Nanocomposite-based Electrode Research Articles

Fabrication and characterization of Sb2O3–MoS2 nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitor applications

Binary nanocomposite-based electrodes have been studied extensively in recent times owing to their multiple oxidation states, excellent physico-chemical features, and combined morphology, which are suitable for increasing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. The present work deals with Sb2O3–MoS2 nanocomposites electrode for supercapacitor applications. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations have been studied to analyze the phase formation, vibrational modes, morphology, elemental composition and binding energies of the prepared Sb2O3–MoS2 nanocomposites electrode material, as well as their electrochemical measurements such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been analyzed. The developed Sb2O3–MoS2 nanocomposites electrode provides a high specific capacitance of 454.3 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1. Further, the hybrid supercapacitor device has been constructed which shows 104.04 F g−1 of specific capacitance at 2 A g−1 and manifests a good energy density of 24.42 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1299.89 W kg−1. Additionally, the hybrid device Sb2O3–MoS2//AC exhibits a good capacitive retention of 90.6% and a coulombic efficiency of 100.45% at 10 A g-1 over 8000 cycles.

CoMnS@rGO nanocomposite grown on NF for high-performance supercapacitor-battery hybrid device and advancing electrochemical sensitivity

The co-electrodeposition approach has been widely used to synthesize the transition metal sulfides/oxides because of remarkable performance of the energy storage devices. In this research, cobalt manganese sulfide (CoMnS) binary compounds are synthesized using the co-electrodeposition approach. The main objective is to investigate the optimal number of depositing periods in cyclic voltammetry while maintaining a constant scan rate. The electrodes without binders are produced using a rapid synthesis approach, which involves assessing binary metal sulfide to achieve a significantly enhanced energy storage capacity. Further, the rGO is incorporated into the CoMnS to enhance the electrochemical properties. The CoMnS@rGO electrode showed the specific capacitance (Cs) of 2357 F/g because of the small equivalent series resistance values as determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, indicating a higher level of conductivity. The hybrid electrode showed high values of energy and power densities of 50.8 Wh/kg and 3440 W/kg, respectively. Besides, the nanocomposite electrode is used as a chemical sensor and precisely detects the multiple elements. The estimated value of R2 is 0.994 because of the high sensitivity. The hybrid electrode showed a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 5. Furthermore, based on four observations, the comparative standard deviation (RSD) is calculated to be 1.9 %. The device showed high electrochemical glucose detection sensitivity. The nanocomposite-based electrodes provide a platform for designing novel multifunctional devices.

Boosting electrochemical and photocatalytic performance of Cadmium Sulfide/Zinc Telluride nanocomposites via Nickel doping

Nanocomposites offer boosted performance for electrochemical energy storage and photocatalytic applications in response to the rising need for effective and sustainable energy storage solutions. In this study, multifunctional Nickel-doped Cadmium Sulfide/Zinc Telluride (Ni-CdS/ZnTe) nanocomposites were fabricated using a sonochemical approach to improve energy storage and enhance photocatalytic activity. The optimized sample (5 % Ni-CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites) displayed boosted photocatalytic activity and degraded MB, MO, and RhB dyes up to 98.74 %, 99.71 %, and 95.03 %, respectively in 45 min of exposure to visible light. For the first time, the electrochemical properties of Ni-CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites were also investigated. The 5 % Ni-CdS/ZnTe nanocomposite-based electrode exhibited an impressive specific capacitance of 517.6F/g, a remarkable energy density of 17.97 W h/Kg, and a boosted power density of 250 W/kg at a current density of 1 A/g. These findings offer new possibilities for the utilization of Ni-CdS/ZnTe nanocomposites in environment and energy storage applications.

