Nano Zeolite Research Articles

Efficient Ammonium Ion Removal from the State Company of Fertilizers Wastewater through Nano Zeolite Treatment

Efficient Ammonium Ion Removal from the State Company of Fertilizers Wastewater through Nano Zeolite Treatment

Research to treat poor quality fuels by 100 l/h case frame filters using nano zeolite NaX as adsorbent

This paper presents the results of research on treatment of poor quality L62 diesel fuel and TC-1 jet fuel scale of 100 liters/hour using nano zeolite NaX adsorbent synthesized directly from Vietnamese rice husk ash and kaolin. Samples of L62 diesel fuel and TC-1 jet fuel before and after treatment were analyzed and evaluated according to the technical criteria of TCVN 5689, GOST 305 and GOST 10227. The obtained results proved that poor quality samples of L62 diesel fuel and TC-1 jet fuel after being treated with nano zeolite NaX adsorbent can be reused as fuel for ships and aircraft.

Nutritional impact of nano zeolite, probiotic, and fatty acids as feed additives on health status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

For human consumption, fish is a good and affordable source of several crucial elements. Growing aquaculture management and output is always necessary. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of probiotics, nano zeolite, and/or medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) on fish health and the chemical composition of the fish body. The experimental fish were distributed into eight groups. T1: Control group fed the basal diet without feed additives, T2: Nano zeolite at a rate of 2 mg/kg diet, T3: Pedococcus at a rate of 2 gm kg diet, T4: Medium chain fatty acids used according to produced company recommendation at a rate of 3.5 gm/kg diet, T5: Nano zeolite (2 mg/kg diet) + Pedococcus (2 mg/kg diet), T6: Nano zeolite (2 mg/kg diet) + Medium chain fatty acids (3.5 gm/kg diet), T7: Pedococcus (2 mg/kg diet) + Medium chain fatty acids (3.5 gm/kg diet), and T8: Nano zeolite (2 mg/kg diet) + Pedococcus (2 mg/kg diet) + Medium chain fatty acids (3.5 gm/kg diet). The obtained results showed an insignificant difference in the body composition of Nile tilapia fish fed feed additives alone or in combination. Moreover, the feed additives did not affect the health status of fish, as indicated by normal liver and kidney functions.

Mechanical, morphological, and numerical evaluation of biocompatible ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene/nano‐zeolite nanocomposites

AbstractThe incorporation of bio‐friendly nano‐zeolite (NZ) into ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), renowned for its exceptional biocompatibility, presents an intriguing pathway for robust structural biomedical applications. This study aimed to investigate the influence of NZ integration on the tensile and impact properties of UHMWPE/NZ nanocomposites through experimental and morphological assessments. The morphology examinations primarily entailed particle distribution, clustering extent, and the primary toughening response induced by fillers under impact loading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to investigate the bonding characteristics between NZ and UHMWPE within the nanocomposites. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to examine alterations in the crystalline structure of the nanocomposites, revealing an increase of up to 9% in crystallinity () following the incorporation of NZ. Tensile tests demonstrated significant improvements, with a 45% increase in tensile modulus and a 14% increment in strength upon the inclusion of NZ. Impact toughness consistently showed enhancements of up to 24%. The improved impact strength was attributed to the extensive partial particle‐induced debonding and subsequent release of plastic constraints within the matrix. The micro‐mechanisms responsible for nanoparticle‐triggered toughening were further investigated using super‐magnified images from impact‐fractured SEM micrographs, and various impact toughening mechanisms were observed, classified, and discussed in the UHMWPE/NZ nanocomposites. Various analytical solutions were employed to predict the elastic modulus and tensile strength of nanocomposites. Subsequently, the results were compared to experimental data, and any discrepancies were thoroughly justified.Highlights The mechanical traits of UHMWPE/nano‐zeolite nanocomposites were explored. Tensile and impact strength increased up to 14% and 24% with NZ addition. Morphological inspections were conducted to assess filler‐induced debonding. Toughening mechanisms were assessed through super‐magnified SEM micrographs. Micromechanical models were used to predict the tensile modulus and strength.

