthesize novel iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with Glucose and conjugated with Coumarin (Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs) and characterize their anticancer effects on liver cancer cells. Physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, Thermogravimetric/ Derivative Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA/DTG), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses, which confirmed the synthesis, purity, magnetic property, and stability of the NPs. The NPs were in a size range of 29–43 nm and their zeta potential and hydrodynamic size were −15 mV and 290 nm, respectively. The antiproliferative effect of Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs on HepG2 (liver cancer cell line) and THLE2 (normal hepatocyte cell line) was studied by the MTT assay. Further, apoptosis induction in NPs treated cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. According to the results, Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs had considerably higher cytotoxicity for liver cancer cells than for normal human cells and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 121 and 273 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, treating THLE2 cells with Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs at their IC50 concentration significantly increased the frequency of cell apoptosis, compared with the untreated cells and resulted in the appearance of apoptotic nuclear characteristics. In our opinion, the anticancer feature of Fe3O4@Glu-Coumarin NPs is mainly related to the coumarin molecule and, the synthesized NPs could be used for drug delivery approaches after further study.

Acidity/hydrogen peroxide-responsive PEGylated chitosan-modified polydopamine nanoparticles to realize effective photothermal conversion and intracellular drug delivery

To realize effective photothermal conversion and intracellular drug delivery for application of cancer treatment, an acidity/hydrogen peroxide-responsive nanoparticle system comprising melanin-like polydopamine (PDA) as the hydrophobic core covered by PEGylated chitosan (PEG-CS) conjugates is created herein. The PEG-CS/PDA nanoparticles characterized with a well-dispersed spherical shape exhibited prominent colloidal stability in the milieu of physiological salt concentration. Through π- π stacking and hydrophobic interactions between doxorubicin (DOX) and PDA, DOX molecules were efficiently incorporated into the PEG-CS/PDA nanoparticles. With solution pH being adjusted from 7.4 to 5.0, the ionic complexation of protonated chitosan with negatively-charged PDA enabled the embedding of outer PEG segments of DOX@PEG-CS/PDA nanoparticles into the neutral and gel-like surfaces, thus eliciting interparticle aggregation. The same pH stimulation also accelerated DOX release due to the declined interactions of DOX and PDA combined with enhanced repulsion force between positively-charged chitosan and DOX. Notably, the PEG-CS/PDA nanoparticles not only showed robust photothermal effect and stability, but also were significantly degraded by hydrogen peroxide. After being endocytosed by TRAMP-C1 cells, the DOX@PEG-CS/PDA nanoparticles gradually released drug within acidic organelles, thus promoting drug accumulation in nuclei to kill cancer cells. This work indicates the feasibility for applying such DOX@PEG-CS/PDA nanoparticles in cancer treatment.

Lipidic Formulations Inspired by COVID Vaccines as Smart Coatings to Enhance Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Therapy.

Recent advances in nanomedicine have led to the introduction and subsequent establishment of nanoparticles in cancer treatment and diagnosis. Nonetheless, their application is still hindered by a series of challenges related to their biocompatibility and biodistribution. In this paper, we take inspiration from the recently produced and widely spread COVID vaccines, based on the combinational use of ionizable solid lipid nanoparticles, cholesterol, PEGylated lipids, and neutral lipids able to incorporate mRNA fragments. Here, we focus on the implementation of a lipidic formulation meant to be used as a smart coating of solid-state nanoparticles. The composition of this formulation is finely tuned to ensure efficient and stable shielding of the cargo. The resulting shell is a highly customized tool that enables the possibility of further functionalizations with targeting agents, peptides, antibodies, and fluorescent moieties for future in vitro and in vivo tests and validations. Finally, as a proof of concept, zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with iron and successively coated with this lipidic formulation are tested in a pancreatic cancer cell line, BxPC-3. The results show an astonishing increase in cell viability with respect to the same uncoated nanoparticles. The preliminary results presented here pave the way towards many different therapeutic approaches based on the massive presence of highly biostable and well-tolerated nanoparticles in tumor tissues, such as sonodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, hyperthermia, and diagnosis by means of magnetic resonance imaging.

Determining the critical quality attribute for the delivery of α–mangostin by β–cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles in cancer treatment

Determining the critical quality attribute for the delivery of α–mangostin by β–cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles in cancer treatment

Recent and advanced therapy for oral cancer.

