Nanoencapsulation Methods Research Articles

Near-infrared remote triggering of bio-enzyme activation to control intestinal colonization by orally administered microorganisms

Oral biotherapeutics hold significant promise, but their lack of controllability and targeting poses a major challenge, particularly for intestinal bacterial biotherapeutics. In response, we have developed a nanoencapsulation approach that responds to the release of enzyme activity in the organism and activates the enzyme in situ, allowing for controlled colonization of microbes in the gut. The nano-coating comprises a two-layer structure: an inner layer of polydopamine with photothermal and adhesive properties, and an outer layer of gelatin–sodium carboxymethylcellulose, which is hydrolyzed by cellulases in the gut following photothermal interaction with dopamine. We have successfully achieved controlled colonization of a wide range of microorganisms. Furthermore, in a diabetes model, this approach has had a profound impact on regulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production, β-cell physiology, and promoting insulin secretion. This nanocoating is achieved by in situ activation of cellulase without the need for genetic or targeted molecular modification, representing a new paradigm and alternative strategy for microbial therapy. It not only enables precise and controlled colonization of probiotics but also demonstrates great potential for broader application in the field of oral biotherapy. Statement of significanceWe have developed a nano-encapsulation method that triggers enzyme activity in response to enzymatic activity, resulting in the controlled release and adhesion of a wide range of microorganisms in the gut. The nano coating comprises two layers: an inner layer of polydopamine with photothermal and adhesion properties, and an outer layer of a gelatin-sodium carboxymethylcellulose polymer, which can be hydrolyzed by cellulases in the intestine. Additionally, this method allows for the preparation of various microbial coatings. This approach holds significant promise for regulating GLP-1 production, the physiological function of pancreatic β-cells, and promoting insulin secretion in diabetes models.

Bioactive compounds from agroindustrial byproducts and their applications: From traditional methods to green technologies

The use of agroindustrial byproducts (solids and liquids) with bioactive compounds has developed and grown remarkably. Existing methodologies and some new approaches developed through various research efforts have demonstrated their viability. The bioactive compounds commonly studied in research are phenolic compounds and carotenoids because of their potential as antioxidants and natural additives that can prolong the shelf life of certain foods. Meanwhile, conventional extraction methods are being replaced with green technologies, which offer reduced extraction time and are more environmentally friendly, among other advantages. In addition, protecting and preserving bioactive compounds from environmental conditions by applying microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation methods is crucial. These studies have shown that combining methods yields better results than using them individually. Therefore, it is recommended that unconventional methods and green technologies be integrated into future research. This approach will help determine whether acquiring them is profitable and feasible for the agroindustrial companies responsible for this waste. This review demonstrates the potential use of agricultural byproducts to obtain bioactive compounds (through combined extraction methods for improved efficiency) and incorporate them in different industries, such as food, cosmetics, and aquaculture, thereby creating a favorable socio-environmental impact by reducing soil and water pollution.

Review on the Encapsulation, Microencapsulation, and Nano- Encapsulation: Synthesis and Applications in the Process Industry for Corrosion Inhibition

Background: Surfaces of materials often corrode and deteriorate due to environmental conditions. There are various widely used methods of reducing corrosion rates to increase the lifetime of materials and equipment. Recently, there has been a growth in the use of nanotechnology to protect metals against corrosion. The application of nano-encapsulation techniques in the process industry is one of the important eras of nanotechnology. This review paper focuses on encapsulation, microencapsulation, and nano-encapsulation methods, emphasizing nanoencapsulation applications as corrosion inhibitions in the process industry. Methods: Materials based on the self-healing mechanism were used in advanced applications such as structures, batteries, and coatings. These technologies may be studied in two ways: compounds with intrinsic self-healing properties and extrinsic self-healing materials with additives such as microcapsules filled with healing agents. Nano-coatings have advantages, like accelerated ground hardness, adhesive energy, long-time period and/or high-temperature corrosion resistance, tribological residence enhancement, etc. Nano-coatings can also be carried out in thinner and smoother layers, considering flexibility, accelerated performance, decreased fuel costs, and smaller carbon footprints, as well as occasional maintenance. The review of corrosion characteristics of polymeric nanocomposite material was discussed in this paper. Results: This review paper presents an updated overview summarizing the latest advances in the various micro/nanocarriers used for self-healing corrosion protective coatings. Conclusion: With this information, the investigators will be able to modify the structure of the inhibitor to get the necessary corrosion inhibition capabilities. The need for a physical examination is rising as a result.

