Carbon Black Research Articles

Photothermal evaporation of pure, saline, muddy, and dye-contaminated waters using carbon black@PDMS sponges with superhydrophilic surface

This study aimed to develop a carbon black (CB)@ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge capable of highly efficient photothermal water evaporation. The sponge was fabricated through a straightforward method that did not entail a high-temperature carbonization process, utilizing a sugar cube as a sacrificial template to create a porous structure, followed by CB incorporation into the PDMS matrix. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating was used to enhance the hydrophilicity of the sponge, resulting in improved water absorption and distribution. The photothermal performance of the PVA-coated CB@PDMS sponge was evaluated using various contaminated water types, including seawater, muddy water, and Rhodamine-B-contaminated water. The sponge demonstrated water-evaporation rates ranging from 3.28–4.38kg/m²·h, significantly reducing the water-evaporation enthalpy and effectively preventing salt precipitation during seawater desalination. Additionally, it maintained its performance over repeated experiments and demonstrated efficiency improvement over multiple cycles, indicating that its effectiveness increased with repeated use, likely because of surface conditioning and structural stabilization. Moreover, the water recovered from seawater, muddy water, and dye-contaminated water was free of trace contaminants, thereby yielding clean water and demonstrating the suitability of the sponge for water purification and desalination applications.

Tailoring ion-accessible pores of robust nitrogen heteroatomic carbon nanoparticles for high-capacity and long-life Zn-ion storage

Designing highly endogenous zincophilic sites and ion-accessible pore architectures is crucial but remains a formidable challenge for carbon cathodes in zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs) with superior capacity activity and ultralong cycling life. Herein, nitrogen heteroatomic carbon nanoparticles with hierarchical porous architectures were tailor-made by a well-established and efficient Schiff base reaction. The nucleophilic addition of amine modules and reactive carbonyl groups forms ordered organic nanoparticles with the specific internal ring pore size (1.27 nm) and high-level N heteroatomic doping. The tailored internal ring pore size, the robust macroporous networks formed by aggregated and interwoven nanoparticles and controlled carbonization/activation processes collaborate to obtain hierarchical porous architectures, robust carbon skeletons and high specific surface area (SSA) (2504 m2 g−1). Most notably, the pore architectures of NHPCs-700 (~1.2 nm) can perfectly match the solvated ion diameter of Zn2+ (0.86 nm) and CF3SO3− (1.16 nm), realizing highly accessibility of zincophilic sites and fast diffusion behaviors. Additionally, ex-situ characterization and DFT calculation reveal the following energy storage mechanism: the ultrahigh zinc-ion capturing ability of pyridine N motifs, and fast diffusion behaviors alternately physical uptake of Zn2+/CF3SO3− charge carriers. The highly endogenous zincophilic sites, ion-accessible pore architectures and dual ion storage mechanism ensure exceptional specific capacity (253 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), outstanding energy density (157.8 Wh kg−1 at 125.3 W kg−1), and ultralong cycling life (200, 000 cycles at 10 A g−1). This work provides a strategic fabrication method for the advanced carbon cathodes with highly endogenous zincophilic site.

Experimental analysis of solar desalination system performance with graphene and graphitic carbon nanopaint-coated solar absorbers

Improving the efficiency of basin-type solar stills is crucial for ensuring reliable access to clean water in areas facing water scarcity. One effective way to increase water yield production is by applying various coatings to the solar still's absorber plate. Using nanocoatings on solar absorber plates increases solar radiation absorptivity and minimizes reflectivity, which helps improve water production. In this proposed work, Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)-based nano paint, graphitic carbon nanoparticles (GCNPs)-dispersed black paint, and conventional black paint were applied to the solar still's absorber plate. According to the study, the GNPs' nano paint resulted in a cumulative solar still productivity that was 48.23 % higher than the GCNPs-dispersed black paint and 10.28 % higher than the conventional black paint. It also revealed that the energy efficiency of solar stills with GCNPs and GNPs nano paint-coated absorbers was 56.96 % and 69.77 %, respectively, while the traditional black paint-coated absorber managed only 39.42 %. The calculated exergy efficiency of these three solar stills was 8.55 % for the conventional black paint, 13.93 % for the GCNPs, and 22.93 % for the GNPs nano paint-coated absorber. This proposed system also has an energy payback period of 1.79 years and contributes to achieving a carbon credit of $994.90 through the market. The cost of distilled water in this system is also 0.016$/L.

