Herb Names Research Articles

Classification method of traditional Chinese medicine compound decoction duration based on multi-dimensional feature weighted fusion

This paper extends a text classification method utilizing natural language processing (NLP) into the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound decoction to effectively and scientifically extend the TCM compound decoction duration. Specifically, a TCM compound decoction duration classification named TCM-TextCNN is proposed to fuse multi-dimensional herb features and improve TextCNN. Indeed, first, we utilize word vector technology to construct feature vectors of herb names and medicinal parts, aiming to describe the herb characteristics comprehensively. Second, considering the impact of different herb features on the decoction duration, we use an improved Term Frequency-Inverse Word Frequency (TF-IWF) algorithm to weigh the feature vectors of herb names and medicinal parts. These weighted feature vectors are then concatenated to obtain a multi-dimensional herb feature vector, allowing for a more comprehensive representation. Finally, the feature vector is input into the improved TextCNN, which uses k-max pooling to reduce information loss rather than max pooling. Three fully connected layers are added to generate higher-level feature representations, followed by softmax to obtain the final results. Experimental results on a dataset of TCM compound decoction duration demonstrate that TCM-TextCNN improves accuracy, recall, and F1 score by 5.31%, 5.63%, and 5.22%, respectively, compared to methods solely rely on herb name features, thereby confirming our method’s effectiveness in classifying TCM compound decoction duration.

Development of Search Filters for Clinical Studies of Herbs in PubMed

Clinical studies of herbs are crucial to practice in alternative medicine. However, finding those articles from databases is difficult due to the complexity of terminology. While clinical search filters are helpful, to date there are no search filters specific to clinical studies of herbs. This study aimed to develop search filters to retrieve clinical studies of herbs from PubMed. Relevant clinical study of herb articles from 2019 to 2020 was manually identified from ten selected journals. Search terms were extracted from the articles using PubReMiner, and search strategies composed of one to four search terms were formulated and evaluated. Out of 8,169 articles, 211 were clinical studies of herbs. The two most effective search filters showed 100% sensitivity with 85% specificity and 99% specificity with 55% sensitivity. These queries, respectively, reached 99% sensitivity with 85% specificity and 99% specificity with 60% sensitivity in the validation set. The developed search filters yielded more relevant articles than PubMed’s clinical study filter when using the same herb name. Search filters for clinical studies of herbs were developed successfully. The best search strategy is to use these filters with the name of the herb that the researchers desire.

The Worcester Herbal Glossary: Edition and Commentary

Abstract This study offers the first full edition of a late thirteenth-century herbal glossary preserved in Worcester, Cathedral Library, F 157, as well as a preliminary commentary of textual problems and analogues. This glossary (henceforth: Worcester Herbal Glossary) originally included around 130 Latin plant names with English equivalents; a few entries are lost today because of a lacuna in the manuscript. So far, only a partial – and at times inaccurate – edition of the glossary appeared in Floyer and Hamilton (1906: 184–185). Since then, this lexicographic collection of plant names has been almost wholly ignored by scholars. Remarkably, the Worcester Herbal Glossary seems to originate from a substantial batch of entries from the chapter on the names of herbs in Ælfric’s Glossary. This batch was expanded by means of other material which must have circulated in the Early Middle English period. This additional material parallels entries found in other botanical glossaries of the period – such as that preserved in London, British Library, Harley 978 – and, above all, finds striking analogues in the Middle English recension of the Salernitan medico-botanical glossary known as Alphita (Mowat 1887).

Co rośnie na łące w Polsce, czyli nauczanie cudzoziemców polszczyzny za pomocą treści przedmiotowych

"Referring to the literature on the subject, the author relates on her own didactic experience of teaching Polish to foreigners using the content and language integrated method. The description concerns classes for a group of foreigners from different parts of the world, who came to Warsaw in August 2022 for the Summer Course of Polish Language and Culture (organized by the Polonicum Centre of Warsaw University). During the 90-minute workshop, participants not only learned professional vocabulary related to the world of flora (names of herbs commonly found and used in Poland, phraseologisms, related words etc.), but also referred to Polish cultural creations depicting the natural world."

