Nano Kaolin Research Articles

Energy Potential and Properties of Agro Biomass Briquettes with Nano Kaolin Binder for Sustainable Environment

The utilization of Tanner’s Cassia waste (T) and African Wonder tree waste (A) in the biomass production chain presents an opportunity for generating value-added products and enhancing productivity. Incinerating these wastes can pose environmental challenges; however, transforming them into briquettes offers a sustainable approach to produce high-energy fuel. This study investigated various mixtures of Tanner’s Cassia and African Wonder Tree waste, denoted as TA1 (0:100), TA2 (25:75), TA3 (50:50), TA4 (75:25), and TA5 (100:0), with the addition of 20% nano kaolin as a binder. The resulting briquettes underwent thorough analysis including physical, SEM and elemental analysis. The density of the TA briquettes ranged from 836.38 to 1105. 57 kg/m3. Key metrics evaluated include ash content, moisture content, volatile content, and fixed carbon content. The results for TA1 (0:100) are 11.22% ash, 5.73% moisture, 69.39% volatile, and 13.66% fixed carbon, while for TA5 (100:0), they are 14.17% ash, 9.87% moisture, 58.07% volatile, and 17.89% fixed carbon, showing a trend of increasing ash and fixed carbon content and decreasing moisture and volatile content across the samples. The SEM analysis of the briquettes reveals distinct characteristics for each mix ratio. Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis indicated carbon and oxygen as the major elements, with 54.48 wt.% and 37.92 wt.%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of TA briquettes with a 20% nano kaolin binder as a viable alternative energy source due to their low moisture and ash content, coupled with a high calorific value.

Evaluation of Influence of Nano Kaolin on Temperature Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavement Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

In order to further explore the five different dosage of nano kaolin sensitivity to the temperature of the modified asphalt concrete, combined with constant temperature heating heating experiment and stir yogurt machine constant temperature cooling experiment of these two kinds of innovative experiment of heat exchange data, based on the analytic hierarchy process (ahp) innovative obtains the temperature win min optimum dosage of nano kaolin, The influence of different nano-kaolin content on the temperature sensitivity of modified asphalt was evaluated as a whole. The experimental results show that when the content of nano-kaolin is 7%, the temperature sensitivity of asphalt mixture is the best at 10 different temperatures compared with the other four mixtures. With the increase of nano-kaolin content, the temperature sensitivity of asphalt mixture is first superior and then inferior.

Nanokaolin reinforced carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber/polyurethane blend-based latex with enhanced tensile properties and chemical resistance

The demand for gloves (e.g., disposable gloves, medical gloves) is increasing due to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Stability in the supply chain in the glove industry is important, and thus strategies are used to solve the problem of the shortage of nitrile gloves. The blending of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) with polyurethane (PU) and the use of the nanocomposite concept is among the feasible approaches. The present study aims to investigate the effects of nanokaolin (NK) on the tensile and chemical properties of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/polyurethane (PU) latex blends. Three different loadings of NK (10, 20, and 30 parts per hundred rubber) were added to the NBR/PU (at a blending ratio of 85/15). The zeta potential showed that all the NBR compounds exhibit good colloidal stability. The incorporation of NK increased the crosslink density and tensile strength of the NBR/PU latex blends. The highest tensile strength was achieved when the NK loading was 20 phr. All the NBR blends and nanocomposites (NBR/PU-based) possess tensile properties that fulfill the requirements for glove application. The chemical resistance of NBR compounds was increased by the incorporation of NK due to the higher crosslink density and barrier properties contributed by the NK.

Application of sulfuric acid modified nano kaolin as a heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient synthesis of quinoxalines and benzothiazines

Kaolin–OSO3H efficiently catalyzes the condensation of 2-aminobenzenethiol or benzene-1,2-diamine and 2-bromo-1-aryl-ethanones to yield quinoxaline and benzothiazine derivatives in good yields. The sulfuric acid modified nano kaolin was synthesized with a simple and low-cost method. The present method also has the advantages of good to excellent yields, short reaction times, operational simplicity, and a natural and green catalyst.

