Nanoemulsion Formulation Research Articles

The synergistic effect of α-tocopherol and phloretin-loaded nanoemulsions on improvement of the stability, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory potentiality.

The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate the formulation of nanoemulsions (NEs) to encapsulate phloretin (PT) to improve its stability, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory competence. The aim of this study was to improve the stability, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of PT via NEs. The formulations were prepared using low energy emulsification method for PT-VE-NEs, α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) were used as the oil phase, and Tween 60 was used as the emulsifier and PEG-400 as the co-emulsifier. The droplet size and zeta potential of oil-in-water NEs were evaluated using dynamic light scattering. The PT-VE-NEs were also characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mean droplet diameter was 14.85±0.14nm, with a zeta potential of -2.47±0.51mV. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the formation of molecular interactions in the NEs formulations. PT-VE-NEs size was maintained the same during the in vitro digestion study. The particle size of PT-VE-NE remained stable during in vitro digestion. The addition of VE significantly improved the antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory effects, as well as thelion and physical stability of PT-VE-NE. The results revealed that NEs is a promising strategy to improve the functionality and stability of PT and VE. PT-VE-NEs will be applied for the preservation of fruits.

Augmentation of antifungal activity of fluconazole using a clove oil nanoemulgel formulation optimized by factorial randomized D-optimal design.

In the present study, fluconazole (FLU) showed the highest solubility in clove oil and was selected as the oil phase for the FLU-loaded nanoemulsion (FLU-NE). Among the studied cosurfactants, Labrafac was better than ethanol at providing globules with acceptable sizes and a lower polydispersity index (PDI) when Tween 80 was the surfactant. This optimized FLU-NE was thermodynamically stable. Furthermore, FLU-NE stored at 40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity for 6months demonstrated good stability. The FLU-NE was converted to a FLU-loaded nanoemulsion gel (FLU-NEG) using 2% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The FLU-NEG was acceptable in terms of visual appearance and spreadability. Rheological studies revealed pseudoplastic behavior for FLU-NEG. The viscosity of FLU-NEG decreased when the applied rpm was increased. FLU-NEG showed greater drug release than that from a FLU-GEL formulation. Furthermore, the FLU release from FLU-NEG followed the Higuchi model. The results from the in vitro antifungal evaluation of FLU-NEG on Candida albicans ATCC 76615 strain confirmed the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU by clove oil. Significant differences were observed in the zones of inhibition produced by FLU-NEG compared to those produced by the blank nanoemulsion gel (B-NEG), fluconazole suspension (FLU-SUS), and nystatin samples. Thus, the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU using clove oil as the oil phase in its nanoemulsion formulation was quite evident from our results. Therefore, the developed FLU-NEG could be considered a potential candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies.

Optimization of dolutegravir and Epigallocatechin gallate loaded nanoemulsion for enhanced oral delivery in NeuroAIDS management

The present study aimed to develop a nanoemulsion loaded with dolutegravir (DTG) and Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) to achieve a combined and synergistic effect for improved oral delivery, facilitating more effective management of NeuroAIDS. Thyme oil was chosen as the oil, tween 80 as the surfactant, and transcutol®HP as the co-surfactant following extensive screening of experiments. The nanoemulsion was fabricated using the ultrasonication technique and optimization was performed using a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) to attain the best formulation following parameters like droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, % transmittance, pH, refractive index, viscosity and conductivity of the optimized nanoemulsion, which were found to be 45.36 nm, 0.2462, −6.226 mV, 96.30 ± 0.20 %, 6.84 ± 0.32, 1.70 ± 0.12, 31.17 ± 0.21 mPas, and 0.217 ± 0.002 mS/cm, respectively. The developed formulation was thoroughly characterized and investigated through various in vitro studies, demonstrating enhanced drug release. The nanoemulsion showcased a spherical and globular nature of the droplets, resulting in improved drug bioavailability compared to the pure drug. In conclusion, the DTG and EGCG-loaded nanoemulsion formulation offers a promising approach for achieving a combined anti-HIV effect, with potential for effective NeuroAIDS management. Future investigations will focus on validating the anti-HIV-1 properties of this nanoemulsion formulation, employing in-depth mechanistic analysis through in vitro preclinical studies, to further elucidate their synergistic effects and optimize therapeutic potential against HIV-1 infection.