Oral cancer is a common and deadly kind of tissue invasion, has a high death rate, and may induce metastasis that mostly affects adults over the age of 40. Most in vitro traditional methods for studying cancer have included the use of monolayer cell cultures and several animal models. There is a worldwide effort underway to reduce the excessive use of laboratory animals since, although being physiologically adequate, animal models rarely succeed in exactly mimicking human models. 3D culture models have gained great attention in the area of biomedicine because of their capacity to replicate parent tissue. There are many benefits to using a drug delivery approach based on nanoparticles in cancer treatment. Because of this, in vitro test methodologies are crucial for evaluating the efficacy of prospective novel nanoparticle drug delivery systems. This review discusses current advances in the utility of 3D cell culture models including multicellular spheroids, patient-derived explant cultures, organoids, xenografts, 3D bioprinting, and organoid-on-a-chip models. Aspects of nanoparticle-based drug discovery that have utilized 2D and 3D cultures for a better understanding of genes implicated in oral cancers are also included in this review.

Harnessing Folate-Functionalized Nasal Delivery of Dox-Erlo-Loaded Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Development, Optimization, Characterization, and Biodistribution Analysis.

The aim of the present study is to develop Doxorubicin-Erlotinib nanoparticles (Dox-Erlo NPs) and folate-armored Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates for targeting glioma cancer. Glioma is one of the most common progressive cancerous growths originating from brain glial cells. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is only semi-permeable and is highly selective as to which compounds are let through; designing compounds that overcome this constraint is therefore a major challenge in the development of pharmaceutical agents. We demonstrate that the NP conjugates studied in this paper may ameliorate the BBB penetration and enrich the drug concentration in the target bypassing the BBB. NPs were prepared using a biopolymer with a double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique and functionalized with folic acid for site-specific targeting. Dox-Erlo NPs and Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates were extensively characterized in vitro for various parameters. Dox-Erlo NPs and Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates incurred a z-average of 95.35 ± 10.25 nm and 110.12 ± 9.2 nm, respectively. The zeta potentials of the Dox-Erlo NPs and Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates were observed at -18.1 mV and -25.1 mV, respectively. A TEM image has shown that the NPs were well-dispersed, uniform, de-aggregated, and consistent. A hemolytic assay confirmed hemocompatibility with the developed formulation and that it can be safely administered. Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates significantly reduced the number of viable cells to 24.66 ± 2.08% and 32.33 ± 2.51% in U87 and C6 cells, respectively, and IC50 values of 3.064 µM and 3.350 µM in U87 and C6 cells were reported after 24 h, respectively. A biodistribution study revealed that a significant concentration of Dox and Erlo were estimated in the brain relative to drug suspension. Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates were also stable for three months. The findings suggest that the developed Dox-Erlo-NP conjugates may be a promising agent for administration in glioma therapy.

Cargo-loaded lipid-shielded breakable organosilica nanocages for enhanced drug delivery.

The recent nanomedicine advancements have introduced a variety of smart nanoparticles in cancer treatment and diagnostics. However, their application to the clinic is still hindered by several challenges related to their biocompatibility, elimination and biodistribution. Here we propose breakable organosilica mesoporous nanoparticles, i.e. nanocages, able to efficiently incorporate cargo molecules and be coated, with different lipid compositions, to enhance their biomimetic behaviour. We exploit the electrostatic interactions between the organosilica surface and the opposite charge of the lipid mixtures in order to obtain an efficient organosilica coverage. The lipid-coated nanocages are proved to have an incredibly high hemocompatibility, significantly increased with respect to pristine nanocages, and excellent colloidal stability and biocompatibility. The cargo-loaded and lipid-coated nanocages are tested and compared in vitro on two different cancer cell lines, demonstrating the key role played by the lipid coating in mediating the internalization of the nanocages, evaluated by the enhanced and rapid cellular uptake. The efficient intracellular delivery of the therapeutic agents is then assured by the destruction of the organosilica, due to the disulfide bridges, introduced into the silica framework, that in reducing media, like the intracellular one, are reduced to thiols causing the breaking of the nanoparticles. The possibility to image and effectively kill cancer cells demonstrates the potentiality of the lipid-coated nanocages as a powerful tool in anticancer research and as a promising smart theranostic platform.

Investigating the Anticancer Effects of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment

Investigating the Anticancer Effects of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment

Preparation of Au nanomaterial particles and medical research

Gold nanoparticles have good stability, ease of operation, sensitive optical properties and good biocompatibility, making them widely used in food safety testing, environmental safety testing and medical detection and analysis. In this work, the main preparation methods of Au nanoparticles are reviewed, including chemical reduction method, two-phase method, seed growth method and template method, as well as the structural characteristics and characteristics of Au nanoparticles. At the same time, the application of Au nanoparticles in biomedicine is elaborated, and the results show that their outstanding surface plasma resonance properties have unique advantages in the field of loading drugs and transporting drugs. Finally, the application of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment, biochemical analysis and biosensors is prospected.

Poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Polymeric Micelles as Drug Carriers for Efficient Breast Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review.