Studies on Fluorocarbon Elastomer Nanocomposites for Sealing Applications

The usage of seals in several applications like aircraft engines is mostly made of Fluorocarbon (FKM) elastomer. They are coloured products that enable easier identification based on the applications. In such seals, fillers like carbon black cannot be added to reinforce and improvise the mechanical properties since carbon black does not make it possible to add colours. The properties after ageing are also very critical in sealing application, and they must also be improved. Also, Nanocomposites are the modern and growing trends in the field of polymers that show enormous changes in the properties of the polymers without affecting their basic properties. So, the need for improvisation of FKM seals and the concept of Nanocomposites can be merged to form FKM Nanocomposites with Nano clay and Nano silica as the fillers. The objective of this project is to improve the mechanical properties, better retention of properties after ageing and after fluid interaction of the FKM seals with the aid of Nanofillers. Different proportions of FKM nanocomposites were prepared using modified Nano Kaolin Clay & modified Montmorillonite clay (Cloisite grades). Various mechanical properties like tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, compression set and tear strength etc., were studied. The test results have shown good improvements while increasing the filler loading. This is helpful to manufacture seals of desired colours thereby avoiding the difficulties faced in the carbon black-filled FKM compounds.

INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYING NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HERITAGE BUILDING RESTORATION (EGYTIAN ENGINEERS SYNDICATE)

In terms of the importance of restoring heritage buildings in Egypt, this research was initiated with the objective of evaluating the effect of usinginvestigating the impact of employing nanatechnology during rehabilitation on the concrete mechanical and physical properties, where Engineering Syndicate Building, in Ramses Square, was taken as a case study. A reseach methodology was planned to encompass theoretical, experimental, analytical and inferential investigations. Throughout the theoretical investigation, literature in the field of restoring heritage buildings and nanothnology were assembled and scrutinized. During the experimental investigation, nanoparticles mixes were produced (i.e. Nano Calcuim carbonate (CaCO3)and Nano kaolin (NK)). In addition, hybrid nanoparticle mixes, with different proportions of nano-CaCo3 and NK, were obtained. For comparison purposes, a reference mix was prepared. Furthermore, the impact of implementing nanoparticles, with different proportions, on concrete mechanical so as physical properties was examined. In addition, employing such mixes in old concrete restoration was investigated. All through the analytical investigation, the results were analyzed and interpreted. During the inferential investigation, conclusions so as recommendations were inferred. The results indicated that adding nanoparticles reduced the concrete workability and its compressive strength, in comparison to the reference mix. Moreover, the reslts designated that the suitable amount of the nano-CaCo3 and NK nanoparticles were 1% and 5%, respectively. On the other hand, the hybrid nanoparticle proper amount was 0.5% for nano-CaCo3 and 4.5% for NK. This proportion increased the hardening; achieved a better compressive strength so as adhesion to heritage building concrete and enhanced water permeability, in comparison to the reference mix. Innovative about this study is prioritizing the suitable nanoparticles proportions to ensure the efficient performance of concrete in heritage building restoration. Key

Activation of Nano Kaolin Clay for Bio-Glycerol Conversion to a Valuable Fuel Additive