Unveiling the electrochemical advantages of a scalable and novel aniline-derived polybenzoxazole-reduced graphene oxide composite decorated with manganese oxide nanoparticles for supercapacitor applications

In the quest for better supercapacitor performance, materials with high energy storage, rapid charge transfer and excellent charge-discharge capabilities are crucial. However, improving energy density and optimizing electrode materials for supercapacitors remains a challenge. Within this perspective, we developed a novel aniline-derived polybenzoxazole-reduced graphene oxide composite (Mn3O4-pBOA-rGO) for supercapacitor applications. An electrode for supercapacitor applications was then fabricated using the synthesized composite. Various characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were employed to analyze the structure of the material and cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests were performed to evaluate the supercapacitive performance. Remarkably, the Mn3O4-pBOA-rGO ternary nanocomposite-based electrode exhibited enhanced electrochemical performance achieving an energy density of 116 Wh kg−1 in a 1 M aqueous Na2SO4 electrolyte at a current density of 1 A g−1. In comparison, the Mn3O4-pBOA binary nanocomposite recorded an energy density of 25 Wh kg−1, while bare Mn3O4 yielded 10 Wh kg−1. The significantly improved electrochemical properties of the Mn3O4-pBOA-rGO composite present a promising and viable solution for supercapacitor applications.

Fabrication of tricarboxylate-neodymium metal organic frameworks and its nanocomposite with graphene oxide by hydrothermal synthesis for a symmetric supercapacitor electrode material

Efficient energy storage and delivery of electrical energy is necessary for the use of advanced electrode materials in super-capacitors, rendering their development pivotal. We employed simple and economical hydrothermal technique to synthesize Nd-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and Nd-MOFs/GO composite and evaluated their suitability as electrode materials through comprehensive investigation. Characterizations of the synthesized materials were done by various techniques, including XRD, FTIR (using ATR method) and SEM. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the Nd-MOFs/GO composite-based electrode had a specific capacitance of 633.5 Fg−1 when tested at a current density of 0.3 Ag−1, which is significantly higher than that of Nd-MOFs electrode (11.3 Fg−1). Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis demonstrated the lowest equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 0.8 Ω for the Nd-MOFs/GO electrode. The Nd-MOFs/GO composite electrode exhibited a cyclic stability of 88.76 % after 4000 cycles and coulombic efficiency of 95.1%, when subjected to a current density of 3 Ag−1. Moreover XRD showed that the synthesized hybrid exhibited an improved crystallinity of the hexagonal phase. The FTIR analysis using ATR method confirmed the presence of organic ligands and functional groups in the synthesized materials. The results of our study indicate that the Nd-MOFs/GO hybrid nanocomposite-based electrode material holds potential as a highly efficient candidate for super-capacitor applications. The reported method of synthesizing MOFs provides an effective approach to fabricate new electrode materials with excellent electrochemical characteristics.

Improved electrochemical supercapacitive properties of CuO-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites by eco-friendly low-temperature synthesis

Due to its impressive electrochemical supercapacitive behavior, low-temperature processed CuO-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite-based electrode materials have gained much attention. In the present study, a facile, low temperature chemical precipitation technique was employed using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant for the synthesis of CuO-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite. To examine the structure and phase purity of the prepared nanocomposite, XRD is carried out. FT-IR analysis confirms the presence of functional groups related to the bare CuO, and Ni(OH)2, as well as the CuO-Ni(OH)2. The CuO-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite formation and surface chemical properties is examined by FE-SEM, TEM and XPS analyses. The obtained UV result reveals a narrow band gap of ∼1.47 eV for CuO-Ni(OH)2. In this study, the developed electrodes show a specific capacitance of 151 F g-1 for CuO, 180 F g-1 for Ni(OH)2, and 436 F g-1 for the CuO-Ni(OH)2 electrode, which is two-fold greater than that of pristine sample. Additionally, the CuO-Ni(OH)2 electrode’s capacitive and diffusive charge contributions are investigated using Dunn’s method, which shows 90.52% of capacitive and 9.48% diffusive contributions at 20 mV s− 1. Charge-discharge profiles reveal a symmetrical and non-linear trend, confirming the electrodes' pseudo-capacitive behavior. Furthermore, after 3000 cycles, the CuO-Ni(OH)2 composite electrode reaches maximum efficiency of ∼89%. Results demonstrate that the developed CuO-Ni(OH)2 composite proves to be a promising alternative electrode for energy storage devices. Additionally, the synthesized CuO-Ni(OH)2 composite electrode demonstrates a better OER performance (overpotential: 0.396 V at 10 mA cm-2) compared to the reference catalysts. Due to its superior OER and supercapacitive properties, CuO-Ni(OH)2 based composite electrodes are envisaged to be used in next-generation electrochemical energy devices.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of the MoS2/Bi2S3 nanocomposite-based electrode material prepared by a hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications.