Późnośredniowieczny łacińsko-polski słowniczek nazw ziół z kodeksu praskiego VI. A. 7

Late-medieval Latin-Polish glossary of Herb names from the Prague Codex VI. A. 7 The paper presents one of the less known Latin-Polish glossaries of plant names from the Franciscan manuscript codex at present kept at the National Library of the Czech Republic in Prague. Even though over a hundred years ago the codex was mentioned among interesting manuscript relics and its links with Przemyśl were suggested, there had never been a thorough analysis of it. Therefore this article is an attempt to trace the provenance of the codex, which turns out to have been from the Franciscan monastery in Przemyśl to Prague. As a result of revived interest in late-medieval and 16th-century herbals, as well as Latin-Polish glossaries of herb names, the author has decided to present that relic. What speaks in favor of that decision is the fact that of the group of 271 plant names, which have been compared with the known dictionaries from Polish codices and herbals, nearly one-third features only in the Przemyśl (Prague) manuscript, thus confirming its value.

Comparing Etymological Characteristics of Plant Naming in Yakut, Even, and Evenk Languages

This article considers issues of language contacts between Yakut, Even, and Evenk people through an analysis of plant vocabulary. We define etymological characteristics of fixed lexical units that denote plant names and present results of a comparative analysis of plant naming in these three languages, with emphasis on lexical parallels and structural types in designating plant names. To our knowledge, this is the first research to undertake a comparative study of plant naming in the Yakut and Tungusic languages (Even and Evenk) with consideration of the methods of their formation. The study is highly relevant because of the unique contribution of plant-world vocabulary in helping to clarify peculiarities of native speakers’ natural environments. Our results show that, based on lexical units with stable semantic meaning, the Evenk language is in the closest position vis-à-vis Yakut. There are 16 names in Yakut of plants and four of common names of herbs that grow on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and have borrowed names in Evenk and Even. Twenty-eight names have lexical parallels in Evenk (including variations) and two in Even.

A REVIEW ON SANSKRIT VERSES FROM THE CHARAKA SAMHITA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO EPILEPSY

The neurological disease of epilepsy is covered in detail in the ancient Ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita, compiled more than 2000 years ago. The description of the disease and treatment options mention several essential herbs and plants, which may help identify new medications for epilepsy. This article outlines the English transliteration of a few important Sanskrit verses from the Charaka Samhita and mentions the botanical names of herbs and plants mentioned in the text. Few verses that describe how to maintain a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition to avoid disease are also included.

The potency of ethanolic extract from corn silk as natural antibiotics for acne-related bacteria: A preliminary study

Introduction: Corn silk or known as herb name stigma maydis is an important medicinal botanical in many traditional medicines worldwide, including jamu, an Indonesia traditional medicine. The exploration of corn silk to treat acne vulgaris is still lacking, therefore the current research was conducted to analyze the activity of ethanolic extract from corn silk (EECS) against 3 acne-related bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of EECS at concentration range of 10 to 100% v/v was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. As comparation, distilled water was used as a solvent control, while 1% clindamycin was used as a positive control. Results: Shinoda’s test showed that flavonoid was detected in the EECS. The higher concentration of EECS exhibited higher diameter of inhibition zone indicating higher antibacterial activity on P. acnes, while the antibacterial activity of S. epidermidis was not increased at similar concentrations of EECS. The antibacterial activity of EECS against S. aureus decreased at the higher EECS concentration (>70%). Conclusion: Taken together, EECS is a potential as a bioactive source to inhibit the growth of acne-related bacteria P. acne, S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Further investigation is needed to explore the corn silk or stigma maydis as a medicinal botanical in jamu targeted to treat acne vulgaris. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21(1) 2022 Page : 84-89

An Improved Deep Learning Model: S-TextBLCNN for Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Classification.