Investigating the performance of modified y-type nano zeolite in removing tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous environments

Investigating the performance of modified y-type nano zeolite in removing tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous environments

A sustainable nanotechnology producing high-quality remediated sewage wastewater used for microalgal protein-rich biomass and biodiesel production

AbstractWater scarcity is a crucial environmental challenge. Wastewater remediation is an important way to tackle the challenge. Using nanoparticles of natural and agricultural wastes is considered a low-cost sustainable remediation technology. This study develops an effective prototype of a sustainable sewage wastewater (SWW) remediation process using zeolite and bagasse nanoparticles. All studied physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of the SWW were reduced over the course of treatment with nanobagasse (NB), nanozeolite (NZ), and nanobagasse-nanozeolite double treatments (DT). After only 2 weeks of remediation, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solid (TSS), and total dissolved solid (TDS) concentrations were decreased (in NB 38, 33, 58, and 30%; in NZ 40, 30, 63, and 58%; and in DT 47, 38, 75, and 62%), respectively, compared to raw SWW. The DT for 4 and 6 weeks (DT4W and DT6W) show 0.94 and 0.67 Kelly ratios, respectively, which are suitable for irrigation. According to the water pollution index (WPI), all types of DT treatments produce excellent-quality water. DT6W recorded the highest significant rank of removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, PO4, NO3, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Cd, Fe, and Ni (72.7, 59.6, 88.6, 74, 56.7, 88.2, 72.7, 58.7, 80.7, 94.6, 91.1, 65.3, and 84.4%). This remediated water may be used directly for irrigation or other purposes. Also, this study proves that DT4W and DT6W are suitable for Chlorella sorokiniana growth and production of safe protein-rich biomass, 26 and 31.8% protein, respectively. DT for 2, 4, and 6 weeks are suitable growth media for C. sorokiniana to produce diesel engines’ compatible biodiesel. Finally, this recent study presents an interpretation of the physiological status of C. sorokiniana cells grown in the raw SWW and DT media.

Polyol grafted thin film nanocomposite membrane: Enhanced pervaporation performance for isopropanol dehydration

Isopropanol is used as a cleaning agents especially in the semiconductor industry. Thus, recycling, and purifying alcohol can reduce the overall cost of production. To improve the separation performance of the thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane, nanozeolite (NZ) was embedded in polyamide layer followed by post-treatment of polyols. The polyamide layer was fabricated through interfacial polymerization of diethylenetriamine (DETA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). NZ was dispersed in TMC in order to be embedded on the separation layer. Afterwards, the membrane was simultaneously post-treated using polyols. Different types of polyols were introduced: d-sorbitol (DST), erythritol (ERT), and pentaerythritol (PET). A higher number of hydroxyl groups can provide a denser separation layer. Their chemical structures also affects the reaction rate, where more linear structures (DST and ERT) had better reaction and crosslinking with acyl chloride. High reaction rate of DST gives the roughest surface and high crosslinking degree. Compared to other polyols, Using DST in post-treatment exhibited the highest separation performance. It had a permeation flux of 3,098 g·m−2·h−1 and 99.9 wt% water concentration in permeate (feed = 70 wt% aqueous isopropanol solution at 25℃). Therefore, post-treatment using polyols can further enhance the separation efficiency of TFN membranes with a stable performance over a long period of time.

Sugarcane Bagasse and Nano-zeolite based Slow Release Fe Fertiliser Hydrogel: Its Synthesis and Characterization

Background: Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that plays numerous vital functions in crop growth and development. This study was carried out to synthesise and characterize sugarcane bagasse and nano-zeolite based slow release Fe fertiliser hydrogel. Methods: At the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in Coimbatore, a laboratory experiment was carried out to synthesize and characterise a slow release Fe fertiliser (SR Fe) hydrogel encompassing sugarcane bagasse and nano-zeolite. A slow-release Fe fertiliser was successfully created using the graft co-polymerization method. The chemical composition and surface morphology of the synthesised slow-release Fe fertiliser were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Result: SEM results show the evenly distributed pore space, and EDX data show that the superabsorbent nanocomposite was successfully loaded with fertiliser Fe. The grafting of acrylate-based monomers onto starch molecules, the incorporation of nano zeolite into the polymeric matrix, and the loading of Fe nutrition into the hydrogel network were all effective, according to the results of the FTIR analysis. The superabsorbent nanocomposite's temperature stability was demonstrated by the TGA research findings. The current study's findings demonstrated that the SR Fe fertiliser was successfully synthesised and may be regarded as the most promising option for slowly delivering nutrients to crops in order to meet their nutrient needs and improve nutrient use efficiency.