High production of biodiesel results in a surplus of glycerol as a byproduct that leads to a drastic decline in the glycerol price as well as overall biodiesel production. Alternative methods must be introduced for the economical process for biodiesel production via utilization of crude glycerol into valuable chemicals or fuel additives. This study introduces an ecofriendly process of solketal synthesis from glycerol and acetone in the presence of a novel metakaolin clay catalyst, which is a useful additive in biodiesel or gasoline, in order to enhance the octane number and to control the emissions. Moreover, kaolin clay catalysts are low cost, abundantly available, eco-friendly and one of the more promising applications for solketal synthesis. In this study, raw kaolin clay was activated with an easy acid activation technique, modification in physicochemical and textural properties were determined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Among all acid-treated catalysts, metakaolin K3 have shown best catalytic properties, high surface area and pore size after acid activation with 3.0 mol/dm3 at 98 °C for 3 h. Acetalization of glycerol with acetone carried out in the presence of an environmentally friendly and inexpensive novel metakaolin K3 catalyst. The maximum yield of solketal obtained was 84% at a temperature of 50 °C, acetone/glycerol molar ratio 6/1 and for 90 min with novel metakaolin clay catalyst. Effect of various parameters (time, temperature, acetone/glycerol molar ratio, catalyst loading) on the solketal yield and glycerol conversion was discussed in detail. This approach offers an effective way to transform glycerol into solketal—a desirable green chemical with future industrial applications.

The influence of nano kaolin clay as alternative binder on the penetration properties

In the last decade or so, nanomaterials have emerged as the potential solution to greatly enhance the properties of binder with the purpose of improving the performance of asphalt mixture. Due to that, this study evaluates the influence of nano kaolin clay as alternative binder on the penetration properties. The penetration test, penetration index and penetration-viscosity number were conducted in modifying the binder with the percentage of NKC are 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9%, accordingly. The test results showed that the penetration values of modified binder slightly decreased when compared to the controlled binder. On the other hand, the PI and PVN values significantly increase with the NKC content increased.

The effects of nano kaolin clay modified bitumen on the softening point and storage stability

Utilisation of nanomaterials in asphalt binder is widely explored to improve the performance of the bitumen. Among the potential of nanomaterials, nanoclay received much attention as a modifier in bitumen modification due to their low cost of production and abundance in nature especially in tropical country. This study focused on investigating the physical properties of bitumen containing nano kaolin clay (NKC). The NKC were added at different percentages (3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) for the modified bitumen production. The softening point and storage stability test were carried out in order to study the physical properties of bitumen. The results show that the addition of nano kaolin clay positively impacts the physical performance of the asphalt binder. It is enhancing the stiffness in terms of softening and storage stability value.

Performance of nano kaolin clay modified bitumen under aging through the viscosity

Increasing traffic volumes and rising cost of bitumen making it necessary to improve the performance of binder through bitumen modification. Nano particle have emerged as the potential solution to greatly enhance the properties of binder. This study explores the potential application of nano kaolin clay (NKC) as a modifier to improve the performance of bitumen incorporating different percentages of NKC. The performance of NKC modified bitumen was assessed using a viscosity and ageing test. The average size of NKC used was 57.7 nm. Then, 0% (control), 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% NKC by weight of bitumen PEN 60/70 was added. Generally, the results reveal that bitumen binder including nano kaolin clay is more effective in improvement the viscosity properties of asphalt before and after aged.

Different-structured nanoclays incorporated composites: Computational and experimental analysis on mechanical properties

The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polymers (BFRPs) with different structured nanoclays incorporation through experimental and computational approaches. To solve the inherent weak interfacial adhesion problem of inorganic basalt fiber is also one purpose of this study. Halloysite nanotube (HNT) and nano Kaolin, which both derived from Kaolin's sub group, were employed to conduct the study due to their distinctive structures. The HNTs were conducted to heat and silane treatments change the structure and enhance the interfacial bonding. A modified Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka micromechanic model was implemented to predict the effective modulus of BFRPs regarding the structures of incorporated nanoclays. The computational and experimental results demonstrate the identical tendency that a flattened nanoclay structure, or larger sectional aspect ratio, is more effective for the modulus improvement. The lower experimental results comparing to computational results are due to the imperfect nanoclay-resin interfacial bonding. Incorporation of different structured nanoclays also improved the interlaminar strength and toughness of BFRPs by experimental approach. The relative dense and uniform distribution of nanoclays was observed on the interlaminar surface of fractured double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. The bridging effect of tubular structured HNTs which impeded the crack propagation was determined as the mechanism of the improvement of interlaminar properties.