Application of Nanoparticles in Human Nutrition: A Review.

Nanotechnology in human nutrition represents an innovative advance in increasing the bioavailability and efficiency of bioactive compounds. This work delves into the multifaceted dietary contributions of nanoparticles (NPs) and their utilization for improving nutrient absorption and ensuring food safety. NPs exhibit exceptional solubility, a significant surface-to-volume ratio, and diameters ranging from 1 to 100 nm, rendering them invaluable for applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery, as well as elevating food quality. The encapsulation of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants within NPs introduces an innovative approach to counteract nutritional instabilities and low solubility, promoting human health. Nanoencapsulation methods have included the production of nanocomposites, nanofibers, and nanoemulsions to benefit the delivery of bioactive food compounds. Nutrition-based nanotechnology and nanoceuticals are examined for their economic viability and potential to increase nutrient absorption. Although the advancement of nanotechnology in food demonstrates promising results, some limitations and concerns related to safety and regulation need to be widely discussed in future research. Thus, the potential of nanotechnology could open new paths for applications and significant advances in food, benefiting human nutrition.

Dual-targeted nano-encapsulation of neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters with triiodothyronine-loaded bifunctional polymersomes

There is growing evidence that neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters (NPCCs) isolated from piglets can be used to treat type 1 diabetes in humans. However, graft rejection is a common complication in humans owing to the prevalence of xenoantigens in porcine. Therefore, researchers have investigated various islet encapsulation techniques that could protect against these antigens. To this end, this study presents a robust nano-encapsulation method based on bifunctional polymersomes (PSomes), in which N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and maleimide (Mal) groups conjugated to the PSomes terminal interact with the amine and thiol groups on the surface of NPCCs to induce dual targeting via two covalent bonds. The findings indicate that the ratio of NHS to Mal on PSomes is optimal for dual targeting. Moreover, triiodothyronine (T3) is known to promotes pancreatic islet maturation and differentiation of endocrine cells into beta cells. T3 encapsulated in PSomes is shown to increase the glucose sensitivity of NPCCs and enhance insulin secretion from NPCCs. Furthermore, improvements in the nano-encapsulation efficiency and insulin-secreting capability of NPCCs through dual targeting via dual-Psomes are demonstrated. In conclusion, the proposed nano-encapsulation technique could pave the way for significant advances in islet nano-encapsulation and the imprevement of NPCC immaturity via T3 release.

A Green Method for Nanoencapsulation of Thymol in Chitosan–Gelatin with Antioxidant Capacity

AbstractNanostructures are usually formed by solvent dissolution, but this paper proposes a green-chemistry method for thymol nano-encapsulation based on a chitosan–gelatin bio-copolymer matrix formation that enhances the physical stability to obtain a thymol-modified release system, with antioxidant capacity. Various ratios of chitosan–gelatin, gelatin types A and B, and crosslinkers were evaluated at a constant thymol concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Gallic acid was chosen as the crosslinker. All batches were ultrasonicated to reduce particle size. The best conditions were obtained using a chitosan–gelatin ratio of 1:4 with type A gelatin, as those nanoparticles had higher physical stability, together with a smaller particle size (316.5 ± 2 nm) and higher thymol encapsulation efficiency (88 ± 3%). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS (radical inhibition 87.06 ± 4.38%, and 88.5 ± 4.42%, respectively), and a FRAP assay (1084.68 ± 54.32 µM Trolox equivalents). Release profiles were evaluated at two pH values (5.5, 7.0) and environmental temperatures (4, 25 °C). Diffusion was non-Fickian in all treatments. Gelatin type A systems exhibited a major physical stability, influencing the reduction of released thymol significantly. The research findings suggest that this submicronic dispersion can be used as a modified release system with high antioxidant activity and potentially serve as a preservative system during food storage.