Supercapacitors are widely used energy storage systems in the modern world due to their excellent electrochemical performance, fast charging capability, easy handling, and high power density. In the present work, pure MoS2 and MoS2/Bi2S3 nanocomposites with different compositions of bismuth were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The structural properties of the electrode materials were studied using the XRD technique, which confirmed the formation of MoS2 and the secondary phase of Bi2S3 while increasing Bi substitution. The morphological studies of the synthesized electrode materials were performed using SEM, TEM, and HRTEM techniques, which indicated the 3D layered hierarchical structure of MoS2 nanospheres and the nanosheet-like structure of Bi2S3. The electrochemical properties of pristine MoS2 and MoS2/Bi2S3 nanocomposites were analysed by CV, CP, and EIS techniques using a 2 M KOH electrolyte in a three-electrode system. The CV curves show evidence of significant improvement in the electrochemical performance of MoS2/Bi2S3 composites compared to that of pure MoS2. The calculated specific capacitances of MoS2/Bi2S3 nanocomposites were relatively higher than those of pristine MoS2. The 20 mol% Bi added sample showed a maximum specific capacitance of 371 F g-1, compared to pristine MoS2 and other samples at a current density of 1 A g-1. The kinetics of the electrochemical process was studied. The Nyquist plots indicated that the Bi-added nanocomposites had lower Resr and RCT values, which resulted in high electrochemical performance. The experimental results revealed that Bi-substitution can further enhance the electrochemical energy storage performance of MoS2 for supercapacitor applications.

Cost-effective preparation of ZnO-CNT nanocomposite-based electrode for supercapacitor application

The increasing energy demand has attracted researchers to develop a cost-effective electrode material for energy storage applications. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are among the most explored electrode materials for such applications. However, the reported literature doesn’t have a cost-effective approach. The present work has reported the cost-effective synthesis of ZnO and ZnO-CNT nanocomposite via hydrothermal and simple blending methods respectively. The structural and morphological properties were studied using XRD and FESEM. It was found that the diameter of CNT was ∼ 22 nm and the ZnO nanoparticles were spherical in shape, having an average particle size of ∼ 13 nm. Further, graphite rod was used as electrode substrate, which was optimized to study the electrochemical behavior of active materials in 6 M KOH electrolytic solution. The CV and GCD studies revealed that with the decrease in scan rate/current density, the value of specific capacitance increased. The maximum value of specific capacitance achieved was 67.5F/g at 1 A/g current density. In addition, the ZnO-CNT nanocomposite electrode showed cyclic stability up to 16,000 cycles. From EIS spectra, it has been found that the ZnO-CNT nanocomposite had a low bulk resistance (Rs) value i.e., 2.6 Ω. Thus, the electrochemical performance of ZnO-CNT nanocomposite inferred its high potential for future energy storage applications.

Magnetic particle-filled polyaniline-doped graphene oxide nanocomposite-based electrode in application of supercapacitor

In this study, the electrochemical characteristics of magnetic particle-filled conductive polyaniline-doped graphene oxide nanocomposites (MDiPG) were investigated. The graphene oxide was chemically exfoliated from natural graphite flakes by the modified Hummer's method. The nanocomposite was characterised through thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Its electrochemical characteristics were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The nanocomposite electrode material was obtained through in situ polymerisation of polyaniline-doped graphene oxide combined with the mixing of a magnetic substance. The supercapacitor cell was composed of symmetric magnetic-derived electrodes, polypropylene separator, and 6M KOH as an electrolyte. The cyclic voltammetry curve study showed a good relation of both materials, where a high specific gravimetric capacitance was achieved at 303 F/g.