Research and application of nano zeolite NaX as adsorbent in poor quality diesel fuel treatment

This paper presents the results of research on treatment of poor quality diesel fuel generated during the operation of marine vessels by adsorption method with nano zeolite NaX adsorbent which is synthesized directly from Vietnamese rice husk and kaolin. The diesel fuel samples were analyzed and evaluated according to the technical criteria of TCVN 5689 and GOST 305. The obtained results proved that the poor quality diesel samples after being treated with nano zeolite NaX adsorbent can be reused as fuel for ships.

Ugi‐modified nano NaY zeolite for the synthesis of new 1,5‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones under mild conditions

In this study, it was aimed to modify the nano zeolite surface via a multi‐component reaction to obtain high functionality in one pot process. For this purpose, the Ugi‐reaction was applied for the first time to develop a novel hydrogen‐bonding nanocatalyst. The nano NaY zeolite was post‐modified using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), followed by the Ugi reaction with salicylaldehyde, tert‐butyl isocyanide, and acetic acid to create carboxamide‐functionalized nano NaY. The presence of hydroxyl groups, pores, and carboxamide moieties on the surface of nano zeolite could improve the reactivity, dispersibility, and hydrogen bonding formation capability of the nano zeolite. The formation of the nanocatalyst was investigated by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), Elemental analyses, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The catalytic activity of the synthesized modified nano zeolite was examined in the three component‐reaction of aldehydes, amines, and ethyl pyruvate to obtain new pyrrol derivatives in high yields under mild conditions. After separation by filtration, the catalyst can be recycled for up to seven subsequent runs without any appreciable activity loss. Thus, the titled heterocycles can be prepared in an eco‐friendly manner since the catalyst is easily recovered and reused, and the procedure is simple to perform. The results indicated that the catalytic system developed in this study may be useful for the preparation of other beneficial heterocyclic compounds under environmentally benign conditions.

Recent trends in the nanozeolites-based oxygen concentrators and their application in respiratory disorders.

Medical-grade oxygen is the basic need for all medical complications, especially in respiratory-based discomforts. There was a drastic increase in the demand for medical-grade oxygen during the current pandemic. The non-availability of medical-grade oxygen led to several complications, including death. The oxygen concentrator was only the last hope for the patient during COVID-19 pandemic around the globe. The demands also are everlasting during other microbial respiratory infections. The yield of oxygen using conventional molecular zeolites in the traditional oxygen concentrator process is less than the yield noticed when its nano-form is used. Nanotechnology has enlightened hope for the efficient production of oxygen by such oxygen concentrators. Here in the current review work, the authors have highlighted the basic structural features of oxygen concentrators along with the current working principle. Besides, it has been tried to bridge the gap between conventional oxygen concentrators and advanced ones by using nanotechnology. Nanoparticles being usually within 100 nm in size have a high surface area to volume ratio, which makes them suitable adsorbents for oxygen. Here authors have suggested the use of nano zeolite in place of molecular zeolites in the oxygen concentrator for efficient delivery of oxygen by the oxygen concentrators.

Effects of Phosphate and Silicate Combined Application on Cadmium Form Changes in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil

