Nanofluidic Channels Research Articles

Nanoarchitecture via Synchronic Stacking of Metallic and Nonmetallic Two-Dimensional Nanosheets for Optimal Light-Driven Ion Transport.

The exceptional selectivity and responsive ion transport in biological channels inspire technology breakthrough in energy, environmental, and resource sectors. However, existing nanofluidic systems with a high photothermal conversion efficiency often exhibit excessive thermal conductivity, which impedes the creation of effective temperature gradients and results in a low ion transport efficiency. In this study, a strategy based on the synchronic stacking of metallic and nonmetallic two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets was presented to construct heterogeneous nanofluidic channels. This specific nanoconfined architecture sustained high temperatures in the illuminated area while maintaining low temperatures in the nonilluminated area, thus obtaining a robust driving force from sunlight for directional ion transport. As a result, our light-responsive ion transport system demonstrated significant potential in solar energy conversion and osmotic energy harvesting, surpassing those of all previously reported nanofluidic systems. Additionally, although it is still at the proof-of-concept stage, it shows great promise in light signal monitoring. This work provides an effective strategy for developing advanced light-responsive ion transport systems and their important applications.

Overcoming volumetric capacitance-rate performance tradeoff with 0D/2D conductive carbon nitride/phosphorene heterostructure for flexible supercapacitor

Few-layer black phosphorus (FL-BP) is considered a rising star 2D material for flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) due to its exceptional properties, including mechanical flexibility and high active surface area. However, the disordered deposition of FL-BP nanoflakes often leads to face-to-face restacking, which diminishes the effective active area and ion transport channels. This poses a huge challenge in simultaneously achieving high volumetric capacitance and rate capability. To address this, a 3D porous 0D/2D FL-BP/conductive carbon nitride (FL-BP/c-CN) film has been developed. The introduction of 0D c-CN nanoparticles effectively prevents the restacking of FL-BP nanoflakes and expands the nanofluidic channels, thus facilitating charge transport and ions diffusion. Additionally, the highly conductive c-CN nanoparticles embedded into the FL-BP layers significantly improve overall conductivity. As a result, the FL-BP/c-CN film-based FSC demonstrates a remarkable rate performance, retaining 70% capacitance as the scan rate increases from 10 to 100 mV/s. Moreover, the incorporation of 0D c-CN nanoparticles increases the available space for charge accumulation, yielding a volumetric capacitance of 28.5 F/cm3 at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, which is three times higher than that of a pure FL-BP film electrode (9.2 F/cm3). This work presents an innovative approach for developing high-performance FL-BP-based FSCs.

Mechanically Stable PMMA‐Based Large‐Area Nano‐Channels with Sub‐10 nm Depth

AbstractArtificial sub‐microfluidic and nanofluidic devices allow for studying mass or ion transport effects under spatial confinement. It remains challenging to fabricate large‐scale, nanofluidic channels of well‐defined thickness for fundamental studies and practical applications, especially for extreme confinement conditions (e.g., with sub‐10 nm channel height). Here, a strategy is reported to fabricate large‐scale nano‐channels with the channel height down to 5.0 nm. The fabrication is enabled by developing ultra‐flat and ultra‐thin polymethylmethaacrylate (PMMA) layers as the spacer. The ease of scaling up the channel length to a millimeter in the lateral dimensions with high mechanical stability is demonstrated. Furthermore, experimental evidence is provided of the role of the mechanical coupling between the spacer and capping materials in determining the device's mechanical properties, and how controlling the channel width and the top graphite thickness can be employed to tailor the device's mechanical properties. Finally, employing near‐field IR experiments, the decay constant is established for the near‐field absorption intensity of PMMA molecules inside the channel by increasing the top layer thickness. This work develops a novel method for fabricating large‐area, mechanically stable nano‐channels for nanofluidic devices and lays the foundation for further in situ spectroscopic studies of electrochemistry within sub‐10 nm confinement.

Unlocking Nanoprecipitation: A Pathway to High Reversibility in Nanofluidic Memristors.