Bioinspired N rich C wrapped ZIF-8: A highly efficient and durable electro-catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Bioinspired nitrogen-rich carbon-coated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (NRC@ZIF-8) has been prepared by simple impregnation and carbonization of novel N rich C source “nitrodopamine” (NDA) with ZIF-8 through eco-friendly solvothermal approach and employed as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Fabricated NRC@ZIF-8 nanocomposite-based electrode offers surprisingly high ORR electrocatalytic activity by providing high anchoring sites for O2 adsorption due to the availability of positively charged N atoms of nitro group, increased surface defects, improved surface compatibility, promote heterolytic O–O bond cleavage rather than homolytic cleavage and offer fast electron transportation capability. Additionally, it improves interfacial binding efficacy due to functionalization of nitro group with ZIF-8, thus leading to high half wave potential value (E1/2 = 0.91 V), high tolerance against methanol poisoning (91.88%) and remarkable stability even better than dopamine (DA) derived nitrogen carbon-coated ZIF-8 (NC@ZIF-8), commercial Pt/C and other related bioinspired materials.

Electrochemical sensor design based on CuO nanosheets/ Cellulose derivative nanocomposite for hydrazine monitoring in environmental samples

Synthesis of electrode materials with stable and advanced functionality is highly required to design susceptible and selective electrochemical sensors to fast screen various targets such as hazardous environmental analytes. A nanocomposite-based electrode material was synthesized for hydrazine (HZ) detection in environmental samples. The CuO nanosheets (CuO NSs) decorated the surface of Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) were synthesized by a simple and one-step approach. The materials of CuO NSs/CAB and CAB were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV). The designed material of CuO shows a nanosheet structure with irregular sheet size and distribution and a sheet size of ∼17 nm. The CAB rough surface, high surface, and functionalization (i.e., OH, acetate and butyrate) increase the loading of CuO nanosheet that enhance the catalytic active sites. Moreover, the structural morphology and composition of CuO NSs/CAB play a key role in the design of a highly active surface for electrocatalytic oxidation of HZ molecules. The CAB was decorated by CuO NSs and acted as the mediated surface for catalytic oxidation and signalling transduction of HZ molecules. The CuO acted as the active electrocatalyst, and the CAB acted as a hydrophilic surface to induce the binding and loading of HZ molecules. The CuO NSs/CAB shows a highly sensitive sensor with a low limit of detection (0.15 µM) and a wide linear range of 0.5–100 mM. The designed electrode of CuO NSs/CAB provides a selective sensor assay for the detection of HZ in environmental samples with a high recovery range of 96.34–99.64 %, high stability, and good reproducibility.

Nickel phthalocyanine-borophene nanocomposite-based electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Nickel phthalocyanine-borophene nanocomposite-based electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Electroconductive Polyaniline–Ag-ZnO Green Nanocomposite Material

Metal-conducting polyaniline (PANI)-based nanocomposite materials have attracted attention in various applications due to their synergism of electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of the initial components. Herein, metal-PANI nanocomposites, including silver nanoparticle-polyaniline (AgNP-PANI), zinc oxide nanoparticle-polyaniline (ZnONP-PANI), and silver-zinc oxide nanoparticle-polyaniline (Ag–ZnONP-PANI), were prepared using the two processes. Nanocomposite-based electrode platforms were prepared by depositing AgNPs, ZnONPs, or Ag–ZnONPs on a PANI modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS, 1:2) as coupling agents. The incorporation of AgNPs, ZnONPs, and Ag–ZnONPs onto PANI was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, which showed five absorbance bands at 216 nm, 412 nm, 464 nm, 550 nm, and 831 nm (i.e., transition of π-π*, π-polaron band transition, polaron-π* electronic transition, and AgNPs). The FTIR characteristic signatures of the nanocomposite materials exhibited stretching arising from C–H aromatic, C–O, and C–N stretching mode for benzenoid rings, and =C–H plane bending vibration formed during protonation. The CV voltammograms of the nanocomposite materials showed a quasi-reversible behavior with increased redox current response. Notably, AgNP–PANI–GCE electrode showed the highest conductivity, which was attributed the high conductivity of silver. The increase in peak currents exhibited by the composites shows that AgNPs and ZnONPs improve the electrical properties of PANI, and they could be potential candidates for electrochemical applications.

