Nano-sized Ferrites Research Articles

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous media using magnesium-substituted copper ferrite as a magnetic catalyst

In this study, copper nanosized ferrites substituted with magnesium ions were synthesized using the sol-gel self-combustion method, with polyethylene glycol (MW 2000) serving as both fuel and chelating agent. Structural properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction. It was confirmed that all samples crystallized as cubic spinels with space group Fd3m. Optical studies showed band gaps increasing from 1.51 eV for CuFe2O4 to 1.62 eV for MgFe2O4, suggesting modifications in electronic structure due to magnesium substitution. Photocatalytic studies revealed that CuFe2O4 exhibited the most efficient degradation of Methylene Blue dye, with near-complete degradation at 160 minutes. Magnesium-substituted samples (x = 0.4 and x = 0.6) also showed significant degradation, though at a slower rate compared to pure CuFe2O4. Photocatalytic performance, particularly in degrading Methylene Blue, was evaluated using various kinetic models such as First- and Second-Order Kinetics, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, and the two-parameter Weibull distribution.

Effect of Cd2+ substitution on some physical and chemical properties of nano-size Lithium-Nickel Ferrites

Effect of Cd2+ substitution on some physical and chemical properties of nano-size Lithium-Nickel Ferrites

Fabrication of Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3@PANI core-shell and improvement of its photocatalyst properties

Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3@PANI core-shell structures were made by a two-step method, first, bismuth ferrite nanoparticles by hydrothermal method and then, aniline core-shell by co-precipitation method. The bismuth ferrite (BFO) XRD pattern showed no impurities of Sm, Cr, or their compounds in the samples, indicating that Sm+3 and Cr+3 had been replaced in the BFO structure. The XRD pattern of the Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3@PANI core-shell shows all peaks of Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3 composition with lower intensity, as a result, the Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3 composition is phase single. This lower intensity is attributed to the presence of amorphous polyaniline in the core-shell structure. Since there is in the FT-IR spectrum of the Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3@PANI core-shell, characteristic peaks of both polyaniline and bismuth ferrite simultaneously so, the FT-IR spectrum of the Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3@PANI core-shell is a perovskite structure. The synthesized samples exhibit weak magnetic properties and behave as a paramagnetic material. The absorption capability of core-shell compared to core nanoparticles has increased in the visible region, and this enhancement is attributed to the influence of the presence of polyaniline. All the peaks in the UV–visible absorption spectrum characterize the nano-sized bismuth ferrite and polyaniline in the UV–visible spectrum of the core-shell. The intensity of the photoluminescence spectrum in the doped sample is significantly higher compared to the core-shell sample. This indicates a much faster recombination rate in the doped nanoparticles compared to the core-shell nanocomposite. The doping of the core with Cr and Sm elements, as well as the coating of the core with a polymeric shell, has led to an increase in the degradation rate of the red dye. We also found that shell thickness plays a vital role in dye degradation efficiency and photocatalytic performance. The Bi0.90Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3@PANI core-shell exhibits significant photocatalytic activity under visible light. The photocatalytic studies show that the best sample is Bi0.9Sm0.1Fe0.97Cr0.03O3@PANI core-shell with aniline concentration of 0.2 mL and a pH = 2 which was able to destroy 100 % of Congo red dye molecules.

The role of Sn and Zn substitutions on the magnetic properties of nanosized Y-type hexaferrite prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion method

The current paper has focused on the improvement of the magnetic performance of the Sn, Zn-doped Y-type hexaferrite nanoparticles via the sol–gel auto-combustion method. The partial replacement of nonmagnetic Zn2+ and Sn4+ cations for the magnetic Fe3+ cation was studied. At the low Zn-Sn concentration, the Sn4+ cations had a preference for octahedral locations (12k, 2a, 4f2) and the Zn2+ cations had a strong tendency to move to the tetrahedral spaces (4f1), respectively. Based on this data, the single-phase hexaferrites with the chemical formula of Sr2Co1.7Mg0.3Fe(12-x)Snx/2Znx/2O22 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) were successfully synthesized via the sol–gel auto-combustion method. The x-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were carried out to investigate the obtained ferrite performance. The results revealed the formation of the single-phase platelet-like Y-type hexagonal ferrites after calcinations at 1000 °C with a thickness of 30–70 nm and a particle size of 90–210 nm. The obtained nanosized ferrites had the magnetic coercivity (Hc) and the saturation magnetization (Ms) in the range of 2100–637 Oe and 38–48 emu g−1, respectively. The addition of Sn, Zn dopants enhanced the saturation magnetization and reduced the magnetic coercivity, which can make this ferrite a candidate for some applications.