Spatially Controlled UV Light Generation at Depth using Upconversion Micelles.

UV light can trigger a plethora of useful photochemical reactions for diverse applications, including photocatalysis, photopolymerization, and drug delivery. These applications typically require penetration of high-energy photons deep into materials, yet delivering these photons beyond the surface is extremely challenging due to absorption and scattering effects. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) shows great promise to circumvent this issue by generating high-energy photons from incident lower-energy photons. However, molecules that facilitate TTA-UC usually have poor water solubility, limiting their deployment in aqueous environments. To address this challenge, a nanoencapsulation method is leveraged to fabricate water-compatible UC micelles, enabling on-demand UV photon generation deep into materials. Two iridium-based complexes are presented for use as TTA-UC sensitizers with increased solubilities that facilitate the formation of highly emissive UV-upconverting micelles. Furthermore, this encapsulation method is shown to be generalizable to nineteen UV-emitting UC systems, accessing a range of upconverted UV emission profiles with wavelengths as low as 350nm. As a proof-of-principle demonstration of precision photochemistry at depth, UV-emitting UC micelles are used to photolyze a fluorophore at a focal point nearly a centimeter beyond the surface, revealing opportunities for spatially controlled manipulation deep into UV-responsive materials.

Unveiling Plant-Based Pectins: Exploring the Interplay of Direct Effects, Fermentation, and Technological Applications in Clinical Research with a Focus on the Chemical Structure.

Pectin, a plant-derived polysaccharide, possesses immense technological and biological application value. Several variables influence pectin's physicochemical aspects, resulting in different fermentations, interactions with receptors, and other functional properties. Some of those variables are molecular weight, degree of methylation and blockiness, and monosaccharide composition. Cancer cell cytotoxicity, important fermentation-related byproducts, immunomodulation, and technological application were found in cell culture, animal models, and preclinical and clinical assessments. One of the greater extents of recent pectin technological usage involves nanoencapsulation methods for many different compounds, ranging from chemotherapy and immunotherapy to natural extracts from fruits and other sources. Structural modification (modified pectin) is also utilized to enhance the use of dietary fiber. Although pectin is already recognized as a component of significant importance, there is still a need for a comprehensive review that delves into its intricate relationships with biological effects, which depend on the source and structure of pectin. This review covers all levels of clinical research, including cell culture, animal studies, and clinical trials, to understand how the plant source and pectin structures influence the biological effects in humans and some technological applications of pectin regarding human health.

Nanoparticle‐Decorated Biomimetic Extracellular Matrix for Cell Nanoencapsulation and Regulation

AbstractCell encapsulation has been studied for various applications ranging from cell transplantation to biological production. However, current encapsulation technologies focus on cell protection rather than cell regulation that is essential to most if not all cell‐based applications. Here we report a method for cell nanoencapsulation and regulation using an ultrathin biomimetic extracellular matrix as a cell nanocapsule to carry nanoparticles (CN2). This method allows high‐capacity nanoparticle retention at the vicinity of cell surfaces. The encapsulated cells maintain high viability and normal metabolism. When gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used as a model to decorate the nanocapsule, light irradiation transiently increases the temperature, leading to the activation of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) promoter and the regulation of reporter gene expression. As the biomimetic nanocapsule can be decorated with any or multiple NPs, CN2 is a promising platform for advancing cell‐based applications.

Nanoparticle-Decorated Biomimetic Extracellular Matrix for Cell Nanoencapsulation and Regulation.

Cell encapsulation has been studied for various applications ranging from cell transplantation to biological production. However, current encapsulation technologies focus on cell protection rather than cell regulation that is essential to most if not all cell-based applications. Here we report a method for cell nanoencapsulation and regulation using an ultrathin biomimetic extracellular matrix as a cell nanocapsule to carry nanoparticles (CN2 ). This method allows high-capacity nanoparticle retention at the vicinity of cell surfaces. The encapsulated cells maintain high viability and normal metabolism. When gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used as a model to decorate the nanocapsule, light irradiation transiently increases the temperature, leading to the activation of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) promoter and the regulation of reporter gene expression. As the biomimetic nanocapsule can be decorated with any or multiple NPs, CN2 is a promising platform for advancing cell-based applications.

