Nanocomposite Biosensor Research Articles

Novel plant extract-chitosan nanocomposite (SCE/ChNPs) biosensor for trace level arsenic sensing in water samples using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring

Abstract Arsenic contamination in water poses a severe threat to human health and the environment, necessitating the development of sensitive, selective, and eco-friendly detection methods. This study unveils a groundbreaking approach for ultra-low arsenic detection in water by combining the unique properties of Saussurea costus ethanolic extract and chitosan nanoparticles in a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) based biosensor. The Saussurea costus extract, rich in bioactive compounds, was loaded onto chitosan nanoparticles to leverage their synergistic effects. The prepared Saussurea costus ethanolic extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SCE/ChNPs) were extensively characterized using various techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results revealed a mean particle size of 37.0 ± 2.0 nm, a spherical shape, a negative surface charge (-28.3 mV), a porous structure, and an amorphous crystalline nature. The QCM-D technique enabled real-time monitoring of mass changes on the quartz crystal sensor surface upon interaction with arsenic species. The biosensor's analytical performance was evaluated, demonstrating high sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability for ultra-low arsenic detection. This innovative green biosensor technology offers a sustainable, efficient, and accessible solution for safeguarding public health and the environment from arsenic contamination.

Designing Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Diabetes Mellitus Detection: A Review.

This review will unveil the development of a new generation of electrochemical sensors utilizing a transition-metal-oxide-based nanocomposite with varying morphology. There has been considerable discussion on the role of transition metal oxide-based nanocomposite, including iron, nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc, platinum, manganese, conducting polymers, and their composites, in electrochemical and biosensing applications. Utilizing these materials to detect glucose and hydrogen peroxide selectively and sensitively with the correct chemical functionalization is possible. These transition metals and their oxide nanoparticles offer a potential method for electrode modification in sensors. Nanotechnology has made it feasible to develop nanostructured materials for glucose and H2O2 biosensor applications. Highly sensitive and selective biosensors with a low detection limit can detect biomolecules at nanomolar to picomolar (10-9 to 10-12 molar) concentrations to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. By mixing carbon-based materials (graphene oxide) with inorganic nanoparticles, nanocomposite biosensor devices with increased sensitivity can be made using semiconducting nanoparticles, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules.

Electrochemical approach for nonenzymatic glucose sensing with noble metal-free 2D graphene-based ternary nanocomposite

The present work demonstrates a new nanocomposite of ZnO, SnO2, and Graphene, which is more effective and inexpensive for glucose detection than existing materials. Further, ZnO and SnO2 is a desirable selection for glucose sensing application because of its advantageous characteristics, which include high adsorption capacity, broad surface area, good catalytic activity, promotes effective electron transport, and biocompatibility. These materials were synthesized through a self-assembly method. The synthesized ZnO-G-SnO2 nanocomposite was then assessed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Photocurrent testing, and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The ZnO-G-SnO2 nanocomposite was used in the fabrication of an enzyme-free biosensor, which displayed good sensitivity and selectivity in glucose solution through cyclic voltammetry. These results indicate that ZnO-G-SnO2 is useful for glucose detection with efficient electrocatalytic activity in the direction of organically significant concentrations with low current density (0.0010 Ma/cm2) and 0.5 mmol/L at the potential from ‐1.0 to 1.0 v. Altogether, this nanocomposite biosensor can detect glucose accurately and with good sensitivity.

Synthesis and electrochemical study of enzymatic graphene oxide-based nanocomposite as stable biosensor for determination of bevacizumab as a medicine in colorectal cancer in human serum and wastewater fluids

This work's goal was the fabrication of a graphene oxide-based nanocomposite biosensor for the determination of bevacizumab (BVZ) as a medicine for colorectal cancer in human serum and wastewater fluids. For the fabrication electrode, graphene oxide was electrodeposited on GCE (GO/GCE), and then DNA and monoclonal anti-bevacizumab antibodies were immobilized on the GO/GCE surface, respectively (Ab/DNA/GO/GCE). Structural characterization using XRD, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the binding of DNA to GO nanosheets and the interaction of Ab with the DNA/GO array. Electrochemical characterization of Ab/DNA/GO/GCE using CV and DPV indicated immobilization of antibodies on DNA/GO/GCE and sensitive and selective behavior of modified electrodes for determination of BVZ. The linear range was obtained 10–1100 μg/mL, and the sensitivity and detection limit values were determined to be 0.14575 μA/μg.mL−1 and 0.02 μg/mL, respectively. To verify the applicability of the planned sensor for determination of BVZ in human serum and wastewater fluid specimens, the outcomes of DPV measurements using Ab, DNA, GO, and GCE and the results of the Bevacizumab ELISA Kit for determination of BVZ in prepared real specimens showed good conformity between the outcomes of both analyses. Moreover, the proposed sensor showed considerable assay precision with recoveries ranging from 96.00% to 98.90% and acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 5.11%, illustrating sufficiently good sensor accuracy and validity in the determination of BVZ in prepared real specimens of human serum and wastewater fluids. These outcomes demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed BVZ sensor in clinical and environmental assay applications.

A graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite biosensor: synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical detection of bilirubin

The level of free bilirubin is a considerable index for the characterization of jaundice-related diseases.

Ultrasensitive electrochemical miR-155 nanocomposite biosensor based on functionalized/conjugated graphene materials and gold nanostars

Electrochemical nanobiosensors have revolutionized the field of medical diagnosis owing to the unique properties of the utilized nanomaterial that can boost the sensitivity of these devices. The higher sensitivity is especially critical when a small sample containing little quantity of the biomarker, miRNAs for instance, should be quantified for medical diagnosis. Here, a novel sensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor for miR-155, an early breast cancer detection biomarker, is introduced. A combination of reduced graphene oxide modified with nickel-iron (Fe-Ni@rGO), silver-conjugated graphene quantum dots (GQD-Ag), and gold nanostars (GNS) were used. This novel and advanced nanocomposite expanded the surface area and conductivity of the electrode surface to remarkably enhance the sensitivity of the nanobiosensor. A series of systematic characterization, both electrochemical and microscopic, were employed to assess the nanocomposite features using SEM, EDS, TEM, AFM, CV, and EIS. Thiolated single-stranded capture probes were immobilized on the GNS to selectively capture the target miR-155, and hematoxylin was the electrochemical label. The results showed high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 20.2 aM and a wide dynamic range of 0.05 fM-50.0 pM, which is superior to most of the previously reported miRNA nanobiosensors. The specificity was suitable towards the miR-155 compared to its one- and three-base mismatched oligos, a non-complementary and a mixture of the target with all the other non-complementary. Finally, the results of the real sample study in the serum environment revealed a very low interference in measurements which, along with the high sensitivity and selectivity, raises the possibility of using these nanobiosensors as promising candidates for breast cancer detection/screening applications in the future.

Development of a highly sensitive glucose nanocomposite biosensor based on recombinant enzyme from corn.

Enzymes are biocatalysts that play a vital role in the production of biomolecules. Plants can be a valuable and cost-effective source for producing well-structured recombinant enzymes. Glucose is one of the most important biological molecules, providing energy to most living systems. An electrochemical method for immobilization of enzyme is promising because it is economic, generates less component waste, improves the signal-to-noise ratio, leads to a lower limit of detection, and stabilizes and protects the enzyme structure. A glucose biosensor was constructed using polyaniline (PANI) and a recombinant enzyme from corn, plant-produced manganese peroxidase (PPMP), with polymerization of aniline as a monomer in the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-glucose oxidase (GOx), and bovine serum albumin. Using linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry techniques, PANI-AuNPs-GOx-PPMP/Au electrode exhibited a superior sensing property with a wider linear range of 0.005-16.0mm, and a lower detection limit of 0.001 mm compared to PANI-GOx-PPMP/Au electrode and PANI-GOx-PPMP/AuNPs/Au electrode. The biosensor selectivity was assessed by determining glucose concentrations in the presence of ascorbic acid, dopamine, aspartame, and caffeine. We conclude that a plant-produced Mn peroxidase enzyme combined with conductive polymers and AuNPs results in a promising nanocomposite biosensor for detecting glucose. The use of such devices for quality control in the food industry can have a significant economic impact. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ultra-sensitive sensor for salbutamol by utilising lipase-CoFe2O4-MWCNTs nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode

Salbutamol (SAL) is a medication widely prescribed for the cure of chronic airway diseases. However, high dosage and intake of SAL for a long period is reported to cause regular and bothersome side effects. Therefore, there is a growing demand for development of safe, sensitive, rapid, selective and relatively inexpensive method for detection of SAL in dosage forms. In this work, a nanocomposite biosensor based on cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and lipase enzyme is introduced as a new electrode for the electro-catalytic oxidation of SAL. The synthesized CoFe2O4NPs and its nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscope, Scanning electron microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermal gravimetric analysis and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The electro-catalytic properties of the lipase-CoFe2O4-MWCNTs-glassy carbon electrode towards oxidation of SAL was studied via cyclic voltammetry. Under optimized differential pulse voltammetry working conditions, the anodic currents augmented linearly with SAL concentration in the range of 0.05 μM–3.9 μM. The estimated LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.004 μM and 0.012 μM, respectively. In addition, the sensor revealed good stability, promising sensitivity and selectivity. The practical applicability of the proposed MWCNTs-CoFe2O4-Lipase-GCE sensor in real pharmaceutical samples was determined to have acceptable recovery percentages.