Precise and quick detection of ascorbic acid and eugenol in fruits, pharmaceuticals and medicinal herbs using hydroxyapatite-titanium dioxide nanocomposite-based electrode

Ascorbic acid (AA) and eugenol (EUG) are well-known antioxidants found in several fruits, spices and herbs. In particular, the EUG, one of the major phytocompounds present in clove, acts as pro-oxidant or anti-oxidant depending on its concentration. Considering the medical importance of AA and EUG and its extensive usage in the form of food and medicine, we have developed a voltammetric sensor based on hydroxyapatite-TiO2 composite modified GCE for their selective and simultaneous determination over very wide linear range of 2.78–2490 µM for AA and 1.4–78 µM for EUG with the LODs of 63.3 nM and 94 nM respectively. Practical applicability of the prepared electrode has been demonstrated by detecting AA and EUG in lemon juice, vitamin tablet, clove oil and Kabasura Kudineer, an herbal decoction used as an immunity booster against number of diseases including Covid-19. The proposed HAP-TiO2/GCE shall be useful for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Conducting polymer-based sensors for food and drug analysis.

Conducting polymers (CPs) are a category of polymeric materials with conjugated main chains. The characteristic electrical and optical properties of CPs can be fine-tuned through controlling the doping states of CPs. Because of their long-term stability in water, CPs have been demonstrated as electroactive biointerfaces and electrode materials especially in aqueous environments. Serving as multifunctional interfaces and organic electrodes for the integration bioelectronics and devices, CPs have been studied and applied in various biological applications. This paper provides a review of conducting polymer-based electrochemical sensors, particularly those used in biological fields. General conducting polymers and derivatives and their main electrochemical sensing platforms with different design of devices are introduced. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance methods and their features are then explored as detection methods for the analysis of drugs and food. To enhance the sensitivity and lower the detection limit of sensing platforms, various CP-based nanocomposites have been designed and developed. Although the electrodes made of CP-based nanocomposites usually outperform those made of pristine CPs, more systematic studies are required to provide insights into the design of nanocomposite-based electrodes. More applications of CP-based sensors for advanced food and drug analyses are expected.

Role of carbonaceous matrix and nobel metal doping to boost the electrochemical aptitude of nanostructured MoO3

Elevated specific capacitance (Csp), higher surface area, faster charge transport, exceptional chemical stability, lower diffusion resistance, and a porous structure are the key features of the ideal electrode material. Undoubtedly, transition metal oxides (TMOs) have a better Csp, but their limited surface, bulky structure, and lower conductivity are the main obstacles to limiting their applications as an electrode material. So we adopted several strategies to fabricate the MoO3 electrode, an ideal electrode because of its integrated electrochemical characteristics. Firstly, the MoO3 sample was manufactured at the nanoscale to tune the specific surface area, reduce the bulk contribution, and minimize the diffusion resistance. Secondly, a doping strategy has been used to get an Ag-doped MoO3 sample with enhanced intrinsic conductivity. The carbonaceous nanomaterials, especially reduced graphene oxide (rGO), due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, good chemical stability, higher surface area, and distinctive structure, have an excessive aptitude to boost the electrochemical aptitude of transition metal oxides. Therefore, thirdly, we used a composite formation strategy to fabricate a rGO/Ag/MoO3 nanocomposite with improved extrinsic conductivity and faster charge transfer characteristics. Finally, we decorated the rGO/Ag/MoO3 sample on the current collector via the Nafion binder because of its superior charge transfer characteristics. The nanocomposite-based electrode exhibited excellent Csp (422.16 F/g @ 1 Ag), exceptional rate performance (>33% at 7 fold higher current density) and superior cyclic stability (88.21% after 5000 cycles). These remarkable and integrated electrochemical characteristics of the nanocomposite are the outcome of the synergistic belongings of all adopted strategies. The electrical and electrochemical results suggest that using several strategies to make the perfect electrode is a productive approach.