Experimental study on nano-encapsulated inorganic phase change material for lithium-ion battery thermal management and thermal runaway suppression

Although widely used in the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries, organic phase change material (PCM) with flammability has been reported to aggravate the fire risk and heat hazards of battery thermal runaway (TR). To reduce the fire risk of PCM during battery TR, an encapsulated inorganic PCM (EIPCM) was synthesized by a nano-encapsulation method of interfacial polymerization in this study. Na2HPO4·12H2O was used as the inorganic core material and silica was adopted as the encapsulated matrix to reduce the inherent defects. The synthesized EIPCM was characterized by a series of tests, demonstrating good phase change properties and thermal stability. The melting temperature of the EIPCM was measured as 51 °C associated with the latent heat of 111.69 kJ/kg. The thermal management effects of EIPCM were further investigated on battery modules at various discharge rates. The results show that EIPCM exhibited good cooling performance, leading to a 23.7% reduction of the peak battery temperature from 86.6 °C to 66.1 °C at a high discharge rate of 3C, and the temperature difference was kept within 3 °C. The TR behavior of batteries with IPCM was further explored, and the results indicate that EIPCM could delay the occurrence of TR by 495 s and decrease the peak surface temperature of the battery by 194 °C. With the nonflammable EIPCM, the fire of TR showed rapid extinction, protecting the batteries from heavier fire hazards. It is also found that EIPCM could inhibit the heat propagation of TR. The prepared EIPCM in this work with good thermal management effects and TR suppression performance has great prospects in practical battery applications, energy storage and other fields.

Recent Trends and Applications of Nanoencapsulated Bacteriocins against Microbes in Food Quality and Safety.

Bacteriocins are ribosomal-synthesized peptides or proteins produced by bacterial strains and can inhibit pathogenic bacteria. Numerous factors influence the potential activity of bacteriocins in food matrices. For example, food additives usage, chemical composition, physical conditions of food, and sensitivity of proteolytic enzymes can constrain the application of bacteriocins as beneficial food preservatives. However, novel bacteriocin nanoencapsulation has appeared as an encouraging solution. In this review, we highlight the bacteriocins produced by Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria including lactic acid bacteria that have shown positive results as potential food preservatives. In addition, this review encompasses the major focus on bacteriocins encapsulation with nanotechnology to enhance the antimicrobial action of bacteriocins. Several strategies can be employed to encapsulate bacteriocins; however, the nanotechnological approach is one of the most effective strategies for avoiding limitations. Nanoparticles such as liposomes, chitosan, protein, and polysaccharides have been discussed to show their importance in the nanoencapsulation method. The nanoparticles are combined with bacteriocins to develop the nano-encapsulated bacteriocins from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including LAB. In food systems, nanoencapsulation enhances the stability and antimicrobial functionality of active peptides. This nanotechnological application provides a formulation of a broad range of antimicrobial peptides at the industry-scale level. Nano-formulated bacteriocins have been discussed along with examples to show a broader antimicrobial spectrum, increase bacteriocins' applicability, extend antimicrobial spectrum and enhance stability.

Investigation of the physicochemical, antioxidant, rheological, and sensory properties of ricotta cheese enriched with free and nano-encapsulated broccoli sprout extract.

This study aimed to produce the functional ricotta cheese using broccoli sprouts extract (BSE) and to evaluate its physicochemical, antioxidant, rheological, and sensory properties. The BSE nano-liposome was nano-encapsulated into basil seed gum (BSG) and was incorporated into the ricotta cheese formulation in two forms of free and nano-capsules in two levels of 3% and 5% w/w. The measurements were conducted during a 15-day storage period at 4-6°C. The results showed that the titratable acidity, hardness, and chewiness of cheeses were increased and the pH, moisture, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity were decreased (p < .05). With the addition of BSE concentration, the TPC and antioxidant activity increased significantly (p < .05) and applying the nano-encapsulation method for BSE led to better preservation of bioactive compounds. Based on the rheological results, viscoelastic solid behavior and a weak gel were observed in all cheese samples. The results of sensory evaluation demonstrated that cheeses containing free extract had lower flavor and overall acceptability scores than other samples, which indicates that the nano-encapsulation covered the undesirable flavor of the BSE. Generally, during the 15-day cold storage period, the highest sensory acceptance and functional activity were related to the samples containing nano-encapsulated BSE, especially at the 5% level.