Nanoemulsion is an effective antimicrobial for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in infected swine skin burn wounds.

The findings of this study are focused on therapeutic applications of nanotechnology. In the current study, we demonstrated that a nanoemulsion formulation could effectively kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in porcine skin burn wounds. Infection of MRSA in burn wound is a common threat to public health and is usually difficult to treat due to limited therapies available. NB-201 was effective in significantly alleviating inflammation in the treated wounds and promoting wound healing. Therefore, the finding of this study has a great potential to make this formulation a novel antimicrobial agent against MRSA.

Formulation and optimization of fisetin nanoemulsion for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in rats: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment

Fiestin (FS) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that possesses various neuroprotective effects by attenuating the levels of AChE enzyme, accumulated amyloid β, free radicals and neuroinflammation against Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is also helpful in reducing cellular senescence. However, FS suffers from a dissolution rate-limited oral bioavailability, and poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability leading to decreased therapeutic efficacy. To address these challenges, an attempt has been made to formulate a nanoemulsion (NE) of FS using Box-Behnken design (BBD) as optimization tool. The optimized NE contained 10 mg of FS, 164 μL of Capmul MCM EP/NF® (oil), 618 μL of T80 (surfactant), 218 μL of Transcutol P®, (co-surfactant) and 4000 μL of distilled water. The optimized formulation resulted in a mean droplet size, drug loading, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) of 32 nm, 95.5 %, 0.26, and −15.99 mV, respectively. In the pharmacokinetic studies, FS-NE showed 9.2-fold increase in Cmax as compared to naïve FS. Relative oral bioavailability FS loaded in FS-NE was 842.93 %. Further the concentration of FS loaded in FS-NE was 8.81-fold higher in brain than naive FS. To evaluate pharmacodynamic effects, an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced AD rat model was used. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Morris water maze and open field tests. The formulation showed dose-dependent effects. Rats treated with both, low and high doses of FS-NE (groups VI and VII) showed significant improvements (P < 0.001) in cognitive functions in AD-induced rats. The biochemical studies showed that FS-NE at both doses attenuated the levels of AChE enzyme, amyloid β, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Results of histopathology indicated that FS-NE attenuated the degeneration of neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus parts of the brain.

The Antifungal Effects of Hypericum perforatum Nanoemulsion against Candida albicans

Background Oral stomatitis is one of the common infections related to dentures (complete or partial), which is seen in the form of diffuse inflammation, mainly with Candida albicans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antifungal effects of Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods The microdilution technique has been used in order to determine the antifungal effects of Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion. The study has involved four groups: Hypericum perforatum oil, Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion, distilled water as a negative control, and nystatin as a positive control. The first concentration of nanoemulsion in which no clear fungal growth was observed in the culture medium has been considered as the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the first concentration in which the fungal growth was completely stopped and no fungal growth was observed in the culture medium has been considered as the Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been employed to compare the results between the groups. Tukey's post-hoc test has been used to make comparisons between the groups. The significance level has been considered at less than 0.05. Results Both Hypericum perforatum oil and Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion have been found to exhibit good antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The MIC and the MFC of the nanoemulsion form have been found to be lower than the non-nanoemulsion form (P&lt;0.05). Among the studied groups, the nystatin group had been found to have the best effect (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion Considering the different antifungal mechanisms and also the different resistance mechanisms of nystatin and Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion, the prepared nanoemulsion can be used to treat and reduce the population of nystatin-resistant Candida albicans strain. However, the efficiency of these materials needs to be confirmed in larger studies on resistant strains.