Floret-like manganese doped tin oxide anchored reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical detection of dimetridazole in milk and egg samples

A floret-like manganese doped tin oxide (Mn-SnO) anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) was efficiently developed to detect the prophylactic drug of the dimetridazole (DMZ). The obtained nanocomposite structural features were systematically studied through various analytical and spectroscopic measurement techniques. The monitoring of DMZ in poultry farms is crucial because excess levels can have carcinogenic threats. Hence, it is important to produce effective, easily reproducible, and sustainable DMZ sensors for monitoring DMZ contamination. Mn-SnO@rGO nanocomposite was fabricated, and it was utilized as a modified electrode with enhanced electrochemical performance, better stability, and reproducibility towards DMZ detection. Moreover, the electrochemical response of the newly fabricated nanocomposite-based electrode towards DMZ was linear over a wide concentration range from 0.009 μM to 1291 μM and a low-level detection limit of 2 nM. In addition, the fabricated Mn-SnO@rGO nanocomposite modified GCE was effectively employed to detect DMZ in spiked samples of water, egg, and milk.

A reduced graphene oxide-β-cyclodextrin nanocomposite-based electrode for electrochemical detection of curcumin.

Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound with anti-oxidative and anti-cancer properties that is obtained from turmeric plants. Several studies have demonstrated that cancer cells are not killed unless they are exposed to 5–50 mM of curcumin. Consequently, it is vital to control the concentration of curcumin in cancer therapy. In this study, a sensitive electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on a beta-cyclodextrin–reduced graphene oxide (β-CD–rGO) nanocomposite for measuring curcumin concentration. The effects of experimental factors were investigated and the optimum parametric conditions were determined using the Taguchi optimization method. The β-CD–rGO modified electrode exhibited good electrochemical properties for curcumin detection. The results of differential pulse voltammetry experiments unveiled that the sensor shows a linear response to curcumin concentration over the range of 0.05–10 mM with a detection limit of 33 nM and sensitivity of 4.813 μA μM−1. The fabricated sensor exhibited selectivity in the presence of other electroactive species, e.g., propranolol, clomipramine and clonazepam.

Graphene oxide/low ammonia NRL nanocomposite-based electrode in various electrolyte concentrations: electrical properties and capacitive behavior for supercapacitor

Here, we report a fast fabrication process of nanocomposites with better electrical properties by intermixing graphene oxide (GO) and low ammonia natural rubber latex (NRL) polymer via the one-step method (~ × 10–5 to × 10–7 S cm−1). In comparison, the nanocomposite synthesized by the two-step method demonstrated lower electrical properties which were calculated to be × 10–7 S cm−1. Obviously, the increase in the electrolyte concentrations from 0.01 to 0.1 M SDS did not influenced the electrical conductivity which means the fabrication process also played a role in a successful dispersion of GO in NRL polymer. The electrical testing was carried out by four-point probe instrument and cyclic voltammograms in the range of 0–1 V were measured at various scan rates for all samples using a computerized potentiostat–galvanostat equipped with Gamry software (Gamry potentiostat series-G750, USA). Among all nanocomposite samples, 0.01 M SDS-GO/NRL nanocomposite synthesized via one-step method successfully showed higher capacitance performance which found to be 107 F g−1.

Sheet-on-sheet like calcium ferrite and graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposite: A multifunctional nanocomposite for high-performance supercapacitor and visible light driven photocatalysis

Calcium ferrite-graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposites with sheet-on-sheet like morphology are fabricated and investigated for their physicochemical characteristics, electrochemical energy storage capacity and photocatalysis. Interestingly, the (CF)1-x (GNPs)x nanocomposite-based electrode has shown maximum specific capacitance up to 422 ​Fg-1 at 0.25 Ag-1 with excellent cycling stability, 2.6 times higher than that of neat CF nanosheets. Furthermore, the synergistic contribution from photocatalytic and photo-Fenton reactions enables (CF)1-x (GNPs)x nanocomposites to offer superior photocatalytic activity (99.4% dye removal in 90 ​min). The inclusion of GNPs significantly enhances the charge carriers separation and transportation. The excellent electrochemical efficiency of (CF)1-x (GNPs)x could be attributed to the 2D interfacial interactions that provide a better charge transport at electrode/electrolyte interface. These interactions are also responsible for creating effective charge transport pathways and efficient e−/h+ separation leading to rapid dye-degradation, which make the material potential for remediation of water pollution and energy storage systems.