Natural food colorants: Extraction and stability study

The food colorant market is growing at a 4.6% annual rate, and it is estimated to reach 2.3 billion dollars worth of the global market. The color of the food is considered the most critical aspect while purchasing any food items, as it is most likely associated with the freshness and quality of the product. Synthetic and natural colorants are added to enhance the color properties of a food product. However, synthetic food colorants cause long-term adverse health impacts. Therefore, natural colorant-related topics have gained significant interest in research field. Natural colorants with the highest applicability are anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betacyanins, because of which they are discussed in brief. From the literature review, it has been found that the current research trend is to find different sources, various feasible and effective extraction methods of natural colorants. Even after the effective extraction of colorant, the stability problem arises. As stability is associated with storage time, it is crucial to improve the stability of the extracted matrix. For this purpose, various microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation methods are devised by various researchers. Furthermore, the degradation mechanism of various food pigments is also discussed in brief.

Encapsulation of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria using starch‐sodium alginate nanofibers to enhance viability in food model

The aim of this study was to nanoencapsulate some probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria within corn starch (CS) and sodium alginate (SA) nanofiber mats using the electrospinning method to enhance survival and viability in yogurt as a food model. The control and probiotic-containing nanofiber mats had negative zeta potential of −10.83 and −12.57 mV. The SA/CS nanofibers had a greater protective effect on LAB compared to Bifidobacteria in an acidic environment. LAB count within nanofiber mats was reduced by 0.19, 0.85, and 1.05 logCFU, and of Bifidobacteria by 0.27, 0.46, and 1.24 logCFU, at 55, 60, and 65°C, respectively, which was lower than cell loss of free cells. After 20-day storage of yogurt, the count of nanoencapsulated LAB and Bifidobacteria declined 0.19 (97.9% survival) and 0.28 (96.9% survival) logCFU, respectively, while 1.12 (87.7% survival) and 1.25 (86.3% survival) logCFU of cell loss was found for free cells. Practical applications Although probiotic bacteria have a great potential in producing functional metabolites and components with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and health-promoting properties, their survival, and viability during food processing are affected by factors like heat, pH and acidity, food molecular structure, and chemical compounds of the food matrix. To protect probiotics against processing conditions in food preparation, increase their survival and stability in the food matrix, nanoencapsulation techniques are used. The preferred nanoencapsulation methods are those with the least damage to the probiotic cells. So, the results of this study will be useful to design the proper formulations of coatings for probiotics used in food products.

Utilization of Nanotechnology to Improve the Application and Bioavailability of Phytochemicals Derived from Waste Streams.

Phytochemicals are relatively small molecular species found in edible plants that may exhibit a diverse range of techno- and biofunctional attributes. In particular, there has been great interest in the identification, isolation, and utilization of dietary phytochemicals that can be used as natural pigments, antioxidants, or antimicrobials or that may improve human health and wellbeing by preventing chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Relatively high levels of these phytochemicals are often present in the waste streams produced by the food and agriculture industry, such as the peels, stems, roots, or leaves of plants, that are normally discarded or turned into animal foods. From an economic and environmental perspective, it would be advantageous to convert these waste streams into value-added functional ingredients, which is consistent with the creation of a more circular economy. Bioactive phytochemicals can be isolated from agricultural and food waste streams using green extraction methods and then incorporated into plant-based functional foods or biodegradable active packaging materials. The utilization of phytochemicals in the food industry is often challenging. They may chemically degrade in the presence of light, heat, oxygen, and some pH conditions, thereby altering their biological activity. They may have low solubility in aqueous solutions and gastrointestinal fluids, thereby making them difficult to introduce into foods and leading to a low bioavailability. These challenges can sometimes be overcome using nanoencapsulation, which involves trapping the phytochemicals inside tiny food-grade particles. These nanoparticles may be assembled from edible lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and/or surfactants and include nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, and biopolymer nanoparticles. In this manuscript, we review a number of important phytochemicals and nanoencapsulation methods used to improve their efficacy.