Pollution by heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in soil is still serious and control measures are constantly updated. In this paper, one indoor culture method was applied to investigate the effect of phosphate and thermo-activated nano silicate combined application on soil cadmium (Cd) speciation transformation. A total of 7 treatments were designed, which were: simulated cadmium-contaminated soil without phosphate and silicate recorded as the reference (CK) treatment; mixtures of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% soil heavy dose of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 700 °C thermo-activated nano serpentine (potassium dihydrogen phosphate: thermo-activated nano serpentine ratio = 1:2) added to simulated cadmium-contaminated soil, denoted as nPS700-0.5, nPS700-1.0, and nPS700-2.0, respectively; and 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% soil heavy dose of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 700 °C thermo-activated nano zeolite mixture (potassium dihydrogen phosphate: thermo-activated nano zeolite ratio = 1:2) added to simulated cadmium-contaminated soil, denoted as nPF700-0.5, nPF700-1.0, and nPF700-2.0, respectively. The results showed that the combined application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with thermo-activated nano serpentine or potassium dihydrogen phosphate with thermo-activated nano zeolite reduced the soil exchangeable Cd content to varying degrees and increased levels of carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, organic-bound, and residual Cd forms to different degrees. In combined application of phosphate and thermo-activated nano silicate, the higher the dosage level, the greater the reduction of exchangeable Cd content and the better the effect on Cd-contaminated soil remediation: nPS700-2.0 > nPS700-1.0 > nPS700-0.5, nPF700-2.0 > nPF700-1.0 > nPF700-0.5 (N, P, S, and F represent nano, KH2PO4, serpentine, and zeolite, respectively, and 700 represents the activation temperature). At the same dosage level, the combined application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and thermo-activated nano serpentine was more effective than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and thermo-activated nano zeolite in repairing Cd-contaminated soil (nPS700-2.0 > nPF700-2.0, nPS700-1.0 > nPF700-1.0, nPS700-0.5 > nPF700-0.5), which indicated that the combination of phosphate and thermo-activated nano silicate can passivate heavy metal cadmium (Cd) to a certain extent and promote the transformation of bioavailable Cd into an unusable state. The reason why potassium dihydrogen phosphate, zeolite, and serpentine can absorb heavy metal cadmium after entering the soil is because the silicate mineral itself can directly absorb cadmium. Second, after nano treatment and thermal activation, the specific surface areas and pores of the minerals increase, which enhances the adsorption performance. Third, because the pH value of the mineral itself is high, the pH value of the soil environment will rise, thereby transforming H2PO4− into PO43−, which is conducive to the adsorption of Cd2+.

Effect of Thermal Activation Temperature of Nanoscale Phosphate and Silicate on the Morphological Transformation Characteristics of Cd in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils

Purpose. The problem of heavy metal Cd pollution in the soil is still very serious. The widely used treatment measure is in situ passivation chemical remediation technology. Some studies have shown that the single application of phosphate or silicate can control soil cadmium pollution, but few studies have been conducted on the effect of the thermal activation temperature of nano phosphate and silicate-combined application on the transformation of Cd form in the soil. Materials and methods. Cadmium-contaminated soil was indoor-simulated, after which the 2.0% soil-weight dose of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was mixed with thermal activation nano serpentine or nano zeolite (potassium dihydrogen phosphate: thermal activation nano serpentine or nano zeolite = 1:2) at different temperatures (0, 350, 550, 700, 850 °C) and compared with the simulated cadmium-contaminated soil without adding a mixture of phosphate and silicate; cadmium content in soil was determined by Tessier five-step continuous extraction method after incubating for 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56 d in jars in the constant-temperature box. Results and discussion. Thermal activation temperature of nano phosphate and silicate could reduce the amount of exchangeable Cd content in the soil to a different degree; the content of Cd in carbonate-bound form, Fe–Mn–oxide-bound form, organically-bound form, and residual form increased. The order of effect of nanoscale potassium dihydrogen phosphate and serpentine or zeolite thermal activation temperature on remediation of Cd contaminated soil is nPS700-2.0 > nPS550-2.0 > nPS850-2.0 > nPS350-2.0 > nPS0-2.0, nPF700-2.0 > nPF550-2.0 > nPF850-2.0 > nPF350-2.0 > nPF0-2.0 (n, P, S, and F represent nanometer, KH2PO4, serpentine, and zeolite, respectively; 0, 350, 550, 700, and 850 represent different activation temperatures T); 700 °C treatments performed better than other thermal activation temperature treatments, and nPS700-2.0 was better than nPF700-2.0. Conclusion. Thermal activation temperature of nano phosphate and silicate-combined application can stabilize heavy metal Cd to some extent and promote the transition of Cd from a bioavailable state to a biounavailable state. The results showed that the combined application of thermal activation temperature of nano phosphate and silicate has a certain potential to control soil cadmium pollution.