Recently, drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles for cancer treatment have become the centre of attention for researchers to design and fabricate drug carriers for anti-cancer drugs due to the lack of tumour-targeting activity in conventional pharmaceuticals. Poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG)-based micelles have attracted significant attention as a potential drug carrier intended for human use. Since their first discovery, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved polymers have been studied extensively for various biomedical applications, specifically cancer therapy. The application of PCL-PEG micelles in different cancer therapies has been recorded in countless research studies for their efficacy as drug cargos. However, systematic studies on the effectiveness of PCL-PEG micelles of specific cancers for pharmaceutical applications are still lacking. As breast cancer is reported as the most prevalent cancer worldwide, we aim to systematically review all available literature that has published research findings on the PCL-PEG-based micelles as drug cargo for therapy. We further discussed the preparation method and the anti-tumour efficacy of the micelles. Using a prearranged search string, Scopus and Science Direct were selected as the databases for the systematic searching strategy. Only eight of the 314 articles met the inclusion requirements and were used for data synthesis. From the review, all studies reported the efficiency of PCL-PEG-based micelles, which act as drug cargo for breast cancer therapy.

Size-transformable gelatin/nanochitosan/doxorubicin nanoparticles with sequentially triggered drug release for anticancer therapy

The translation of nanoparticles in cancer treatment is limited by their low drug-loading capacity, poor colloidal stability, insufficient tumor penetration, and uncontrolled drug release. Herein, gelatin/nanochitosan/doxorubicin nanoparticles (GND) are developed by crosslinking nanochitosan (NCT) with gelatin for doxorubicin delivery. The hydrophilicity and stability properties of GND allow it to be protected and have a long circulation time in blood. The GND formulation exhibited shedding and triggered release effects as well as improved colloidal stability. When reaching the tumor site, matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) from the tumor environment degrades gelatin from 178-nm GND to release smaller 4 nm nanochitosan/doxorubicin (ND) nanoparticles for deep tumor penetration and efficient tumor cell endocytosis. Following endocytosis by tumor cells, the intracellular low pH and MMP-2 further trigger doxorubicin release, resulting in superior inhibitory capacity against cancer cells. Using a mouse tumor-bearing model, the superior anticancer activity and good in vivo biocompatibility of GND were verified. The rational design of tumor-penetrating GND enables MMP-2/pH sequentially triggered intelligent drug delivery, providing a practical approach for anticancer therapy.

WITHDRAWN: Poly(caprolactone)-b-Poly(ethylene glycol)-based Polymeric Micelles as Drug Carrier for Efficient Breast Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review

Recently, drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles for cancer treatment have become the centre of attention for researchers to design and fabricate drug carriers for anticancer drugs due to the conventional pharmaceuticals lacking tumour-targeting activity. Poly(caprolactone)- b -poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG)-based micelles have attracted significant attention as a potential drug carrier intended for human use. Since their first discovery, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved polymers have been studied extensively for various biomedical applications, specifically cancer therapy. The application of PCL-PEG micelles in different cancer therapy has been recorded in countless research for their efficacy as drug cargos. However, systematic studies on the effectiveness of PCL-PEG micelles of specific cancer for pharmaceutical applications are still lacking. As breast cancer is reported as the most prevalent cancer worldwide, we aim to systematically review all available literature that publishes research findings on the PCL-PEG-based micelles as drug cargo for the therapy. We further discussed the preparation method and the anti-tumour efficacy of the micelles. Using prearranged search string, Scopus and Science Direct were selected as the database for the systematic searching strategy. Only eight of the 314 articles met the inclusion requirements and were used for data synthesis. From the review, all studies reported the efficiency of PCL-PEG-based micelles, which act as drug cargo for breast cancer therapy.

Drug-loaded PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for cancer treatment.

Nanoparticles based on single-component synthetic polymers, such as poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), have been extensively studied for antitumor drug delivery and adjuvant therapy due to their ability to encapsulate and release drugs, as well as passively target tumors. Amphiphilic block co-polymers, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-PLGA, have also been used to prepare multifunctional nanodrug delivery systems with prolonged circulation time and greater bioavailability that can encapsulate a wider variety of drugs, including small molecules, gene-targeting drugs, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and multi-target enzyme inhibitors, enhancing their antitumor effect and safety. In addition, the surface of PEG-PLGA nanoparticles has been modified with various ligands to achieve active targeting and selective accumulation of antitumor drugs in tumor cells. Modification with two ligands has also been applied with good antitumor effects, while the use of imaging agents and pH-responsive or magnetic materials has paved the way for the application of such nanoparticles in clinical diagnosis. In this work, we provide an overview of the synthesis and application of PEG-PLGA nanoparticles in cancer treatment and we discuss the recent advances in ligand modification for active tumor targeting.