Enzyme decorated dendritic bimetallic nanocomposite biosensor for detection of HCHO

In recent times, bi- and tri-metallic nanocomposites are being extensively studied to improve the catalytic surface and sensitivity of detection. In this study, we designed a formaldehyde dehydrogenase decorated Cys-AuPd-ErGO nanocomposite with fern like AuPd dendrites deposited on reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) on screen printed electrode (SPE) for determination of NADH and successfully demonstrated its application for detection of HCHO. This biosensor exhibited direct electron transfer by lowering the oxidation potential of NADH from +0.63 V to 0.32 V vs Ag/AgCl, avoiding usage of electron mediators. The sensor LOD was 0.3 μM HCHO with excellent sensitivity of 70 μA/μM/cm2 and linear detection range between 1 μM and 100 μM during chronoamperometric studies at applied over potential of +0.35 V vs Ag/AgCl. The sensor was tested for its performance in simulated HCHO adulterated samples of fish and milk, and appreciable recoveries (88–104%) at tested concentrations indicated good sensor performance. It was also validated against conventional method of HPLC with highly acceptable correlation coefficient of 0.99, indicating successful fabrication of a simple, “on site” disposable sensor for HCHO detection. The developed biosensor can also find wide application in quantitative measurement of NADH and analytes involved in reactions with the co-enzyme.

Polymeric-coated Fe-doped ceria/gold hybrid nanocomposite as an aptasensor for the catalytic enhanced colorimetric detection of 2,4-dinitrophenol

The Meisenheimer charge transfer reaction has, for many years, been the predominant mode of interaction to detect explosive compounds via the naked eye. However, this method is majorly sensitive to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and insensitive to many other explosive compounds. In this work, we report on the development of a novel aptamer-based amphiphilic polymer-coated Fe-doped ceria/gold (Au) hybrid nanocomposite (NC) as a peroxidase mimetic nanozyme for explosive colorimetric detection. Polymeric-Fe-doped ceria NC was synthesized and incorporated in-situ in the hydrothermal synthetic pot of citrate-Au nanoparticles to form a polymer-Fe-doped ceria/Au NC. A streptavidin (strep)-biotinylated DNA aptamer (B-Apt) binding complex was immobilised on the polymer-Fe-doped ceria/Au NC surface and the modified NC was used as a functional nanozyme in a peroxidase mimic assay to catalyse the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine by H2O2. Screening of several explosives showed that 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) bonded with higher affinity to the aptamer based on the selective greenish colorimetric catalytic reaction observed. The peroxidase mimetic activities of several nanozymes were tested and our analysis showed that the polymer-Fe-doped ceria/Au NC generated enhanced catalytic activity for DNP detection. Several optimisation reactions including the kinetic reaction mechanism was conducted and a limit of detection of 0.45 µg/mL (2.4 µM) was obtained for DNP recognition. The peroxidase mimetic strep-B-Apt-polymer-Fe-doped ceria/Au NC biosensor was successfully applied for the detection of DNP in tap water and river water with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 97–117%.

Modeling of Stress Relaxation Modulus for a Nanocomposite Biosensor by Relaxation Time, Yield Stress, and Zero Complex Viscosity

Modeling of Stress Relaxation Modulus for a Nanocomposite Biosensor by Relaxation Time, Yield Stress, and Zero Complex Viscosity

Rational Engineering of the DNA Walker Amplification Strategy by Using a Au@Ti3C2@PEI-Ru(dcbpy)32+ Nanocomposite Biosensor for Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp Gene.

The detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial for preventing and controlling infectious diseases and disease treatment. In this work, a Au@Ti3C2@PEI-Ru(dcbpy)32+ nanocomposite-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was rationally designed, which realized sensitive detection of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, a DNA walker was also used to excise the hairpin DNAs under the action of Nb.BbvCI endonuclease. Furthermore, model DNA–Ag nanoclusters (model DNA–AgNCs) were used to quench the initial ECL signal. As a result, the ECL biosensor was used to sensitively detect the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp gene with a detection range of 1 fM to 100 pM and a limit of detection of 0.21 fM. It was indicated that the ECL biosensor had a great application potential for clinical medical detection. Furthermore, the DNA walker amplification also played a reliable candidate strategy for other detection methods.