Magnetic and Mössbauer study of lanthanum-doped nanosized cobalt ferrite assembly

Magnetic and Mössbauer study of lanthanum-doped nanosized cobalt ferrite assembly

Quantitative and qualitative aspects of Ni-substitution on various properties of nano-sized hexagonal ferrites

Quantitative and qualitative aspects of Ni-substitution on various properties of nano-sized hexagonal ferrites

High-Temperature, Lightweight Ceramics with Nano-Sized Ferrites for EMI Shielding: Synthesis, Characterisation, and Potential Applications.

The present study focuses on the synthesis and characterisation of a lightweight ceramic material with electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties, achieved using mullite containing micrometre-sized hollow spheres (cenospheres) and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. This research explores compositions with varying CoFe2O4 contents ranging from 0 up to 20 wt.%. Conventional sintering in an air atmosphere is carried out at a temperature between 1100 and 1300 °C. The addition of ferrite nanoparticles was found to enhance the process of sintering cenospheres, resulting in improved material density and mechanical properties. Furthermore, this study reveals a direct correlation between the concentration of ferrite nanoparticles and the electromagnetic properties of the material. By increasing the concentration of ferrite nanoparticles, the electromagnetic shielding effect of the material (saturation magnetisation (Ms) and remanent magnetisation (Mr)) was observed to strengthen. These findings provide valuable insights into designing and developing lightweight ceramic materials with enhanced electromagnetic shielding capabilities. The synthesized ceramic material holds promise for various applications that require effective electromagnetic shielding, such as in the electronics, telecommunications, and aerospace industries.

Evolution of nano-sized hexagonal ferrites suitable as permanent magnets and for high frequency applications

The impact of V2+ substitution on structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric behavior of T-type hexaferrite Ca2-xVxFe8O14 (x = 0.0, 0.4, and 0.6) fabricated utilizing sol-gel auto-combustion followed by sintering at 1100 °C is reported in current investigation. XRD analysis was used to validate the single phase formation, which resulted in computation of lattice parameters, unit cell volume, and X-ray density. Furthermore, the microstructural strain was calculated by utilizing Williamson-Hall method. According to Koop's hypothesis, the dielectric constant reduced with the increment in frequency while increased with V2+ replacement. The tiny polarons mechanism helped to explain the increase in the ac-conductivity with frequency. Using cole-cole representation, active contribution of grains and grain borders in distinct frequency areas was elucidated. The polarization verses electric field hysteresis loops demonstrated the resistive nature of samples. Transmission electron microscopy indicates a platelet-like shape of particles and UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the bandgap varied in the region of 4.31–4.37 eV. Magnetic studies unveiled the increment in saturation magnetization and reduction in coercivity with V2+ replacement. All of these findings suggest that these compositions could be used in high-frequency operating devices and magnetic storage systems.

Raveling out the effect of Pr3+ ions substitution on different properties of nano-sized hexagonal ferrites

The development of a new stable phase/type, a rare earth element Pr3+ substitution in Ca2-xPrxFe8O14 (T-type) of hexagonal ferrites with composition (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.1), using the sol–gel auto-combustion method was endeavoured in the current study. The x-ray diffraction analysis proved that all samples possess single-phase structures. All computed structural characteristics varied with Pr3+ substitution. The particles with random shapes and sizes were examined from TEM analysis and particle sizes ranged from 14 to 44 nm. With Pr-contents, the saturation and remanent magnetization increased and the coercivity decreased. All samples have high values of dielectric loss, dielectric constant, and tangent loss at low-frequency values and these high values declined with rising frequency. The peaks in real part of the electric modulus migrated toward the low-frequency region; it was the confirmation that grain boundaries are incredibly active to participate in resistance. The uneven trend in the imaginary part of the electric modulus, which is demised with increasing frequency and peaks, was described by the Sillars model. The band gap (Eg) of the samples reduced linearly from 4.60 to 4.32 eV with the addition of Pr3+ ions, as observed from the UV–visible absorbance spectra. The polarization vs electric field (P-E) loops of synthesized samples displayed lossy behavior and this loosy behavior decreased with Pr-additives. On the basis of properties exhibited by the present synthesized T-type hexagonal ferrites, it can be hoped that these materials are applicable in high-frequency devices, antenna, radar applications, and opto-magneto applications.