Development of phyto-compound-based nanoformulation for skin regeneration and its in vitro evaluation

Skin regeneration is a process that regenerates damaged or aged skin cells, resulting in a healthier and younger appearance. The demand for nano dosage forms containing phyto-compounds in the cosmetics industry is increasing daily to control or prevent this process. Phyto-compounds with cell regenerative properties often show limited effectiveness in conventional use due to their low hydrophilicity and molecular weight, as well as their low absorption from the skin. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a phyto-compound obtained from licorice root, has many pharmacological properties, including skin regeneration properties. The aim of this study is to develop a highly stable GA-containing nanoemulsion (GA-NE) formulation for topical application, determine its anti-collagenase activity, and evaluate its safety and effectiveness by in vitro cell culture methods. In this context, GA-NEs were synthesized with sixteen production procedures using independent variables (oil, water percentage, surfactant, and homogenization time). The average droplet size, polydispersity index (PdI), and zeta potential (ZP) of the synthesized GA-NEs were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The heating-cooling cycle (H-C) test result showed that the F4P3 formulation was the most stable formulation. Therefore, 90-day physicochemical stability tests were performed with the F4P3 formulation. In vitro release results revealed that GA was released from NEs at a rate of 93.15 ± 0.61 % within 24 h. An ex vivo permeation and penetration study was performed, and the permeation and penetration profile of F4P3 was determined. In vitro cell culture studies showed that the F4P3 formulation had higher cell viability and regeneration than GA in the HaCaT cell line. Anti-collagenase activity results also revealed a better activity of the F4P3 formulation compared to GA. Consequently, characterization, efficacy, and safety studies showed that the F4P3 formulation could be an innovative cell regeneration product candidate suitable for topical use with high stability.

Improving the bactericidal activity of carvacrol against Bacillus cereus by the formation of sodium casein-stabilized nanoemulsion and its application in milk preservation

Carvacrol has great antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, and its action mechanism was comprehensively studied in this work. It could not only control the growth of B. cereus by affecting the integrality of cellular structure and physiological metabolism, but also inhibit the swarming motility, biofilm formation, and toxins production. To increase the stability of carvacrol during the application, the sodium casein (SC)/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD)/carvacrol nanoemulsion was fabricated. The mean particle size and polydispersity index of the nanoemulsions were 113.8 nm and 0.23, respectively, at SC and HPCD concentrations of 2% and 1%. FTIR analysis demonstrated that carvacrol was successfully encapsulated into the nanoemulsions. The MIC and MBC of nanoemulsions against B. cereus were 0.15 and 0.30 mg/mL, respectively, which were lower than those of free carvacrol (0.19 and 0.38 mg/mL). Carvacrol in nanoemulsions showed a slow and sustained release behavior. Furthermore, the nanoemulsions had good stability (particle size <200 nm) after storage at 4 °C and 25 °C for 15 days. Notably, the nanoemulsions were effective in controlling the growth of B. cereus in whole, low-fat, and skim milk and had better antimicrobial activity than free carvacrol. The results indicated that carvacrol nanoemulsions have potential in the antibacterial application of the food industry.

Optimisation and Characterisation of Improved Nanoemulsion Formulations Containing Ceramide 3

AbstractCeramide3 (Cer3) is one of the important components of stratum corneum (SC) lipids with good moisturizing and repairing properties. However, it suffers from (a) poor solubility, (b) easy crystallization and precipitation, and (c) strong polarity and difficulty in transdermal application. This study aimed to load Cer3 into nanoemulsions (NEs) to overcome these mentioned defects. The optimized NEs formulation was prepared by high pressure homogenization method and characterized by several methods. The optimized ceramide3 nanoemulsions (Cer3‐NEs) exhibited a good physico‐chemical stability over 3 months under different conditions, with droplet size of 103.1 nm, PDI of 0.178, zeta potential of −39.09 mV, pH of 6.20 and encapsulation efficiency of 96.39 %. Turbiscan results showed that formulations containing Cer3‐NEs have better stability than those containing free Cer3. The dermal delivery ability of Cer3‐NEs was assessed by Franz diffusion and confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRM). In vitro and in vivo penetration studies showed that Cer3‐NEs serum have almost 2–3 times higher retention in the skin and permeation in the receptor solution compared to serum with free Cer3. The findings show NE is a promising carrier of Cer3 for topical administration in the treatment of dryness and barrier damage due to higher stability and better skin permeability.