Solid-state nanochannels have emerged as a promising platform for the development of ionic circuit components with analog properties to their traditional electronic counterparts. In the last years, nanofluidic devices with memristive properties have attracted special interest due to their applicability in, for example, the construction of brain-like computing systems. In this work, an asymmetric track-etched nanofluidic channel with memory-enhanced ion transport is reported. The results illustrate that the formation of nanoprecipitates on the channel walls induces memory effects in ion transport, leading to characteristic hysteresis loops in the current-voltage curves, a hallmark of memristive behavior. Notably, these memristive properties are achievable with a straightforward experimental setup that combines an aqueous solvent and a relatively low-soluble inorganic salt. The various conductance states can be rapidly and reversibly tuned over prolonged time scales. Furthermore, under appropriate measurement conditions, the nanofluidic device can alternate between different iontronic regimes and states, encompassing ion current rectification, ON-OFF states, and memristor-like behavior. These findings provide insights into the design and optimization of nanofluidic devices for bioinspired ionic circuit components.

A penta-hybrid approach for modeling the nanofluid flow in a spatially dependent magnetic field

Abstract The penta-hybrid nanofluid is a nanofluid that contains five different types of nanoparticles. It can achieve higher heat transfer rates than conventional hybrid nanofluids due to the synergistic effects of the nanoparticles. It also has more diverse physical and thermal properties, which make it more adaptable for various applications. Therefore, this research examines the influence of localized magnetic fields on the vortex dynamics in a penta-hybrid nanofluidic flow in a vertical cavity with an aspect ratio of 1:10, driven by a top and bottom lid moving in the opposite direction. The stream-vorticity formulation is used to solve the dimensionless governing partial differential equation. A confined magnetic field in the form of horizontal and vertical strips has been applied instead of a uniform magnetic field throughout the flow domain, which is more realistic. Moreover, MATLAB codes developed by the authors are used to investigate how these parameters affect the flow and thermal properties of the nanofluids. The results suggest that magnetic fields have an impact on how stress, flow patterns, and temperature are distributed. Moreover, the presence of a magnetic field influences the spacing of isotherms, indicating a more even temperature distribution. It has also been observed that stress distribution is affected by the magnetic field, with higher stress levels near walls and regions with velocity-induced stress. However, in certain areas, the magnetic field can decrease shear stress depending on its strength and orientation. These study findings have implications for designing and operating nanofluidic devices. For instance, utilizing a magnetic field can help regulate flow patterns, temperature distribution, and stress distribution within nanofluidic channels. This capability could prove beneficial for a range of applications, such as cell separation, drug delivery, and nanofluidic heat exchange systems.

Analysis of Electroviscous Effect for Flow of Micropolar Fluids in a Nanochannel with Overlapping Electric Double Layers at High Zeta Potential.

Flows in nanofluidic channels under the influence of pressure gradient often lead to the overlapping of the electrical double layers (EDLs) augmenting the electroviscous effect. In this work, we analyze the electroviscous effect for the flow of a micropolar fluid in a parallel plate nanochannel, considering EDL overlapping and interfacial slip. Closed-form expressions of EDL potential, velocity, microrotation, yielded streaming potential, and volumetric flow rate are derived semi-analytically for high zeta potential without accounting for the Boltzmann distribution. We observe a significant change in streaming potential with inverse ionic Peclet number (R) for its lower values, and the range of streaming potential is more for thicker EDL. The micropolarity parameter does not have any influence on the streaming potential for weaker EDL overlapping at a lower R value. For thicker EDL, velocity decreases with the micropolarity parameter, while it increases drastically with interfacial slip. However, velocity shows a non-monotonic behavior with interfacial slip and micropolarity parameter for thinner EDL. The microrotation remains invariant with interfacial slip for thicker EDL, whereas its magnitude decreases with slip length for thinner EDL. Although the sensitivity of the flow rate on slip (Qs*) increases with R for thicker EDL, the behavior is non-monotonic for thinner EDL. Furthermore, Qs* varies non-monotonically with the micropolarity parameter at higher couple stress parameter values and vice versa. In fact, the volumetric flow rate is highly sensitive to slip for thicker EDL overlapping.