Oleylamine-grafted carbon nanoparticles as the friction-reducing and anti-wear additives of aviation lubricating oils

Purpose This paper aims to try to develop new, environmentally friendly and efficient lubricating additives; study the compatibility of carbon-based additives with different base oils [Polyalphaolefin (PAO)-3, PAO-20 and NPE-2]; and explore the lubrication mechanism. Design/methodology/approach Oleylamine modified carbon nanoparticles (CNPs-OA) were prepared and the dispersion stability of CNPs-OA in PAO-3, PAO-20 and NPE-2 base oils was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Universal Mechanical Tester (UMT) platform was used to carry out experiments on the effects of different additive concentrations on the lubricating properties of base oil. Findings The mean friction coefficient of PAO-3, PAO-20 and NPE-2 reduced by 32.8%, 10.1% and 11.4% when the adding concentration of CNPs-OA was 1.5, 2.0 and 0.5 Wt.%, respectively. Generally, The CNPs-OA exhibited the best friction-reducing and anti-wear performance in PAO-3. Originality/value The agglomeration phenomenon of carbon nanoparticles as lubricating additive was improved by surface modification, and the lubricating effect of carbon nanoparticles in three synthetic aviation lubricating base oils was compared.

Highly Sensitive Trimetazidine Determination Using Composite Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Doped with Titanium Oxide–Carbon Black Biosensor

Highly Sensitive Trimetazidine Determination Using Composite Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Doped with Titanium Oxide–Carbon Black Biosensor

Construction of Mo-Doped CuO Incorporated on Carbon Black Modified Disposable Sensor for the Voltammetric Detection of Metol in Environmental Samples

Abstract In this study, a molybdenum-doped copper oxide (Mo–CuO) composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and combined with carbon black (CB) to form Mo–CuO@CB. This composite was used to modify a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the detection of Metol (MT), an industrial pollutant harmful to both human health and the environment. Structural and surface characterization was performed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field-effect scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-rssy photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, were used to assess the sensor's performance. The Mo–CuO@CB@SPCE sensor exhibited a low detection limit of 2.7 nM, and limit of quantification is 82 nM, a broad linear range (5.0 × 10−9 – 170 mol L-1), and high sensitivity (4.148 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻²), benefiting from the catalytic activity of Mo–CuO and the large surface area of CB. With recovery rates ranging from 96 % to 100.6% in pond, river, and tap water, the sensor effectively detects MT in environmental samples, ensuring reliable monitoring of this persistent pollutant.

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

Production and Subsequent Application of Different Biochar-based Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Vegetable Quality and Soil Carbon Stability

Production and Subsequent Application of Different Biochar-based Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Vegetable Quality and Soil Carbon Stability

Characterization of Nano Calcium Carbonate Extracted from Eggshells

Organic waste, especially eggshells, represents a valuable resource for the synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles, which have significant industrial and medical applications. This study describes the methodology for converting eggshells into calcium carbonate nanoparticles through heat treatment and nano milling processes. Advanced characterization techniques, including TEM, SEM, and AFM, were used to analyze the morphology and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The particles were found to be of nanometer dimensions, with a size of around 150 nm and a distinctive spherical shape, as shown in the TEM images. SEM images showed that the surface of calcium carbonate nanoparticles synthesized from eggshells is smooth, crystalline, and spherical or nearly spherical. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of distinct functional groups for calcium carbonate, with peaks at 713–868 cm⁻¹, consistent with previous studies. The results show that nanoparticles manufactured from calcium carbonate possess unique properties that enhance their applicability in various fields, and promote sustainability and environmental preservation.

Effect of Carbon Black Content and Firing Atmosphere on the Properties and Microstructure of Al2O3-SiC-C Castables

Al2O3-SiC-C (ASC) castables containing spherical asphalt are widely utilized in high-temperature metallurgical furnaces because of their good abrasive resistance and slag resistance; however, the release of hazardous benzopyrene during the pyrosis process in spherical asphalt is detrimental to the environment and to the health of furnace workers. Herein, nontoxic nano carbon black (CB) was selected as the carbon source for ASC castables, and the effects of the CB amount and sintering atmosphere on the properties of ASC castables were investigated in this work. The results show that on increasing CB from 0.5% to 2%, the cold strength of the samples after firing in the reducing atmosphere increased, the residual strength increased, and the slag penetrated depth decreased; the reasons can be ascribed to nano CB being able to fill the pores to reduce the apparent porosity of the castables. Furthermore, SiC whiskers were formed at elevated temperatures and generated a network structure, which was beneficial in improving their properties. When CB was 1%, the cold modulus of the rupture of the samples after firing in the oxidizing atmosphere and reducing atmosphere were higher (about 20 MPa), the retained strength ratio of the samples pre-fired in the reducing atmosphere was the highest (85.4%), the hot strength at 1400 °C of the samples tested in the oxidized atmosphere was the highest (5.3 MPa), and the slag resistance of the samples measured in the oxidizing atmosphere was the best. The castables heat-treated in the air atmosphere possessed higher hot strength and slag resistance; the reasons can be attributed to the formed SiO2 derived from the oxidation of SiC, which reacted with Al2O3 to form mullite, creating a strengthening effect and decreasing the porosity and increasing the viscosity of slag, thereby improving the hot strength and slag resistance.