Study of structural, spectral, morphological and absorption properties Ba-Co-In-Fe-O system

Recently, hexagonal ferrites with extraordinary properties (dielectric, structural, and low reflection losses) have been used for microwave absorption and to resolve the EM (Electromagnetic) pollution issues. In the recent work, nano-sized Z-type hexagonal ferrites with chemical composition Ba3Co2InxFe24-xO41; 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12 (in a single step of 0.03) were synthesized via the sol-gel route. The samples were sintered at 1250 °C for 6 h to meet single-phase requirements. Confirmation of pure Z-phase ferrite was obtained from the XRD study. Lattice parameters were calculated from cell software. Crystallite size showed a decreasing trend with increasing indium content in the 30 to 26 nm range, while one sample appeared with a size of 37 nm. The maximum cell volume of 1574 (Å3) confirms a successful iron replacement with Indium. Morphological studies via SEM show that hexagonal ferrite with platelet structure is prepared successfully. FTIR analysis at room temperature showed two absorption bands in the 400-600 cm−1 range for octahedral and tetrahedral site vibrations. Various dielectric parameters were studied at room temperature in the frequency range of 1 MHz–6 GHz. The Indium substituted Fe3+ at the octahedral site and reduced ferrous-ferric hooping, reducing the real and imaginary permittivity.Furthermore, minimum reflection loss of −51.3 dB and −53.9 dB was observed for materials x = 0.06 and 0.12, reflecting that these materials best fit for microwave absorber application. All samples, including EM interference shielding and radar cross-section reduction, are significant for stealth applications. These In3+ substituted Ba3Co2Z Hexa-ferrites might be a good candidate for high-frequency wave applications.

One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of a carbon quantum dot/CaFe2O4 hybrid nanocomposite for carcinogenic Congo red dye degradation.

Semiconductor materials show a restricted degradation response to organic pollutants due to limited photocatalytic activity under visible light. Therefore, researchers have devoted much attention to novel and effective nanocomposite materials. For the first time, herein, a novel nano-sized semiconductor calcium ferrite modified by carbon quantum dots (CaFe2O4/CQDs) photocatalyst is fabricated via simple hydrothermal treatment for the degradation of aromatic dye using a visible light source. The crystalline nature, structure, morphology, and optical parameters of each of the synthesized materials were investigated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The nanocomposite exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance (90% degradation) against Congo red (CR) dye. In addition, a mechanism for CaFe2O4/CQDs improving photocatalytic performance has been proposed. The CQDs in the CaFe2O4/CQD nanocomposite are considered to act as an electron pool and transporter, as well as a strong energy transfer material, during photocatalysis. CaFe2O4/CQDs appear to be a promising and cost-effective nanocomposite for dye-contaminated water purification, according to the findings of this study.

A review paper: Synthesis techniques and advance application of Mn-Zn nano-ferrites

This review study is interesting to discussed about the synthesis techniques and the applications of the Manganese-Zinc (Mn-Zn) ferrites because to their large range of many new applications in great areas or in our daily life. Mn-Zn ferrites are generalized as a smooth magnetic material which have a good-properties in the electrical, optical, magnetic and chemical. Its main properties including with the high value of permeability, resistivity, permittivity, low coercivity and saturation magnetization. This paper examines techniques (synthesis) and applications of the M Fe2O4 (M = Copper, Nickle, Zinc, Manganese) nanosized particles including their advantages. Its maximum level of (coercivity, anisotropy, Curie temperature), moderate saturation magnetization, high resistivity, minimum eddy current losses, significant mechanical hardness, and chemical stability and high-quality redox chemistry which make nano-sized ferrites suitable for potential uses into fields of magnetic and non-conductive materials, light absorption, and hydrolysis. The cation dispersion in the Mn-Zn ferrites also affected in the form which is morphological, electrical and magnetic properties. It alters as cation concentrations and sintering circumstances changes in wide range of applications. As above the methods that is sol–gel method, hydrothermal process, combustion method, biosynthesis methods, solvothermal methods, microwave assists combustion methods, co-precipitation methods are present there with the advantages and disadvantages are given in Table 2. The above-mentioned Mn-Zn ferrites which are also used in the various applications in Fig. 2. These ferrites are used in the electrical and electronical applications, magnetic appliances, biomedical applications, telecommunication and many others. It finds that, it is widely used in our daily life (almost in household appliances) such as television, refrigerator, laptop, desktop, LED bulb, juicer mixer, washing machine, printer, microwave ovens, mobiles, mobile chargers and many other appliances. This review paper mainly focused to discussed on the various synthesis methods and application which we are used in our daily life.