High density nanofluidic channels by self-sealing for metallic nanoparticles detection

High density nanofluidic channels were successfully fabricated by a novel process, nicknamed as self-sealing process, for the detection of metal nanoparticles dispersed in water using color changes excited by polarized electromagnetic waves. The permittivities of aqueous solutions with various concentrations of metal nanoparticles were calculated by a corrected plasma model. Systematic simulations using finite difference time domain method were carried out in investigating the detection capabilities of the nanofluidic channels for silver, beryllium and copper nanoparticles in water. The pronounced color shifts indicates that the channels possess high sensitivity in the metal nanoparticles detection. The designed nanofluidic channels were then fabricated by a direct flood deposition of a silica film on a pre-replicated hydrogen silsesquioxan (HSQ) grating using electron beam lithography (EBL). The self-sealing technique possesses advantages in simplified processing, encapsulation free and potential of multi-layer nanochannels.

Pressure-driven formation of sub-femtoliter droplets in constricted T-shaped nanofluidic channel and application to isolation and counting of single nanoparticles

Nanofluidics has developed, enabling the analysis of single nanoparticles such as viruses and macromolecules using nanochannels. However, since nanoparticles migrate randomly by Brownian motion with displacements comparable to the nanochannel size, it is difficult to array and process nanoparticles individually in continuous phase flows with biological analyte concentrations of pM–nM. The present study developed a method to generate aqueous droplets of 102 aL–100 fL volumes in an organic phase in a nanochannel by pressure-driven flow control, and applied the method to the isolation of single nanoparticles with 101−102 pM concentrations. A T-shaped nanochannel with a narrow constriction section was proposed to locally enhance the shear force to form smaller droplets by 102 kPa external pressure, without increasing the pressure loss by downscaling the channel. The proposed channel design was validated, droplets with 0.8–1.0 fL volumes were formed with pL/min flow rates at Ca = 0.5–1.4 × 10−3, and the dynamics of droplet generation was well characterized by the linear scaling law. Using the developed device, encapsulation and counting of single fluorescent nanoparticles and single fluorescently-labeled DNA molecules in droplets were successfully demonstrated. This work will contribute to the development of droplet nanofluidics and ultrasmall analytical applications.

Heterojunction of natural clay minerals and carbon nanotubes as robust moisture electric generator

Among various sustainable energy harvesting devices, moisture electric generators (MEG) possess distinct advantages like portability, minimum human intervention, absence of moving parts, unnecessity of fuels, and potential for off-grid power generation. However, maturing this emerging technology requires the exploration of a diverse range of materials and device configurations. Here, we report the fabrication of heterojunction-based robust MEGs by using reconstructed layers of natural vermiculite clay (VM) and HNO3-treated oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (o-CNT). The heterojunction of negatively charged VM and o-CNT membranes (o-CNT-VM) prepared through a facile water-assisted fusion process yielded voltages of ∼ 790 mV for more than 2000 s (at 75 % RH). Assembling multiple o-CNT-VM devices in series connection output potentials up to 98 V were achieved. The mechanistic studies revealed the junction potential between VM and o-CNT to be the major contributor to the observed potential, with minor contributions arising from evaporation-driven streaming of ions through the 2D nanofluidic channels. The o-CNT-VM devices can function in extreme conditions such as temperatures ranging from 0 to 80 °C. The practical applicability of the o-CNT-VM-based MEG devices is demonstrated by lighting LED, and powering calculators by assembling o-CNT-VM devices in simultaneous series and parallel connection.

Highly Efficient, Flexible, and Self-Healable Moisture-Driven Energy Harvester Based on 2D Vanadium Pentoxide Nanosheets