Construction of insulin-like growth factor nanocomposite biosensor by Raman spectroscopy

In this study, a simple method for the detection of a highly sensitive biomarker, based on nanostructure and paper-based to Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) active substrates of varying grades per square metre (GSM), is introduced. To amplify the optical signal, gold nanostructures were employed as a carrier for signalling a specific antibody against insulin growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated gold nanostructure catalytically oxidized the substrate, and HRP also strengthened the optical signals, representing the IGFBP-3 targeting quantity. Spherical gold nanoparticles GNP (40 nm) and gold nanostar GNS (40 nm) materials were altered in this study. In addition, in SERS evaluation and optimization, the paper-based SERS active substrates are not complicated to manufacture, are user-friendly, require small amounts of sample, and can use affordable solid SERS substrates. It is possible to efficiently use very active SERS substances, with enhancement factors (EF) of 55 × 105, an LOD of 1.6 nM/mL, and GNS with 135 GSM printing paper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the concentration of IGFBP-3 using the SERS method.

Development of carbon-based nanocomposite biosensor platform for the simultaneous detection of catechol and hydroquinone in local tap water

The significant aspect of this work is to develop a nanocomposite biosensor based on the combination of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs)—multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (Fe3O4-MWCNTs), tyrosinase (TYR), and silica sol–gel (SiSG). The obtained material was drop cast on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to attain a nanocomposite biosensor (SiSG-TYR/Fe3O4-MWCNTs/GCE). The surface morphology of Fe3O4-MWCNTs was characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, and EDS techniques. The analytical performance of the electrochemical biosensor was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SiSG-TYR/Fe3O4-MWCNTs/GCE was applied as an efficient biosensor for the simultaneous determination of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ). A good linear relationship was figured out between the peak currents and analyte concentrations from 1.5 to 30 μM and 1.5–40 μM for CC and HQ with detection limits down to the concentrations of 0.055 and 0.057 μM, respectively. Several kinetic parameters such as charge transfer coefficient, the heterogeneous rate constant, and the number of electrons involved were successfully calculated. The developed biosensor exhibited satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility, good stability, and anti-interference performance. The proposed biosensor was efficiently used for the detection of CC and HQ in spiked local tap water with satisfactory results.

Quantitative analysis of glucose by using (PVP and MA) capped silver nanoparticles for biosensing applications

Sensing and quantification of glucose molecules are of significant value for the food and pharmaceutical industries. The pure and capped (PVP and MA) silver NPs were synthesized by a low-cost solution evaporation method. Structural properties including the crystallite size of pure and capped silver NPs were calculated by XRD while surface morphology was investigated by SEM. Furthermore, the presence of various functional groups (OH, CH3 and COO−) attached to the surface of silver NPs was confirmed via FTIR spectra and red shift appeared for PVP capped spectra between 360 and 440 nm. The PVP coated Ag nano-composite biosensor exhibited very quick significant stable potentiometric response as compared to pure and MA capped biosensor which enhanced the sensitivity, stability and immobilization rate due to small size, uniform surface morphology and high absorbance rate. In an overall assessment, the synthesized PVP coated Ag-based biosensor is potentially feasible for clinical diagnosis and related applications.

Chitosan blend iron oxide nanostructure-based biosensor for healthy & malignant tissue glucose/urea detection

A urease trapped chitosan-Fe3O4 based nano-composite biosensor of controlled morphology is successfully fabricated by applying the aqueous chemical growth technique. Final product of nanodevice was characterized by applying various techniques. Log of the concentration of various solutions (1 to 80 mM) ranged between 0.0 to 2.5 mM for urea and glucose sample and an output signal of ∼ 42 mV per decade was detected at room temperature. It disclosed the presence of chitosan composite with Fe3O4 results enhanced active surface area of sensing along with up to the mark precession, as compared to traditional biosensor for immobilization of enzymes. The current developed form of chitosan-Fe3O4 nano-composite biosensor illustrated a significant stable potentiometric response in the minimal time period. Besides, nafion/polypyrrole addition to the top surface of CH-Fe3O4 nanocomposite not only protected it from degradation but also upgraded the characteristic of sensor regarding rapid electron transfer enhancement and higher shelf life of this hybrid form of nanomaterial. The advanced form of this voltammetry implied that Ur-GLDH/CH-Fe3O4 bioelectrode is found to be very sensitive in the range of 4-120 mg/dl urea/glucose concentration and can detect as low amount as 0.4mg/dl.