Purpose: This study proposes an S-TextBLCNN model for the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula classification. This model uses deep learning to analyze the relationship between herb efficacy and formula efficacy, which is helpful in further exploring the internal rules of formula combination. Methods: First, for the TCM herbs extracted from Chinese Pharmacopoeia, natural language processing (NLP) is used to learn and realize the quantitative expression of different TCM herbs. Three features of herb name, herb properties, and herb efficacy are selected to encode herbs and to construct formula-vector and herb-vector. Then, based on 2,664 formulae for stroke collected in TCM literature and 19 formula efficacy categories extracted from Yifang Jijie, an improved deep learning model TextBLCNN consists of a bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) neural network and a convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. Based on 19 formula efficacy categories, binary classifiers are established to classify the TCM formulae. Finally, aiming at the imbalance problem of formula data, the over-sampling method SMOTE is used to solve it and the S-TextBLCNN model is proposed. Results: The formula-vector composed of herb efficacy has the best effect on the classification model, so it can be inferred that there is a strong relationship between herb efficacy and formula efficacy. The TextBLCNN model has an accuracy of 0.858 and an F1-score of 0.762, both higher than the logistic regression (acc = 0.561, F1-score = 0.567), SVM (acc = 0.703, F1-score = 0.591), LSTM (acc = 0.723, F1-score = 0.621), and TextCNN (acc = 0.745, F1-score = 0.644) models. In addition, the over-sampling method SMOTE is used in our model to tackle data imbalance, and the F1-score is greatly improved by an average of 47.1% in 19 models. Conclusion: The combination of formula feature representation and the S-TextBLCNN model improve the accuracy in formula efficacy classification. It provides a new research idea for the study of TCM formula compatibility.

Когнитивные механизмы номинации растений в английском языке

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.

Overview of Current Herb-Drug Interaction Databases.

An HERB-Drug Interaction (HDI) database is a structured data collection method for HDI information extracted from scattered literatures for quick retrieval. Our review summarized the ten currently available HDI databases, including those databases comprising HDI on the market. A detailed comparison on the scope of monographs, including the nature of content extracted from the original literature and user interfaces of these databases, was performed, and the number of references of fifty popular herbs in each HDI database was counted and presented in a heatmap to give users an intuitive understanding of the focuses of different HDI databases. Since it is well known that the development and maintenance of databases need continuous investment of capital and manpower, the sustainability of these databases was also reviewed and compared. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, especially Natural Language Processing (NLP), have been applied to screen specific topics from massive articles and automatically identify the names of drugs and herbs in the literature. However, its application on the labor-intensive extraction and evaluation of HDI-related experimental conditions and results from literature remains limited due to the scarcity of these HDI data and the lack of well-established annotated datasets for these specific NLP recognition tasks. In view of the difficulties faced by current HDI databases and potential expansion of AI application in HDI database development, we propose a standardized format for data reporting and use of Concept Unique Identifier (CUI) for medical terms in the literature to accelerate the structured data collection. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The worldwide popularity of botanical and/or traditional medicine products has raised safety concerns due to potential HDI. However, the publicly available HDI databases are mostly outdated or incomplete. Through our review of the currently available HDI databases, a clear understanding of the key issues could be obtained and possible solutions to overcome the labour-intensive extraction as well as professional evaluation of information in HDI database development are proposed.

Chinese Herbal Medicine for Treating Epilepsy.

Chinese herbal medicine has a long history of use for treating epilepsy. Because of the side effects of Western antiepileptic therapy and the quest for more accessible treatment, complementary and alternative medicines have become popular. Traditional Chinese medical diet therapy appears to be safe and effective. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library through November 2020 for the use of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical settings, including plants, fungi, and animals. Combinations of keywords included “epilepsy,” “seizure,” “antiepileptic,” “anticonvulsive,” “Chinese herbal medicine,” “Chinese herb,” and each of the Latin names, English names, and scientific names of herbs. We also summarized the sources and functions of these herbs in Chinese medicine. Different herbs can be combined to increase antiepileptic effects through various mechanisms, including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, GABAergic effect enhancement, modulation of NMDA channels and sodium channel, and neuroprotection. Despite reports of their anticonvulsive effects, adequate experimental evidence and randomized controlled clinical trials are required to confirm their antiepileptic effects.