Catalytic performance of nano-sized cobalt copper ferrite on thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is being explored as a high energetic oxidizer in propellants. The utilization of pure AN in propellants suffers from a low burning rate. To improve the burning rate, it is important to improve the thermal decomposition characteristics of AN to fasten its thermal decomposition. The effect of CoCuFe2O4 additive was explored to improve the thermos-kinetic parameters of AN's thermal decomposition. Coprecipitation was used to synthesize nanocrystalline CoCuFe2O4. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of decomposition of AN: CoCuFe2O4 were investigated using TG-DSC-DTA analysis at 5, 10, and 15 °C min−1. The thermodynamic and kinetic studies suggest that the thermal decomposition of AN+CoCuFe2O4 was more favorable than AN. The decomposition of AN+CoCuFe2O4 occurs at a lower 10 °C lower temperature with ∼44 % decrement in the activation energy and decreased pre-exponential factor. The faster decomposition at a lower temperature was obtained for AN+CoCuFe2O4 composition. Nano-sized particles with efficient optical and polarizable properties made this ferrite material easily separable and eco-friendly for the preparation of a chemical propulsion system based on AN. The AN+CoCuFe2O4 propulsion mixture can be utilized in place of pure AN for better thermal performance in a propellant system.•CoCuFe2O4 was able to influence the thermal decomposition parameters of ammonium nitrate (AN).•AN+CoCuFe2O4 decomposes at lower activation energy with a faster decomposition than pure AN.•Thermodynamics suggest favorable decomposition of AN+CoCuFe2O4 than pure AN.

Co-Precipitation Synthesis of MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles

Nano-sized magnetic manganese ferrite, cobalt ferrite particles were produced by a co-precipitation method at room temperature. The effects of pH value of solutions, where the particles were synthesized, on the morphology and crystal structure of the MnFe 2 O 4 and CoFe 2 O 4 particles were investigated. The particles were pure and nearly spherical shaped. The sizes of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles had between 55 nm and 84 nm, with uniform morphologies. As the pH value increased, the diameter of the synthesized particles decreased and agglomeration of the nanoparticles increased. Keywords: cobalt ferrite, co-precipitation, manganese ferrite, nanoparticle DOI: 10.7176/CMR/14-3-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

Investigation of gamma-rays and fast neutrons attenuation parameters for NixCo1-xFe2O4 nickel ferrites

The present work aims to study the radiation shielding parameters of new composite nickel ferrites in micro and nano-size. Synthesis of nickel-nano ferrites was carried out using the chemical co-precipitation technique. The measurement of gamma shielding parameters for nano-sized nickel ferrites was done experimentally. In addition, the calculations of the shielding parameters for the micro-sized nickel ferrites were carried out using FLUKA-Monte Carlo and WinXCom software. The shielding parameters were given in terms of mass and linear attenuation coefficients, half and tenth-value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, and effective density of electrons values. Besides, the build-up factor and its parameters were calculated for the proposed shielding material. Fast neutrons effective removal cross-sections were also estimated for the NiCoFe2O4 composite at different Ni/Co ratios. It was found that the highest nickel content (W4), the best gamma radiation attenuation parameters for the proposed composite, with a slight difference between nano and micro-sized samples. The maximum obtained value of mass attenuation coefficient at 661.7 keV was 0.0753 and 0.0751 (cm2/g) for nano- and micro-sized ferrite samples. Furthermore, the highest fast neutron removal cross-section was 0.1562 cm−1 which was achieved with the highest cobalt content sample (W1).

Eco-friendly synthesis of nano-sized cobalt ferrites and influence of pH variation on structural properties

This report presents the synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) by co-precipitation method and its subsequent characterization by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), TG-DTA and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. XRD results confirm the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure, having lattice constant from 8.4029 Å to 8.3744 Å. We also report hopping length (L A and L B), strain (ɛ) and dislocation density (ρD ) of ferrite sample. AFM images show the microstructure of ferrite samples. The TG-DTA of sample CoFe2O4 of pH 8, confirms the formation of final product at 683 °C. The FTIR curves for CoFe2O4 series shows two major peaks near 492 cm−1 and 442 cm−1 which are assigned to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, respectively, in a spinel structure.