Three-dimensional graphene nanosheet doped with gold nanoparticles as electrochemical DNA biosensor for bacterial detection

Corrosion induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) occurs in a wide variety of industry sectors. It is urgent to develop effective techniques for convenient detection of SRB in service environments and early diagnosis of the potential of microbial corrosion. Herein, a novel electrochemical DNA biosensor based on 3-dimensional graphene (3D G) hierarchical structure functionalized with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) is developed, enabling detection of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DsrAB) gene from SRB with a good sensitivity and reliability, and proper selectivity. Various surface analysis techniques are used to characterize the morphology and composition of the 3D G-Au NP nanocomposite, and cyclic voltammetry is used to measure the electrochemical response of the nanocomposite biosensor to hybridization of a target DNA (TD). The improved performance of the developed biosensor is attributed to the large surface/volume ratio and good conductivity of the 3D G-Au NP hierarchical structure. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor shows a high sensitivity, with the detection limit up to 9.41×10−15 M of the TD. Moreover, the biosensor successfully detects the DsrAB DNA in the fluid collected from an oilfield, and shows an improved detection limit than both gel electrophoresis and the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods.

Chitosan/Nitrogen Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Biosensor for Impedimetric Detection of microRNA

AbstractThe development of a low‐cost and disposable biosensor platform for the sensitive and rapid detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) is of great interest for healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and medical science. We designed an impedimetric biosensing platform using Chitosan (CHIT)/nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) conductive composite to modify the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) for the sensitive detection of miRNAs. An initial optimisation protocol involved investigation of the effect of NRGO concentration and miR 660 DNA probe concentration on the response of the modified electrode. After the optimization protocol, the sequence‐selective hybridization between miR 660 DNA probe and its RNA target was evaluated by measuring changes on charge transfer resistance, Rct values. Moreover, the selectivity of impedimetric biosensor was tested in the presence of non‐complementary miRNA (NC) sequences, such as miR 34a and miR 16. The hybridization process was examined both in phosphate buffer (PBS) and in PBS diluted fetal bovine serum (FBS:PBS) solutions. The biosensor demonstrated a detection limit of 1.72 μg/mL in PBS and 1.65 μg/mL in FBS:PBS diluted solution. Given the easy, quick and disposable attributes, the proposed conductive nanocomposite biosensor platform shows great promise as a low‐cost sensor kit for healthcare monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and biomedical devices.

One-step construction of a molybdenum disulfide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole nanocomposite biosensor for the ex-vivo detection of dopamine in mouse brain tissue

We developed a new strategy for construction of a biosensor for the neurotransmitter dopamine. The biosensor was constructed by one-step electrochemical deposition of a nanocomposite in aqueous solution at pH 7.0, consisting of molybdenum disulfide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and polypyrrole. A series of analytical methods was performed to investigate the surface characteristics and the improved electrocatalytic effect of the nanocomposite, including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The constructed biosensor showed high sensitivity (1.130 μAμM−1cm−2) with a dynamic linearity range of 25–1000 nM and a detection limit of 10 nM. Additionally, the designed sensor exhibited strong anti-interference ability and satisfactory reproducibility. The practical application of the sensor was manifested for the ex vivo determination of dopamine neurotransmitters using brain tissue samples of a mouse Parkinson's disease model.

A New Route for the Enzymeless Trace Level Detection of Creatinine Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide/Silver Nanocomposite Biosensor

AbstractRenal insufficiencies and muscle diseases can be easily identified from the concentration of creatinine in blood and urine. Although various chemical sensors have been developed to detect creatinine, selectivity and robustness of chemical sensors are the main obstacles for many researchers. To overcome these difficulties, finding a suitable chemical biosensor with long‐term stability, low cost, high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of creatinine is immensely desirable. Herein, we have developed a novel enzymeless creatinine biosensor for the trace level detection of creatinine using reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/ silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which was prepared by simple one step electrochemical potentiodyanamic method. The anodic peak current of AgNPs gradually decreased when the concentration of creatinine was increased. Based on the decrease of anodic peak current, we have introduced a new platform for the detection of creatinine. The adsorption of creatinine on AgNPs was confirmed by various techniques. The newly proposed biosensor exhibited a very low detection limit of 0.743 pM with linear range from 10 pM to 120 pM. The demonstrated sensor can detect creatinine even in the presence of other interfering biomolecules such as glucose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, urea and creatine.