LEKSIKON ETNOMEDISIN PADA PENGOBATAN PENYAKIT KULIT MELAYU SUKADANA: KAJIAN EKOLINGUISTIK

This research aims to describe the etnomedicine lexicon in skin illness theraphy of Sukadana Malay.The etnomedicine lexicon in skin illness theraphy of Sukadana Malay includes lexicons of Sukadana Malay skin illness's names, lexicons of herb's names that are used to heal Sukadana Malay skin illness and lexicons of the way of healing Sukadana Malay skin illnes. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method and uses an ecolinguistic study approach to analyze the ethnomedicin lexicon in the treatment of Sukadana Malay skin disease. The source of data is the interview result from the informant ( Sukadana Malay citizen) about etnomedicine lexicon in skin illness therapy of Sukadana Malay. The result of the research gathers 22 lexicons of Sukadana Malay skin illness's names, 39 lexicons of herb's names that are used to heal Sukadana Malay skin illness and 9 lexicons of the way of healing Sukadana Malay skin illness.

Named Entity Recognition of Traditional Chinese Medicine Patents Based on BiLSTM‐CRF

With the growing popularity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the world and the increasing awareness of intellectual property protection, the number of TCM patent application is growing year by year. TCM patents contain rich medical, legal, and economic information. Effective text mining of TCM patents is of great theoretical and practical significance (e.g., the R&D of new medicines, patent infringement litigation, and patent acquisition). Named entity recognition (NER) is a fundamental task in natural language processing and a crucial step before indepth analysis of TCM patent. In this paper, a method combining Bidirectional Long Short‐Term Memory neural network with Conditional Random Field (BiLSTM‐CRF) is proposed to automatically recognize entities of interest (i.e., herb names, disease names, symptoms, and therapeutic effects) from the abstract texts of TCM patents. By virtue of the capabilities of deep learning methods, the semantic information in the context can be learned without feature engineering. Experiments show that the BiLSTM‐CRF‐based method provides superior performance in comparison with various baseline methods.

ФЛОРОНИМЫ В ЛИРИКЕ С. А. ЕСЕНИНА

The lexemes of the thematic group «Nominations of the plant world» are very common in the poetry of S. A. Yesenin, which determines the significance of this thematic component for the author. The article attempts to classify and analyze the floronyms selected from the lyrical poems of the poet in volume 1 of the complete works. The purpose of this article is to analyze the frequency and features of using floronyms in lyrics, as well as to trace the patterns of development of S. A. Yesenin's idiostyle. The paper shows the use of lexemes from the following subgroups: names of trees, shrubs, flowers, herbs, grains and vegetables. Their main functions in the poetic text are to create a landscape, with floronyms most often evoking memories of one's native land, as well as to portray the lyrical hero's inner suffering. The central image of nature – the birch tree – had a direct true connection with the poet's homeland, and the whole of Russia was «birch-like» for S.A. Yesenin. Yesenin's birch tree becomes the "heroine" of most of his poems as a symbol of love for his country, his homeland, his father's home. The peculiarities of word usage, such as metaphorical transfer of meanings, artistic personification, violation of lexical compatibility, create the individual style of the poet Sergey Yesenin. In addition, the use of lexemes of this thematic group shows the poet's closeness to nature and people, the mythological ideas of herbs and trees from his childhood, folklore traditions representing the Russian nature and soul, which expands our understanding of the linguistic and poetic picture of S. Yesenin's world.

Study on drug properties and syndrome-symptom-formula-herb network of traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of effort angina pectoris based on data visualization