Nanoemulsions of betulinic acid stabilized with modified phosphatidylcholine increase the stability of the nanosystems and the drug's bioavailability

Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural compound with significant potential for treating various diseases, including cancer and AIDS, and possesses additional anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. However, its clinical application is limited because of its low solubility in water, which impairs its distribution within the body. To overcome this challenge, nanoemulsions have been developed to improve the bioavailability of such poorly soluble drugs. This study investigated modified phosphatidylcholine (PC), where some fatty acids were replaced with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to stabilize BA nanoemulsions. The modified PC was used to prepare nanoemulsions with droplet sizes of up to 45 nanometers. These nanoemulsions maintained stability for 60 days at room temperature (25°C±2°C) and under refrigeration (5°C±1°C), with no signs of instability. Nanoemulsions stabilized with CLA-modified PC achieved a higher drug encapsulation rate (93.5±4.3 %) than those using natural PC (82.8±4.2 %). In an in vivo model, both nanoemulsion formulations significantly increased BA absorption, with CLA-modified PC enhancing absorption by 21.3±1.3 times and natural PC by 20±2.3 times compared to the free drug. This suggests that nanoemulsions with modified PC could improve the stability and efficacy of BA in clinical applications.

Modulation of metagenomic, biochemical, and histo-morphological features in the termite Odontotermes formosanus through nanoemulsion treatment

A biotechnological technique that involves creating novel pesticides is the nanotechnology of natural compounds, like essential oils. With a lower threat to the environment and public health, these rational approaches provide a more sustainable choice. The present work sought to create novel nanoemulsions of ginger essential oil (G-EO) (Zingiber officinale) and basil essential oil (B-EO) (Ocimum basilicum) to control Odontotermes formosanus (O. formosanus). Stabilization of the ginger nano-emulsion (G-NE) and basil nano-emulsion (B-NE) was assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), and PH measurement, and the characterization was verified by transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, a chemical investigation utilizing gas chromatography and mass spectrometers revealed the main components of B-NE, B-EO, G-NE, and G-EO. In addition to assessing the essential oil's termiticidal abilities against O. formosanus in bulk and nanoemulsion formulations. When G-NE and G-EO were both at 17.5 mg/mL, the mortality rates were 100% and 42.87%, respectively. B-EO appeared to have a 45.33% death rate, while B-NE displayed a 100% mortality rate at a dose of 0.273 mg/mL. According to the termiticide appraisal, nanoemulsions have a greater effect on suppressing O. formosanus than essential oils. Additional research was conducted on the impact of G-NE and B-NE on the level of total protein, detoxification enzymes (carboxylesterase, acid, alkaline phosphatase, and acetylcholinesterase), and antioxidant enzyme (peroxidase). It was found that there was a significant change in biochemical activities when compared to the control. Additionally, changes in morphology and histology were seen after exposure to G-NE and B-NE. Moreover, when contrasted to the untreated group, the current study's analysis of the fungal community after exposure to B-NE revealed a high degree of diversity. This work stressed the potential of G-NE and B-NE as natural plant-derived termiticides and suggested a novel technique for sustainability and environmental friendliness in controlling O. formosanus.

Development and Evaluation of Dutasteride Nanoemulgel for the Topical Delivery against Androgenic Alopecia.

Dutasteride is approximately three times more potent than finasteride in treating alopecia. For reducing systemic exposure to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), researchers have shown special interest in developing topical formulations for treating androgenic alopecia. Dutasteride emulsification may lead to good skin penetration and improved availability in different lipophilic skin environments. This study aimed to encapsulate the drug into the lipidic carrier system for better local availability in the scalp skin, develop and evaluate nanoemulgel of dutasteride to ensure efficient topical administration, and perform the in-vivo activity of the developed gel for improved efficacy against alopecia. Dutasteride-loaded nanoemulsion was prepared by a high-speed homogenizer, followed by thickening of the dispersion using Carbopol 934. Skin permeation and accumulation were investigated in the excised skin of male Swiss albino mice. The nanoemulgel was characterized based on pH, stress stability, viscosity, and hardness. The optimized dutasteride-loaded nanoemulsion had a size of 252.33 ± 8.59 nm, PDI of 0.205 ± 0.60, and drug content of 98.65 ± 1.78%. Stress stability was performed was well observed in nanoemulsion formulation. Nanoemulgel evaluation results were as follows: pH 5-6 was desirable for topical application, hardness was 43 gm, and spreadability was 79 gm with in vitro release of nanoemulgel at 91.98% and permeation study at 13.67%. The in vivo studies demonstrated the growth of newer hair follicles and increased hair diameter and length in dutasteride-loaded nanoemulgel-treated alopecia animals compared to the marketed sample and testosterone-treated group. Provided with the same and long-term storage stability, the developed formulation is supposed to offer a good option for the topical administration of dutasteride in treating androgenic alopecia.