Comparison of Different Additives and Ages on Mechanical and Acoustic Behavior of Coal Gangue Cemented Composite

Cemented backfill represents a significant trend in mine filling methods; however, it often exhibits high brittleness and limited resistance to failure, which can restrict its practical application. This study investigates the mechanical properties and damage evolution of fiber-reinforced coal gangue cemented materials (CGCMs) at various curing times using uniaxial compressive tests, acoustic emission (AE) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were created with different fillers, including carbon fibers (CFs), steel fibers (SFs), and carbon black (CB), and subjected to uniaxial compression until failure. Control specimens without fillers were also tested for comparison. The microstructure of the specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings indicate that (1) the compressive strength of filler-reinforced CGCMs increases between 7 and 14 days of curing but decreases thereafter, with CB significantly improving early-age strength; (2) specimens reinforced with CFs and SFs exhibit significantly enhanced toughness in their post-cracking response; (3) AE events during specific stages can effectively identify the reinforcing effects of CFs and SFs; (4) the presence of fillers improves resistance to shear cracks, with CFs and SFs being more effective than CB; and (5) adding CB results in a denser and more stable hydration product structure, while CFs and SFs lead to a more porous structure with increased cracking.

Self-heating performance of phase change cementitious mortar with hybrid carbon-based nanomaterials

Temperature fluctuations pose a critical challenge for infrastructure, necessitating functional concrete to protect structures and promote sustainability. Self-heating concrete and phase change material (PCM) concrete are closely linked to thermal energy, with the former focused on heat generation and the latter on heat storage. This study aims to explore the self-heating performance of modified PCM concrete. Carbon-based materials, chosen for their low electrical resistance and high thermal conductivity, are incorporated to enhance the PCM concrete. Carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and carbon fibres (CF) with various dimensions and scales, are combined to achieve optimal performance. Materials below a threshold yield minimal change, as they fail to establish the crucial conductive circuit. The self-heating behaviour becomes pronounced with increased in materials, reaching an optimal temperature rise up to 31.2 °C in one hour. However, the group with the highest content of materials experiences a reduced final temperature of 23.9 °C and an increased electrical conductivity of 40 Ω. CB and CNT show different efficiency improvements, and the ideal combination is proposed as 0.3 % CNT and 0.75 % CB. Inorganic hydrated salt-based PCM reduces electrical conductivity by 12 % – 35 % in its liquid state due to free ions, potentially enhancing self-heating capability, though its impact is less significant compared to carbon materials. Overall, the optimum group demonstrates significant self-heating behaviour, high efficiency, and low material cost. Models and electrical impedance results validate these observations and provide novel insight into the self-heating performance of PCM mortar with hybrid carbon-based materials.

Synthesis of spherical carbon nanoparticles from orange peel and their surface modification with chitosan: Evaluation of optical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidant and anti-hemolytic activity

Synthesis of spherical carbon nanoparticles from orange peel and their surface modification with chitosan: Evaluation of optical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidant and anti-hemolytic activity

A new green rigid polyurethane foam based on modified palm oil: Preliminary study of their potential for marine buoy applications

AbstractThis study demonstrates a new green rigid polyurethane (PU) based on modified palm oil (MPO) for marine buoy applications. The bio‐polyol based on palm oil was synthesized using hydrogen peroxide and formic acid. The foam formation was by kinetic foaming reaction. The MPO‐based PU foams made with increased water content had closed cells that grew larger with water content to provide a low‐density foam. The resistance to flammability of PU foam was improved by adding triphenyl phosphate (TPP). The PU foam with increased TPP content had enlarged cells, increased water absorption and decreased compressive strength. In addition, carbon black (CB)‐containing foam had uniform, large foam cells, comparatively high density, higher compressive strength, and low water absorption. Moreover, a high CB content gave shorter extinguishing time for PU foam. The PU foams were investigated for buoyancy and compared with a commercial PU foam buoy. The commercial buoy had lower density, providing better‐floating performance than PU foam. Interestingly, CB_8 had an elevated density, but low water absorption rate, similar to the commercial buoy PU foam. The investigations showed that the PU foam from MPO is eco‐friendly, and the buoyancy performance of that foam is improved on adding TPP or CB.