This article aims to explore drug properties and syndrome-symptom-formula-herb network of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the treatment of effort angina pectoris based on data visualization, and provide useful references for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Literatures about TCM formula for effort angina pectoris from databases of CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and CBM were retrieved from the database-building to August 31, 2019. The name of syndromes, symptoms, formulas, and herbs were standardized, and the corresponding databases were established. Frequency, four properties, five flavors, and meridian were analyzed. Visualized syndrome-symptom-formula-herb network relationships were constructed by bioinformatic analysis. A total of 202 formulas were included, and 218 kinds of TCM were involved. There were 56 herbs with the use frequency of more than 10, involving 78 syndromes and 162 symptoms. TCM formulas in the treatment of effort angina pectoris mainly included herbs with effects in invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis, tonifying deficiency, Qi-regulating, resolving phlegm and relieving cough and asthma, relieving exterior disorder, and heat-clearing. The main properties were warm, cold and mild(accounting for 95%); the main flavors were sweet, bitter and pungent(accounting for 89%); and meridians were mainly spleen, heart, liver, lung, stomach, and kidney(accounting for 89%). Syndrome-symptom-formula-herb network of TCM in the treatment of effort angina pectoris were successfully constructed. The high-frequency syndromes of this disease were Qi deficiency and blood stasis, Qi stagnation and blood stasis, heart blood stasis, and turbid phlegm and blood stasis, and its high-frequency symptoms were chest tightness, chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, fatigue, dark purple tongue, spontaneous sweating, and abundant phlegm. High-frequency core formulas of this disease included Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction, Gualou Xiebai Banxia Decoction, Danshen Decoction, Taohong Siwu Decoction, Shengmai Powder, Buyang Huanwu Decoction and Zhigancao Decoction, and their core herbs included Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Trichosanthis Fructus, Allium Macrostemonis Bulbus, Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Persicae Semen, Carthami Flos, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Poria, Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum. Drug properties and syndrome-symptom-formula-herb networks of TCM in the treatment of effort angina pectoris can realize data visualization, objectively reflect the clinical syndrome differentiation and rule of medication, and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Analisis Lanjut Pemanfaatan Empiris Ramuan Seledri (Apium graveolens L) oleh Penyehat Tradisional

Celery (Apium graveolens L) is a very popular plant as a soup and many other vegetable menus. Celery has benefits as a medicinal plant and the efficacy has been known worlwide. Research on Medicinal Plants and Herbs (Ristoja) conducted in 2012, 2015, and 2017 has collected thousands of herbs and some of them contain celery. This study carried out further analysis on the empirical use of celery as an ingredient of traditional medicine by traditional healers (Hattra) through interviews and observations. Based on Ristoja's data, they found 90 herbs and among them there were 20 local names of herbs which are used by Hattra. The celery by Hattra was empirically identified for 10 types of diseases treatment. It was used mostly for hypertension or high blood pressure treatment and justificatied scientifically through other scientific literatures. It was recommended that celery could be use for self-medication a mild hypertension patient. Celery was safe although there are still contra indications. The celery treatment should be socialized through promotive activities in elderly posyandu activities remain under supervision of health workers

Decoding an Old 1907 Prescription of Dr. Ing Hay (“Doc Hay”): One of the Earliest Chinese Medicine Doctors in the United States

Objectives: Chinese medicine doctors have practiced in the United States since April of 1854, the world's first Chinese medicine doctor's memorial is Kam Wah Chung Museum in John Day, Oregon, U.S., to commemorate Dr.Ing Hay (”Doc Hay” 伍于念) and his business partner Lung On (梁光荣). There were few studies to explore Doc Hay's real practice and prescription, while most of papers focused on Doc Hay's legend life. This paper aims to analyze and interpret one of the intriguing herbal prescriptions that Doc Hay had hand-written. Materials and Methods: Dr. Arthur Yin Fan made an academic travel to Kam Wah Chung museum on August 5, 2018 and examined the books and hand-written prescriptions of Doc Hay, which were not exhibited to the public at that time. This paper analyzes and interprets one of herbal prescriptions that Doc Hay had hand-written in 1907. Interpretation process included four steps: (1): Transform Doc Hay's hand-written prescription (with original herb names) to standard herb names in Chinese. (2): Induct and rearrange the herb name into groups based on herb property characteristics and then translate them into both PinYin names and English names. Analyzation of the prescription may include in what classic formula (s) routinely introduced in Chinese medicine textbooks. (3): Analyze the herbal action for each group and potential symptoms or conditions the patient may have had. An analysis of classic formula (s) used in the prescription may represent what clinical condition was being treated at that time. (4): Combine the analysis to give a comprehensive picture of the patient. Results: The prescription consists of 67 herbs, total 934.6 grams, and including Yin Qiao Powder (银翘散), Sang Ju Decoction (桑菊饮), Zhi Sou Powder (止嗽散), Qing Ying Decoction (清营汤), Xi Jiao Di Huang Decoction (犀角地黄汤), Long Dan Xie Gan Decoction (龙胆泻肝汤) and Chai Hu Shu Gan Powder (柴胡疏肝散). Speculation indicated that the prescription was for a patient who had obvious pulmonary infection accompanied by severe cough, and probably had prolonged pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) also with acute respiratory infection caused by other bacteria or viruses. Based on the analysis of composition of this prescription, it can be used for the treatment of epidemic diseases. Conclusion: The majority of herbs used in this prescription are commonly included in the herbal medicines in China used to effectively counter severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1 and currently COVID-19, it might be Doc Hay's basic formula for patients with “Spanish Flu” during the 1918-1920 pandemic.