Study the Preparation of Polymeric Coatings Supported by Nanomaterials to Inhibit Corrosion in the Oil Tanks

In order to determine the most suitable composite coatings to inhibit corrosion inthe oil tanks, the protection method was studied by the method of multiple layers ofprotection. Where there were three layers of protection, the base layer is a phosphateprocess using zinc phosphate, the second layer is a base painting (Hydrazine Hydratewith an epoxy zinc coating), while the top layer was a composite coating matrix ofunsaturated polyester and epoxy supported by different fraction weight ofnanomaterials. The top layer was supported by nano kaolin with 1% weight fraction,nano magnesium oxide with 3% weight fraction and nano zinc oxide with 5% weightfraction. The three layers were painted on metal pieces (1.5cm*1.5cm) of corrodedtanks used to store diesel fuel. The hardness of the metal parts was studied before andafter the phosphate process, where the results showed that the sample surface hardnesswas 123 HB and after the phosphate process was 131 HB.The chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion test were carried out for agroup of samples that were painted only once with a topcoat and again with three layersof paint. The results showed that the best protection against corrosion is the sample thatpainted with three layers of coating, and the top coating supported by a nanomagnesium oxide, it has lowest corrosion current value (162.59 nA/cm2). Furthermore,the adhesion test showed that the coating supported by nanomaterials have higher
 adhesion strength than those that are not supported by nanomaterials. Where the highestadhesion strength was (776 Psi) for magnesium oxide nanoparticle coating.

The Mechanical Properties of the Ordinary Portland Cement Containing Nano Metakaolin

ABSTRACT: In this work, the crystalline kaolin granules were grinded in a ball milling machine until reached to a nano scale size. The nano- kaolin was activated by thermal treatment. The nano- kaolin was heated for 2 hours at 750 oC to transfer the nano kaolin from the crystalline phase into the amorphous phase. The activated amorphous nano- metakaoline was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X- ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The activated nano- metakaoline was replaced by different ratios of (OPC) as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by weight of cement. The compressive strength was measured at different curing times 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The thermal treatment of nano kaoline leads to the change from crystal into amorphous phase, as the decreasing of the grain size. It obvious that the compressive strength is increased at the concentration of 10% of nano metakaolin.

Highly efficient removal of paraquat pesticide from aqueous solutions using a novel nano Kaolin modified with sulfuric acid via host–guest interactions

Contamination of wastewaters with pesticides has significant risk for environmental water. In spite of the rule of Europ, paraquat is used extensively as an herbicide in the all around the world and it is likely to be released into drinking water. Therefore the elimination of it from water is very important. In this paper a new sulfuric acid modified nano kaolin sorbent was synthesized with a simple and low cost method. Thereafter it was applied for removing of paraquat and the experimental conditions such as concentration of herbicide, dose of sorbent and pH of solution were optimized. The results showed the unmodified Kaolin wasn’t able to remove the paraquat efficiently. But with the proposed modified nano Kaolin removal percent reach to 98% in a short time 60 min. Also the results showed this system obeys from Frendluich adsorption isotherm.

Nanoparticle in Asphalt Binder: A State-of-The-Art Review

Increasing traffic volumes and the rising cost of bitumen making it necessary to improve the performance of asphalt binder through bitumen modification. Various types of modifiers have been employed as bitumen binders in order to improve the bitumen mixture, particularly with regard to its resistance to aging, cracks due to fatigue and thermal conditions, moisture-induced damage and permanent deformation. This review study summarizes the performance of nanoparticles as an asphalt modifier. Several relevant literatures were reviewed, which related to the matter associated with nanomaterials such as nano-silica, carbon nano-tubes and nano-titanium dioxide. Recent studies showed that the utilisation of nanoparticle gave great benefits in many ways.For instance, nano kaolin as a mineral clay promises non-hazardous effects to road users. This can result in a healthy environment and help towards increasing the application of green technology road construction.