The ubiquitous source of atmospheric moisture brought about a fascinating research avenue of extracting atmospheric water to generate sustainable electricity. Energy may be extracted from ambient moisture with obvious and substantial advantages. This point-of-use technology provides a decentralized alternative to meet the energy needs in isolated off-grid places. Unlike traditional energy generators which predominantly rely upon fossil fuel, moisture-induced energy generators can extract energy from moisture in a sustainable and eco-friendly way. Herein, we demonstrated a self-healable moist electric generator (MEG) based on vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) 2D nanosheet membranes. Lamellar membranes of V2O5 nanosheets have been shown to be excellent cation conductors and excellent materials for harvesting energy from ambient moisture. Ultra-thin 2D nanosheets of V2O5 was obtained by treatment of bulk V2O5 crystals with hydrogen peroxide. V2O5 nanosheet membrane was fabricated by vacuum-assisted filtration of 2D V2O5 nanosheets dispersion over a PTFE support membrane. The V2O5 membrane was easily peeled off from the support membrane on drying to obtain a flexible and freestanding V2O5 membrane. The V2O5 membrane consisting of percolated nanofluidic channels was sandwiched between a bottom solid copper foil and a perforated copper foil as the bottom electrode. The top electrode is perforated for exposure to atmospheric humidity. As the atmospheric water molecules come in contact with the V2O5 surface, an open-circuit voltage of 0.5 Volts and a short-circuit current of 0.3 microamperes is generated. The generated voltage and current is attributed to the preferential flow of cations through the V2O5 nanochannels. The exposed surface and edges of V2O5 nanosheets have a high negative surface charge which results in the splitting of water molecules into H3O+ and OH- ions. An electrical double layer (EDL) is established at the V2O5/water interface which selectively permits H3O+ ions through the channels. The mobile ions of the EDL transport through the nanofluidic channels creating a gradient between the two electrodes, resulting in a constant potential difference between the top and bottom electrodes which is harvested as electric current. The MEGs can be easily connected in parallel or series to enhance the current and voltage respectively. We demonstrate ten MEGs connected in series to power small electronic devices such as calculators and humidity meters. One of the key features of the V2O5 MEG is its ability to repair any physical damage to the active material owing to the water-assisted healing characteristics V2O5 membrane. Figure 1

Anomalous friction of supercooled glycerol on mica

Although friction of liquids on solid surfaces is traditionally linked to wettability, recent works have unveiled the role of the solid’s internal excitations on interfacial dissipation. In order to directly evidence such couplings, we take advantage of the considerable variation of the molecular timescales of supercooled glycerol under mild change of temperature to explore how friction depends on the liquid’s molecular dynamics. Using a dedicated tuning-fork AFM, we measure the slippage of glycerol on mica. We report a 100 fold increase of slip length upon cooling, while liquid-solid friction exhibits a linear scaling with molecular relaxation rate at high temperature. This scaling can be explained by a contribution of mica’s phonons which resonate with density fluctuations in the liquid, allowing efficient momentum transfer to mica. These results suggest that engineering phononic spectra of materials could enhance flow performance in nanofluidic channels and industrially relevant membranes.

High-efficiency dysprosium-ion extraction enabled by a biomimetic nanofluidic channel

Biological ion channels exhibit high selectivity and permeability of ions because of their asymmetrical pore structures and surface chemistries. Here, we demonstrate a biomimetic nanofluidic channel (BNC) with an asymmetrical structure and glycyl-L-proline (GLP) -functionalization for ultrafast, selective, and unidirectional Dy3+ extraction over other lanthanide (Ln3+) ions with very similar electronic configurations. The selective extraction mainly depends on the amplified chemical affinity differences between the Ln3+ ions and GLPs in nanoconfinement. In particular, the conductivities of Ln3+ ions across the BNC even reach up to two orders of magnitude higher than in a bulk solution, and a high Dy3+/Nd3+ selectivity of approximately 60 could be achieved. The designed BNC can effectively extract Dy3+ ions with ultralow concentrations and thereby purify Nd3+ ions to an ultimate content of 99.8 wt.%, which contribute to the recycling of rare earth resources and environmental protection. Theoretical simulations reveal that the BNC preferentially binds to Dy3+ ion due to its highest affinity among Ln3+ ions in nanoconfinement, which attributes to the coupling of ion radius and coordination matching. These findings suggest that BNC-based ion selectivity system provides alternative routes to achieving highly efficient lanthanide separation.

Local nano-electrode fabrication utilizing nanofluidic and nano-electrochemical control.

Miniaturized systems have attracted much attention with the recent advances in microfluidics and nanofluidics. From the capillary electrophoresis, the development of glass-based microfluidic and nanofluidic technologies has supported advances in microfluidics and nanofluidics. Most microfluidic systems, especially nanofluidic systems, are still simple, such as systems constructed with simple straight nanochannels and bulk-scale electrodes. One of the bottlenecks to the development of more complicated and sophisticated systems is to develop the locally integrated nano-electrodes. However, there are still issues with integrating nano-electrodes into nanofluidic devices because it is difficult to fit the nano-electrode size into a nanofluidic channel at the nanometer level. In this study, we propose a new method for the fabrication of local nano-electrodes in nanofluidic devices with nanofluidic and nano-electrochemistry-based experiments. An electroplating solution was introduced to a nanochannel with control of the flow and the electroplating reaction, by which nano-electrodes were successfully fabricated. In addition, a nanofluidic device was available for nanofluidic experiments with the application of 200kPa. This method can be applied to any electroplating material such as gold and copper. The local nano-electrode will make a significant contribution to the development of more complicated and sophisticated nanofluidic electrophoresis systems and to local electric detection methods for various nanofluidic devices.