Identifying Herbal Adverse Events From Spontaneous Reporting Systems Using Taxonomic Name Resolution Approach.

The efficacy and safety of herbal supplements suffer from challenges due to non-uniform representation of ingredient terms within biomedical and observational health data sources. The nature of how supplement data are reported within Spontaneous Reporting Systems (SRS) can limit analyses of supplement-associated adverse events due to the use of incorrect nomenclature or failing to identify herbs. This study aimed to extract, standardize, and summarize supplement-relevant reports from two SRSs: (1) Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and (2) Canada Vigilance Adverse Reaction (CVAR) database. A thesaurus of plant names was developed and integrated with a mapping and normalization approach that accommodated misspellings and variants. The reports gathered from FAERS between the years 2004 and 2016 show 185,915 herbal and 7,235,330 non-herbal accounting for 2.51%. The data from CVAR found 36,940 reports of herbal and 503,580 non-herbal reports between the years 1965 and 2017 for a total of 6.83%. Although not all cases were actual adverse events due to numerous variables and incomplete reporting, it is interesting to note that the herbs most frequently reported and significantly associated with adverse events were as follows: Avena sativa (Oats), Cannabis sativa (marijuana), Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), Humulus lupulus (hops), Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort), Paullinia cupana (guarana), Phleum pretense (timothy-grass), Silybum marianum (milk thistle), Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion), and Valeriana officinalis (valerian). Using a scalable approach for mapping and resolution of herb names allowed data-driven exploration of potential adverse events from sources that have remained isolated in this specific area of research. The results from this study highlight several herb-associated safety issues providing motivation for subsequent in-depth analyses, including those that focus on the scope and severity of potential safety issues with supplement use.

Iconic Meanings of Traditional Herbs and Shrubs: Culture-Specific Based Envirolinguistic Perspective

Traditional herbs and shrubs, which are ubiquitous all over the world, have been used in various cultures for many purposes, such as for medicinal and ornamental purposes. These herbs and shrubs have different names depending on the cultures where the plants grow. This envirolinguistic research which aims to conserve the names of the traditional herbs based on local culture in the perspective of linguistic and environment is a descriptive qualitative linguistic research. The tangible data of this envirolinguistic research is the list of names of the traditional herbs and plants obtained from many data resources. The location of the data sources is the places identified as the center of the agriculture of the traditional herbs in Yogyakarta Special Region and surrounding areas. Besides, in this digital era, the names of the traditional herbs can be obtained from the Internet websites. These two locational resources make the research adequately feasible to be analyzed. The linguistic data, which is the end-product of this research, are gathered or obtained by the use of observation method. The technique used to gather data also includes transcribing or recording techniques. Data can also be obtained by giving cues during the interview. This technique is sometimes accompanied by recording or transcribing, both directly and indirectly, open or secretly. The data analysis in the envirolinguistic research on the names of traditional herbs is conducted by applying the equivalent method and distributional method as commonly practiced in the linguistic research. The iconic meanings of herbs and shrubs resulted from the analysis were then presented.