Electrochemical Oxidative Degradation and Trapping of the Mefenamic Acid Drug as a Redox-Active Hydroxy Metabolite on a Carbon Black Surface: Mediated Oxidation and Sensing of Thiol Biomarker

Electrochemical Oxidative Degradation and Trapping of the Mefenamic Acid Drug as a Redox-Active Hydroxy Metabolite on a Carbon Black Surface: Mediated Oxidation and Sensing of Thiol Biomarker

Correction: Sriseubsai et al. Robust Design of PC/ABS Filled with Nano Carbon Black for Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness and Surface Resistivity. Processes 2020, 8, 616

With this correction, the Editorial Office together with the authors are making the following amendments to the published article [...]

Fabrication of a natural nanocomposite from Syzygium cumini and squid bone waste decorated with Cu-Nps for simultaneous use in the triple method of photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy.

This work reports a new nano platform made from natural materials. For this purpose, calcium carbonate nanoparticles derived from Persian Gulf squid bones as a drug carrier, Syzygium cumini (dye extracted from the fruit of the Persian Gulf trees) as a photosensitizer, and Doxorubicin as a chemotherapy drug have been used. In addition, copper nanoparticles were added to the above composition to increase the efficiency of photothermal treatment. For phototherapy, samples were irradiated by an 808 nm laser (1 W). The results show that nanocomposites play an influential role in the reactive oxygen species process, and an increase of 21 degrees in temperature during 15 minutes of laser radiation is effective in photodynamic/photothermal therapy. The drug loading capacity of the nanocomposite was calculated as 49%. This new nanocomposite for simultaneous photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy holds great promise for future cancer treatment due to its excellent potential in treatment and reduced systemic toxicity.&#xD.

A High-Performance and Flexible Electrothermal Heater with Bending Tolerance from Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Graphite Nanoplates and Carbon Black on Paper

A High-Performance and Flexible Electrothermal Heater with Bending Tolerance from Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Graphite Nanoplates and Carbon Black on Paper

Optical properties of carbon dots generated in liquid by pulsed IR laser at 1064 nm

Biocompatible carbon dots (CDs) have been synthesized by the laser ablation of graphite and vegetable carbon (charcoal) placed in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. The carbon nanoparticles are produced by a pulsed IR laser beam, operating at 1064 nm, 100 mJ energy, and 3 ns pulse duration, interacting with the carbon matrix placed in the liquid at a 0.2 Hz repetition rate. The ablation rate, in terms of removed carbon mass per laser shot, was evaluated to be about 75.8 ng/pulse and 758 ng/pulse for graphite and charcoal, respectively. Optical and electronic microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and luminescence measurements were employed to evince the CDs dispersion through its photoluminescence emission. The UV excitation at a 365 nm wavelength induces CDs luminescence in the visible region, as a result of electron transition, at a wavelength band depending on the laser spot size, i.e., of the laser fluence. CDs luminescence emission obtained from charcoal is independent of the laser fluence, showing a major emission peak around 475 nm and a secondary emission peak at 515 nm. CDs luminescence emission obtained from graphite depends on the laser fluence, showing a minor wavelength band, around 474 nm, at high laser fluences and a major wavelength band, around 670 nm, at low laser fluence. The CDs luminescence of the produced biocompatible solution finds many applications in the bio-medical field, as will be presented and discussed.

Effect of carbon black and silicon dioxide nanoparticle exposure on corona receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in the ocular surface

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global health crisis, including ocular symptoms, primarily targeting the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. PM2.5 air pollution may increase infection risk by altering ACE2 expression. Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) and carbon black (CB), major components of PM2.5 from sands and vehicle emissions, were studied for their effects on ACE2 and Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) expression in corneal and conjunctival cells, and ocular tissues. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjECs) were exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) for 24 hours, assessing viability via WST-8 assay. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in the medium were measured. An in vivo rat study administered NPs via eye drops, with Rose Bengal staining to evaluate damage. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Angiotensin II (AngII) protein expressions were quantified by Western blot. ACE2 expression in HCjECs increased with NP exposure, while it decreased in HCECs. CB exposure increased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in HCECs. In vivo, corneal exposure to CB decreased ACE2 expression, whereas conjunctival exposure to SiO2 increased ACE2 expression. These changes suggest that SiO2 exposure may increase the risk of COVID-19 through the ocular surface, while CB exposure may decrease it.