Elucidating the transport of water and ions in the nanochannel of covalent organic frameworks by molecular dynamics.

Inspired by biological channels, achieving precise separation of ion/water and ion/ion requires finely tuned pore sizes at molecular dimensions and deliberate exposure of charged groups. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of porous crystalline materials, offer well-defined nanoscale pores and diverse structures, making them excellent candidates for nanofluidic channels that facilitate ion and water transport. In this study, we perform molecular simulations to investigate the structure and kinetics of water and ions confined within the typical COFs with varied exposure of charged groups. The COFs exhibit vertically arrayed nanochannels, enabling diffusion coefficients of water molecules within COFs to remain within the same order of magnitude as in the bulk. The motion of water molecules manifests in two distinct modes, creating a mobile hydration layer around acid groups. The ion diffusion within COFs displays a notable disparity between monovalent (M+) and divalent (M2+) cations. As a result, the selectivity of M+/M2+ can exceed 100, while differentiation among M+ is less pronounced. In addition, our simulations indicate a high rejection (R > 98%) in COFs, indicating their potential as ideal materials for desalination. The chemical flexibility of COFs indicates that would hold significant promise as candidates for advanced artificial ion channels and separation membranes.

Janus graphene oxide membrane with rational allocation of functional regions as unidirectional ion valve system

Membrane-based ion sieving is critical to green desalination processes such as sustainable ionic resource extraction. Two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) membranes exhibit unique ionic transport properties owning to the supernormal enhancement of channel effects induced by diverse functional regions under nanoconfinement. However, the discrete and random distribution of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic and positively/negatively charged regions restricts the GO membrane to give full play to its potential in selective ions separation. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to engineer the asymmetric three-tier architecture of a Janus GO membrane with rational allocation of functional regions. The wise series connection of ① surface positively charged hydrophilic layer of PEI, ② intermediate negatively charged hydrophilic layer of GO and ③ bottom hydrophobic porous layer of rGO along the cross-membrane direction established internal gradients of structure, wetting and charge, resulting in reinforced exclusion of retained divalent ions and reduced stagnation of targeted monovalent ions. Based on the continuous anisotropic gradients, the Janus GO membrane was endowed with the unique capability to act as a unidirectional ion valve system, showcasing impressive permeation performance of monovalent ions permeation rate of 0.244 mol m−2 h−1 with monovalent/divalent ions selectivity of 66.1, and remarkable nanofiltration performance of divalent salt rejections of >96.5 % with monovalent/divalent ions separation factor up to 70.9. The implications of this work will revolutionize the regulation and functionalization of 2D nanofluidic channels for selective ions transport, which is highly desirable for a wide range of green desalination applications.

Molecular transport enhancement in pure metallic carbon nanotube porins.

Nanofluidic channels impose extreme confinement on water and ions, giving rise to unusual transport phenomena strongly dependent on the interactions at the channel-wall interface. Yet how the electronic properties of the nanofluidic channels influence transport efficiency remains largely unexplored. Here we measure transport through the inner pores of sub-1 nm metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotube porins. We find that water and proton transport are enhanced in metallic nanotubes over semiconducting nanotubes, whereas ion transport is largely insensitive to the nanotube bandgap value. Molecular simulations using polarizable force fields highlight the contributions of the anisotropic polarizability tensor of the carbon nanotubes to the ion-nanotube interactions and the water friction coefficient. We also describe the origin of the proton transport enhancement in metallic nanotubes using deep neural network molecular dynamics simulations. These results emphasize the complex role of the electronic properties of nanofluidic channels in modulating transport under extreme nanoscale confinement.

Memristive Characteristics in an Asymmetrically Charged Nanochannel.