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Applications of MFe2O4 (M = Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) Nanoparticles.

In the last decade, research on the synthesis and characterization of nanosized ferrites has highly increased and a wide range of new applications for these materials have been identified. The ability to tailor the structure, chemical, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties of ferrites by selecting the synthesis parameters further enhanced their widespread use. The paper reviews the synthesis methods and applications of MFe2O4 (M = Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) nanoparticles, with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis route and main applications. Along with the conventional methods like sol-gel, thermal decomposition, combustion, co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and solid-state synthesis, several unconventional methods, like sonochemical, microwave assisted combustion, spray pyrolysis, spray drying, laser pyrolysis, microemulsion, reverse micelle, and biosynthesis, are also presented. MFe2O4 (M = Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) nanosized ferrites present good magnetic (high coercivity, high anisotropy, high Curie temperature, moderate saturation magnetization), electrical (high electrical resistance, low eddy current losses), mechanical (significant mechanical hardness), and chemical (chemical stability, rich redox chemistry) properties that make them suitable for potential applications in the field of magnetic and dielectric materials, photoluminescence, catalysis, photocatalysis, water decontamination, pigments, corrosion protection, sensors, antimicrobial agents, and biomedicine.

Structural, optical, magnetic, photocatalytic activity and related biological effects of CoFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles

The synthesis of magnetic nano-sized spinel ferrites has become an important area of research, due to their several potential applications. In this work, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Structural, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of cobalt ferrites were analyzed based on their chemical composition considering their biological properties. Structural and morphological properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. Lattice parameters and cell volumes were calculated from XRD data. SEM images revealed uniform surface morphology and spherical shape of nanoparticles. Magnetization measurements were measured by using Lake Shore 7304 model Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). In hemolytic activity tests, formation of a precipitate with a characteristic black color provided an explicit evidence to the formation of heme–iron complexes. Undesirable hemolytic effect of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles on human erythrocytes at both concentrations was attributed to the comparatively high amount of reactive oxygen species formed by CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The theoretical concentration Co (theory) obtained by second-order model (0.82 mg/L) fit with the experimental value of Co (experimental) (0.95 mg/L) well in photocatalytic activity tests.

Influence of Co over magnetically benign Zn ferrite system and study of its structural, dielectric, superparamagnetic and antibacterial efficacy

A series of nano-sized Co-Zn ferrite, CoxZn1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) was synthesized by precursor combustion method. The phase purity, composition, surface area, and oxidation states of corresponding metal ions were confirmed by using the techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, inductive coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed cuboidal shaped ferrite particles with 20−30 nm size. The dielectric studies with change in frequency and temperature, and magnetization studies with a change in temperature and applied field, exhibited marked enhancement with cobalt content in the ferrites. The transition from paramagnetic to superparamagnetic nature with rising cobalt content was observed in our investigation based on magnetization and supported by Mössbauer studies. The synthesized ferrites also revealed good antimicrobial activity against gram-negative E. coli ATCC 8439.

Calcination effect on structural, morphological and magnetic properties of nano-sized CoFe2O4 developed by a simple co-precipitation technique

A thorough analysis of the calcination effect upon structural, morphological and magnetic properties of nano-sized cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) particles synthesized by co-precipitation technique has been demonstrated. A mixed alkali as precipitating agent (mixture of Sodium hydroxide and Sodium carbonate) was used. The developed samples were calcined at six distinct temperatures. The crystallinity, chemical state, morphology, elemental composition and magnetic property of the developed ferrites were investigated by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS and PPMS respectively. The evaluation of crystallite size and lattice parameter has been performed by the Debye–Scherrer's formula and Nelson-Riley function respectively using XRD data. Average crystallite sizes were in between 12 and 123 nm revealed from XRD. Average particle sizes were between 84 and 139 nm estimated from SEM images. The crystallite size, particle size and magnetic properties of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibited strong reliance upon calcination temperature as increased continually. The coercivity of the sample primarily increased afterwards decreased with increased calcination temperature. The results suggest that co-precipitation method might render a propitious option for preparing superior quality cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The synthesized nano-sized CoFe2O4 are promising for liquid black pigment for the decoration of ceramic products through digital printing and sensing materials in humidity sensor.