Ultraviolet Protection Activity of Selected Herbal and Biopolymer for Textile Application

The textile protection of human skin against ultraviolet radiation is very important problem and over recent years researches have shown increasing interests in this area. This research work deals with the causing harm effects of ultraviolet rays and protection against them through the woven materials by using Opuntia littoralis herbal extract and Chitosan biopolymer extract with nano encapsulation method. Finishing of fabric with an eco friendly manner is getting very advanced nowadays. So, this research work is fully based on ecofriendly and skin friendly. The samples were imparted with herb and biopolymer nanocapsules which showed best results for ultraviolet protection even after 30 washes.The finished sample was analyzed for its morphology using FESEM and FT-IR.

Ultraviolet Protection Activity of Selected Herbal and Biopolymer for Textile Application

The textile protection of human skin against ultraviolet radiation is very important problem and over recent years researches have shown increasing interests in this area. This research work deals with the causing harm effects of ultraviolet rays and protection against them through the woven materials by using Opuntia littoralis herbal extract and Chitosan biopolymer extract with nano encapsulation method. Finishing of fabric with an eco friendly manner is getting very advanced nowadays. So, this research work is fully based on ecofriendly and skin friendly. The samples were imparted with herb and biopolymer nanocapsules which showed best results for ultraviolet protection even after 30 washes.The finished sample was analyzed for its morphology using FESEM and FT-IR.

A review on synthesis, characterization and application of nanoencapsulated phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems

Nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) are expected to be one of the most potential energy storage materials. After years of research and development, a mature and huge microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) industry has been built in terms of both synthetic technology and practical application. However, microcapsules also have its limitations, such as low heat transfer efficiency, high breakage rate and so on. In order to solve these problems, NEPCMs are being successfully developed. In this review, the research background and development process of NEPCMs were introduced. The structure, principle and function of NEPCMs, including the types and selection principles of core and shell materials were analyzed. Besides, almost all of the common nanoencapsulation methods were presented, some of the methods were emphatically introduced such as in-situ polymerization, interfacial polymerization, emulsion polymerization, miniemulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization and sol–gel method. Furthermore, the thermal properties, physical properties and chemical properties of nanocapsules were discussed and analyzed. Finally, the applications of nanocapsules in building, textile, slurry, solar energy and food industry were summarized. This study was devoted to PCM, nanoencapsulation methods, characterization and application prospects.

Microfluidic fabrication of berberine-loaded nanoparticles for cancer treatment applications

IntroductionProduction of chitosan nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method assisted by a microfluidic chip has not been studied extensively. Still, there are some dominant limitations to the production of chitosan nanoparticles utilizing this method and has been reported in previous studies. AimTo address this issue, the current study introduces a novel approach to diminishing those hurdles and systematically examines different microfluidic production processes which influence the production of chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CSNPs) for drug delivery applications. This study aimed to enhance the anticancer effect of berberine by a unique nanoformulation approach using a microfluidic chip compared to free drug delivery. MethodIn this approach, by adjusting the preparation procedures, changing the chitosan concentration and flow rate ratio, and using acidic tripolyphosphate (pH < 4), six types of berberine-loaded CSNPs with different physical properties were fabricated. The drug release profile and cytotoxicity effect of selected samples were investigated using MTT and apoptosis assays, respectively. ResultsFinely dispersed berberine loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PDI<0.3) with an average size of (130–200 nm) were produced. By this nanoencapsulation method, the loading content of berberine was enhanced from 11 to 55%. Based on the size and drug loading content, three samples were chosen for In-vitro studies. According to the results of MTT and apoptosis assays it was found that selected berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated anti-proliferative effects in treated cells compared to free berberine delivery. With the implemented strategy of this study, homogeneous continuous production of CSNPs as a proper drug carrier candidate for drug delivery applications without any limitation was facilitated.