The emergent nanofluidic memristor provides a promising way of emulating neuromorphic functions in the brain. The conical-shaped nanopore showed promising features for a nanofluidic memristor, inspiring us to investigate the memory effects in asymmetrically charged nanochannels due to their high current rectification, which may result in good memory effects. Here, the memory effects of an asymmetrically charged nanofluidic channel were numerically simulated by Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations. Our results showed that the I-V curves represented a diode in low scanning frequency and then became a memristor and finally a resistor as frequency increased. We successfully replicated the learning behavior in our system with history-dependent ion redistribution in the nanochannel. Some critical factors were quantitatively analyzed for the memory effects including voltage amplitude, optimal frequency, and Dukhin number. Experimental characterizations were also carried out. Our findings are useful for the design of nanofluidic memristors by the principle of enrichment and depletion as well as the determination of the best memory settings.

Gate-All-Around Nanopore Osmotic Power Generators.

Nanofluidic channels in a membrane represent a promising avenue for harnessing blue energy from salinity gradients, relying on permselectivity as a pivotal characteristic crucial for inducing electricity through diffusive ion transport. Surface charge emerges as a central player in the osmotic energy conversion process, emphasizing the critical significance of a judicious selection of membrane materials to achieve optimal ion permeability and selectivity within specific channel dimensions. Alternatively, here we report a field-effect approach for in situ manipulation of the ion selectivity in a nanopore. Application of voltage to a surround-gate electrode allows precise adjustment of the surface charge density at the pore wall. Leveraging the gating control, we demonstrate permselectivity turnover to enhanced cation selective transport in multipore membranes, resulting in a 6-fold increase in the energy conversion efficiency with a power density of 15 W/m2 under a salinity gradient. These findings not only advance our fundamental understanding of ion transport in nanochannels but also provide a scalable and efficient strategy for nanoporous membrane osmotic power generation.

Enhancing Osmotic Energy Harvesting Through Supramolecular Design of Oxygen‐Functionalized MXene with Biomimetic Ion Channels

AbstractReverse electrodialysis (RED) technology, relying on ion‐selective permeability membranes (ISPM), offers a direct means of harnessing osmotic energy from the salinity difference between seawater and freshwater. Critical technical challenges include limitations in ISPM's immobile charge carriers, transmembrane ionic internal resistance, and durability in water. Drawing inspiration from the subunit structure of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), an ISPM assembled using a supramolecular engineering strategy is introduced. This innovative approach enables the synergistic action of multiple molecular building blocks to mimic the distribution of ENaC subunit structures, strategically planning the placement of immobile charge carriers on nanofluidic channels. The design incorporates nano‐confined oxygen‐rich functionalized MXene (O‐MXene) and high‐strength polymer backbone aramid fibers to construct 3D nanofluidic channels with a high surface charge density. Enhanced by a bonding network of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, the ISPM achieved an exceptional output power density of 21.7 W m−2 and 46.0% energy conversion efficiency in a RED half‐cell system using natural seawater and river water, surpassing current technologies. This research not only advances RED technology but also provides biomimetic customization concepts for ISPM design across various applications, including flow batteries, fuel cells, and related fields.

Designing Nanofluidic Channels of Boron Nitride Nanosheets/Aramid Nanofibers/Covalent Organic Frameworks Nanofiltration Membrane for Ultrafast Mass Transport.

2D lamellar nanofiltration membrane is considered to be a promising approach for desalinating seawater/brackish water and recycling sewage. However, its practical feasibility is severely constrained by the lack of durability and stability. Herein, a ternary nanofiltration membrane via a mixed-dimensional assembly of 2D boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) is fabricated, 1D aramid nanofibers (ANF), and 2D covalent organic frameworks (COF). The abundant 2D and 1D nanofluid channels endow the BNNS/ANF/COF membrane with a high flux of 194 L·m‒2·h‒1. By the synergies of the size sieving and Donnan effect, the BNNS/ANF/COF membrane demonstrates high rejection (among 98%) for those dyes whose size exceeds 1.0nm. Moreover, the BNNS/ANF/COF membrane also exhibits remarkable durability and mechanical stability, which are attributed to the strong adhesion and interactions between BNNS, ANF, and COF, as well as the superior mechanical robustness of ANF. This work provides a novel strategy to develop robust and durable 2D lamellar nanofiltration membranes with high permeance and selectivity simultaneously.