Effect of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Combined with Thermally Activated Nano Serpentine and Thermally Activated Nano Zeolite on Cadmium in Soil

The combined application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and thermally activated nano serpentine and KH2PO4 and thermally activated nano zeolite could immobilize cadmium (Cd) in contaminated soils by increasing soil pH value. The results showed that adding nPS700-2.0 (KH2PO4 and thermally activated nano serpentine activated at 700 °C, 2% addition) exhibited better performance under the same treatment condition; it reduced DTPA-Cd by 57.8% and exchangeable Cd by 48.76%. Adding nPF700 (KH2PO4 and thermally activated nano zeolite activated at 700 °C) reduced DTPA-Cd by 35.49–44.17% and exchangeable Cd by 35.89–42.57%, respectively. The increase of active adsorption points and the surface area of thermally activated nano serpentine reduced the bioavailability of Cd in soil, indicating that the combined application of phosphate and thermally activated nano serpentine has great potential for the immobilization of Cd in soil.

Steam catalytic cracking and lump kinetics of naphtha to light olefins over nanocrystalline ZSM-5 zeolite.

This study investigates the reaction pathways and kinetics to comprehend the catalytic cracking of dodecane, a heavy naphtha model compound, over the nanocrystalline ZSM-5 catalyst in the presence and absence of steam with the aim of increasing olefin production. The nanocrystalline zeolite was characterized using XRD and BET, and the surface acidity was measured by NH3-TPD and Py-FTIR. The steam treated ZSM-5 contributed to an increase in pore volume with extra-framework alumina, resulting in highly catalytic active sites and hence higher olefin selectivity. The high conversion of dodecane (>90%) was achieved during catalytic cracking in the presence and absence of steam. In the presence of steam, the short pores of nano ZSM-5 led to an increase in the naphtha-to-olefin conversion with lesser dry gas and coke formation. The activation energies of primary cracking in the presence and absence of steam were slightly different. Lower activation energies through secondary cracking routes and higher reaction rate constants were obtained via assisted-steam catalytic cracking, promoted the selectivity towards light olefin products. Meanwhile the hydrogenation and alkylation reactions toward LPG and C5+ were favored in the absence of steam. Moreover, the ZSM-5 nano zeolite pores promoted more β-scission reactions, resulting in higher selectivity towards ethylene and dry gas.

Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution using nano zeolite modified by Al and Fe

Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution using nano zeolite modified by Al and Fe

Effects of nano zeolite-coated fertilizer and cow boneon the growth and N uptake of maize in inceptisol of Patuk, Gunung Kidul

Nanotechnology is a science that deals with objects measuring 1-100 nm that are different from their original properties. Nano-technology fertilizers are more reactive and on target with minimum use. Nanotechnology fertilizers can be utilized as slow-release fertilizers, allowing for optimum fertilizer uptake by plants. Because of the holes that can store nitrogen fertilizers, zeolite and bovine bone can be utilized as fertilizer coatings. This study was conducted at Universitas Gadjah Mada's Faculty of Agriculture. The research method used was a 2X5 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with each treatment being repeated 3 times so that the total polybags used were 30 polybags. The first factor was the type of coating material for urea, nano zeolite, and nano bovine bone. The second factor consisted of a dose of coated urea fertilizer with five kinds of dose treatments, which were 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400kg.ha-1. ANOVA was used to analyze parameter data, followed by testing using the DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). When compared to nano bovine bone, the effectiveness of N removal with nano zeolite generated the best results as a slow-release fertilizer on N uptake. The best N fertilization dose with nano zeolite coating was 200 kg.ha-1, which increased corn plant growth by producing the highest plant height (167.17 cm) and N uptake of 1.6 g/plant. This research can be a recommendation for more effective and efficient Nitrogen fertilization for corn farmers.