Preparations, Applications, Patents, and Marketed Formulations of Nanoemulsions - A Comprehensive Review.

Nanoemulsions have emerged as versatile colloidal dispersions with promising applications in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. These nano-sized emulsions, stabilized by surfactants, offer unique advantages such as enhanced ingredient penetration efficacy and versatile dosage forms. This article provides an extensive overview of nanoemulsions, covering their composition, methods of preparation, and applications in drug delivery, the food industry, and cosmetics. Various high-energy and low-energy methods for nanoemulsion preparation are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations. Additionally, the article highlights the potential of nanoemulsions in improving drug bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy, especially in oral, topical, parenteral, intranasal, ocular, and pulmonary drug delivery. Furthermore, nanoemulsions are explored as carriers for encapsulating flavoring agents, nutraceuticals, and natural preservatives in the food industry, as well as their use in cosmetic formulations. Current clinical trials involving nanoemulsions and recent patents in the field are also summarized, providing insights into ongoing research and development efforts. Lastly, a selection of marketed nanoemulsion formulations is presented, showcasing their practical applications and commercial availability. Overall, nanoemulsions hold great promise as effective delivery systems with broad applications across various industries.

Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion containing anthocyanin extract from purple yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion containing anthocyanin extract from purple yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

Evaluation of citronella oil nanoemulsion formulation against the insect-stored pest Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) produces essential oil and has the potential to be developed as a botanical insecticide. However, in its development, botanical insecticides encountered several obstacles. Utilizing nanotechnology in nanoemulsion preparations is one method to overcome these challenges. This research aimed to determine the contents of the citronella oil nanoemulsion (CiONano) and citronella oil non-nano emulsion (CiONonNano) formulations and evaluate the toxicity, repellency, and prevention of oviposition against female adults of Callosobruchus maculatus. This was the first work to evaluate the nanoemulsion of citronella oil prepared from spontaneous emulsification against C. maculatus. Chemical content testing used the GCMS method. A toxicity test using the contact method (LC50), used a probit program, while testing for repellency and oviposition deterrence was carried out using the no-choice method. The highest chemical component of CiONonNano and CiONano was citronella (37.56 and 38.97%, respectively), followed by citronellol (17.71 and 18.99%, consecutively) and geraniol (14.78 and 15.38%, respectively). In general, the CiONano formulation showed higher repellency and toxicity than CiONonNano. The LC50 values of CiONano were 10.03%. These values were 4.49 times lower than the LC50 of CiONonNano. However, the results of the oviposition inhibition test showed different results, the CiONonNano formulation had a higher oviposition inhibition capacity for adult female C. maculatus than CiONano. As a result, it is necessary to optimize the CiONano formulation to obtain consistent results in controlling C. maculatus.

Sustainable bio-sourced nanoemulsions: Pectin-based delivery systems for vitex essential oil and its therapeutic potentials

Herein we report the feasibility of pectin vitex essential oil (VEO) nanoemulsions (NE). NE formulations were prepared both in the absence and presence of a conventional surfactant (Tween 80) by ultrasonication using pectin aqueous solutions as the aqueous phase and VEO as the oil phase. Different surfactant amounts and various ultrasonication times were employed. Droplet size and Zeta potential measurements were performed and their data were statistically evaluated. The minimum droplet size (prediction: 299.342 nm) could be achieved when employing an ultrasonication time of 5.9 min in the absence of the conventional surfactant. SEM characterization delivered supporting results related to the droplet sizes obtained. Stability tests showed that pectin VEO NE formulations were stable after 42 days. The results clearly showed that it was possible to generate VEO containing NEs in one pot and at once using pectin, which also acted as a natural surfactant, without the need for an additional conventional surfactant. Considering also moisturizing property of pectin and the antifungal activity of VEO, their combination in the form of a nanoemulsion could be promising for potential women’s health applications.