Synthesis of Novel 2-Amino-7-Methyl-4-Aryl-3-(Phenylsulfonyl)Pyrano[4,3-b]Pyran-5(4H)-One Derivatives in the Presence TiCl4 Supported on Kaolin as a Nano Catalyst

Novel 2-amino-7-methyl-4-aryl-3-(phenylsulfonyl) pyrano[4,3-b]pyran-5(4H)-one derivatives containing both biologically active pyran and chromene templates are synthesized via one-pot three-component condensation of aromatic aldehydes, 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one and phenylsulfonylacetonitrile in the presence of nano kaolin/TiCl4 as an efficient and recyclable acid catalyst. Many instrumental techniques including TEM, FE-SEM, and EDX, confirmed the structure of applied nano kaolin supported titanium tetrachloride. The proposed approach has some advantages as excellent yields, mild reaction conditions, eco-friendly, ease of work-up, survival of different functional groups and short reaction times.

Performance of Nano kaolin clay as modified binder in porous asphalt mixture

The performance of porous asphalt (PA) mixture incorporating Nano kaolin clay (NKC) was presented in this study. The study covers basic properties of PA including morphology characteristic, penetration and softening point test. In addition, cantabro loss and resilient modulus test with regards to the variations of mix design of the PA was also examined. The kaolin clay used in this study has gone through the grinding process to produce the NKC with the percentage replacement of bitumen used was 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The results show that the used of NKC improved the physical properties of PA by reducing the penetration value, meanwhile increasing the softening point value. This indicates that NKC enhanced the temperature susceptibility of PA. The experimental result also show that NKC modified binder improved the durability and resistance to rutting and cracking of PA. Furthermore, 5% NKC is also considered as the optimum NKC proportion. The utilization of NKC is able to improve the physical and mechanical properties of PA. Therefore, it can conclude that the performance of PA is also enhanced with utilization of NKC in the bitumen.

Development of some functional properties on viscose fabrics using nano kaolin

Nanoclays are among the more important industrial minerals. They are inexpensive, widely available in nature, and environment friendly. Nano kaolin (NK) is used to impart additional values of viscose fabrics. The mentioned fabrics were treated with different concentrations of NK using pad-dry cure technique. The surface morphology and surface chemical elements of treated as well as untreated fabrics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. Tensile strength and elongation, thickness, bending length, moisture regain and antimicrobial activity of the treated fabrics were evaluated. New colouring material (Thiazolidin), direct and reactive dyes were used for dyeing the treated and untreated fabrics. K/S and washing fastness of the dyed fabrics were assessed and statistically compared using t test. The effect of treatment and dying on performance properties of garments were evaluated by calculating quality factor for each fabric.

Performance of different percentage on nano-kaolin as additives in soil liner application

The groundwater pollution arising from the leaking of leachate at landfill liner is one of the alarming phenomena nowadays. In order to reduce the environmental pollution, a good landfill bottom line is needed. Natural compacted clay is normally selected to construct landfill bottom liner because of their low permeability that prevents the penetration of leachate through the soil thus reaching the groundwater. However, the shortage of natural kaolin has made the researcher seek for other alternative material. In this study, the properties measured are on kaolin which is as one of the mineral clays and mixed with nano-kaolin. The four samples used are 0% nano kaolin mixed with kaolin, 1% of nano-kaolin with kaolin, 2% of nano- kaolin with kaolin and 3% of nano kaolin with kaolin. These four samples were tested on atterberg limit test, shrinkage limit test, specific gravity test, compaction test and hydraulic conductivity. After that, the real practices can be developed after obtaining the result from the entire test. In addition, this study also attempts to compare the performance of adding nanokaolin into kaolin at different percentages. The result will determine the performance of hydraulic conductivity use of kaolin mixed with nanokaolin.

Synthesis and characterization of MK /Slag geopolymer composites enhanced by various ratios of nano kaolin

Synthesis and characterization of MK /Slag geopolymer composites enhanced by various ratios of nano kaolin