Nano and natural zeolite feed supplements for dairy goats: Feed intake, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk yield and fatty acids profile

Zeolite particle size can affect its characteristics as a rumen modifier, thus its form may not only affects the goats' health during the transition period but also their milk quantity and quality. Our objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of zeolite supplementation either in its natural or nano form on ruminal fermentation characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, and milk production and chemical composition of dairy goats. Thirty-nine late pregnant Damascus goats (initial body waight: 26.1 ± 0.93 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to three experimental dietary treatments (n = 13/ treatment) for 90 days of an experimental period: The control treatment was fed a basal diet without feed additives, natural zeolite [supplemented at 20 g/kg of dry matter (DM) to the basal diet], and nano zeolite (supplemented at 0.4 g/kg DM to the basal diet). Both zeolite forms increased (P < 0.05) ruminal pH, total protozoal count, Diplodinium spp ciliates, and reduced (P < 0.01) ammonia, while nano zeolite enhanced the total short-chain fatty acids concentration compared to the control. Supplementation of nano zeolite increased (P = 0.01) the blood calcium and reduced (P < 0.05) total cholesterol, total lipids, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activities compared to other diets. Goats fed nano zeolite produced higher (P < 0.01) milk yield without affecting the feed intake, while both zeolite forms resulted in similar reductions (P < 0.05) in milk fat, protein, lactose, solid not fat, and somatic cell count. No differences were detected in milk total saturated fatty acids and total odd and branched-chain fatty acids among treatments while, nano zeolite reduced (P = 0.03) milk concentration of eicosanoic acid (C20:0). Natural zeolite tended to reduce (P = 0.08) the concentrations of total mono-unsaturated fatty acids in milk, while nano zeolite resulted in higher (P = 0.04) miristoleic (C14:1-Cis9; omega 5) than the control. No differences were detected in the total and individual polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to the control. In conclusion, nano zeolite was more pronounced as a feed additive than its natural form to support goats through late pregnancy to early lactation and to enhance milk quality.

New Insights for Improving Agriculture Soils through Nanotechnology

Different efforts have been made especially in the fields of nanotechnology that employed various combinations of nanoparticles to overcome the stresses occurred in the agricultural lands. Nanoparticles that potentially designed through nanotechnology applied to the soil in the form nanofertilizers that increased the yield also good impact on soil composition. Application of nano-SiO2 improves also seed germination throiugh rooting applications, chlorophyll content with proline accumulation. Soil composition also improved the overall fruits and vegetables varieties in such a way that nanoparticles makes intact combinations with inner layers of soil. Biological applications of iron sulfate (FeSO4) in the form of foliar spray also showed excellent resistance to the salinity stress tolerance in the case of sunflower cultivars. Nano zeolite; another type of newly modified materials efficient for long term delivery of nutrients and minerals in soil composition and mineral balance ensures for plant growth. Nanopesticides can be used for efficient crop protection also promote plant stress tolerance and soil enhancement. Nano-Si that improves the various other stresses in plants species such as nickle and chromium. Nanotechnology has several advantages over other technologies due to cost efficient and simple to use and imply on more effective treatment and remediation methods.

Increasing Growth and Yield of Shallot Using Nano Zeolite and Nano Crab Shell Encapsulated NK Fertilizer in Entisols and Inceptisols

Nanotechnology can be used to produce slow-release fertilizers. Zeolite and crab shells are materials that can be used as fertilizer encapsulation. This study aimed to compare the effects of nano zeolite and crab shells for encapsulation of nitrogen- potassium fertilizers tested on Entisols and Inceptisols soil on the growth and yield of shallots. The research method used a completely randomized design with three factors. The factors were soil type (Entisol and Inceptisol), coating materials (nano-zeolite and nano-crab shell), and NK fertilizer doses (125:50, 250:100, 375:150, and 500:200). The variables observed include initial soil physical and chemical properties, nanoparticle characterization, growth and yield, and agronomic efficiency. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM and analyzed using ImageJ. The data collected were tested by ANOVA and Tukey. The ball milling method succeeded in producing 91.41% zeolite and 97.50% nano-sized crab shells. Plant height showed that using crab shells as fertilizer encapsulation with a dose of 125:50 gave better results. The yield of crab shells as encapsulation with a dose of 250:100 in inceptisols was better than that in entisols, but the highest agronomic efficiency (EA) was obtained in zeolite treatment as fertilizer encapsulation with a dose of 125:50.