Enhanced stability and reduced irritation of 4-n-butylresorcinol via nanoemulsion formulation: Implications for skin pigmentation treatment

4-n-butylresorcinol (4-nBR) is a valuable ingredient to lighten skin and reduce pigmentation, contributing to an even skin tone and a more youthful appearance. However, its poor solubility, low stability, and strong irritation to the skin limit its application. In this study, 4-nBR was prepared into 4-n-butylresorcinol nanoemulsion (4-nBR-NE) for the first time, enhancing the solubility and stability of 4-nBR while greatly reducing its skin irritation. The relationship between the viscosity of nanoemulsion and the formulation process, as well as the impact of surfactant ratio on the formability of 4-nBR-NE were further studied. This led to the successful development of a nanoemulsion with adjustable viscosity (AV-NE) and with a low surfactant content. The particle size of 4-nBR-NE was 13.34 ± 0.16 nm with a PDI of 0.0853 ± 0.0191, indicating a uniform particle size distribution. The encapsulation rate of 4-nBR-NE was determined to be 80.05 ± 0.75 % via UV–Vis spectrophotometry. In addition, 4-nBR-NE demonstrated excellent stability over several months, with negligible changes in particle size. Cellular and transdermal evaluations confirmed that the preparation of 4-nBR-NE effectively reduced the original irritation cause by 4-nBR on cells and skin. Then, 4-nBR-NE was incorporated into an essence. This advancement enhances the applicability of 4-nBR in treating pigmentation disorders such as melasma and freckles, thereby increasing its applicability in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion formulations based on tragacanth gum and guar gum as durable anti-mosquito fabric finishing agents

Lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion formulations based on tragacanth gum and guar gum as durable anti-mosquito fabric finishing agents

Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion biopesticide from Balanite aegyptiaca seed kernel extract

Consumers’ growing awareness and desire for food free of pesticide residues led to the incubation of this research work. The study aimed at developing a nanoemulsion formulation of Balanite aegyptiaca seed kernel extract for use as a biopesticide. A preliminary study was carried out on the solubility and miscibility of surfactant, carrier, and deionized water utilizing the low-energy spontaneous emulsification method. Information from the study was then used to plot a ternary phase diagram (TPD) showing both the isotropic zone and the anisotropic zones, from which a point with a surfactant, oil, and water ratio (20:20:60) was selected from the isotropic zone for the formulation. The developed nanoemulsion was tested for stability and thermostability, and both results revealed the system was stable. Similarly, the physiochemical properties of the developed nanoemulsion system were characterized, and the results showed that the system revealed the following properties: mean particle size of 173.2±21.6, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.403±0.038, surface tension of 32.53±0.71, viscosity of 37.33±0.67 mPas, and a pH of 4.92±0.02. The formulation appears homogeneous, clear, and transparent, which further indicates it’s a nanoemulsion formulation. Therefore, the nanoemulsion formulation of B. aegyptiaca seed kernel can serve as a safe and environmentally friendly substitute for synthetic pesticides in the management of plant diseases.

Formulation, characterization, and stability of morin hydrate-loaded nanoemulsion

Morin hydrate (MH) is a bioflavonoid belonging to flavonol class. Despite its pharmacological activities, MH has inherent low aqueous solubility and chemical instability hindering biological applications of this flavonol. In this regard, this study aimed to develop and characterize nanoemulsion containing MH. Nanoemulsion formulations were prepared using phase inversion temperature method and characterized by size, polydispersity index (PdI), physical stability, AFM analysis, incorporation efficiency (IE), and in vitro release. Following the formulation design, F10 formulation was chosen to incorporate MH. Nanoemulsion containing MH (MH-NE) showed droplet size in nanometric scale (< 100 nm) with homogeneous size distribution (PdI < 0.1). In addition, good physical stability of MH-NE was demonstrated using analytical photocentrifugation method where the light transmission profiles did not change throughout the emulsions. According to AFM analysis, oil droplets were mostly spherical or semi-spherical having sizes uniformly distributed. The IE of MH into nanoemulsion was approximately 100%, and in vitro release profile of this flavonol from formulation was gradual throughout the experiment. Therefore, using a reproducible method of low energy emulsification we developed a stable colloidal dispersion of nanoemulsion containing MH.