Nakhon Ratchasima Research Articles

Prospective longitudinal study of men who have sex with men and transgender women to determine HIV incidence in two provinces in Thailand

Background In Thailand, HIV transmission is well characterized in large urban centers such as Bangkok and Chiang Mai but less so outside of these areas. The main purpose of this study was to assess HIV incidence and associated risk factors in Nakhon Ratchasima and Ratchaburi. Methods Participants assigned male sex at birth were enrolled in this prospective observational cohort study between November 2017 and July 2018. HIV and syphilis testing and sociobehavioral questionnaires were administered over 18 months. HIV incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Poisson distribution. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CIs for associations between potential risk factors and HIV seroconversion. Results A total of 1003 participants were enrolled. Overall HIV incidence was 1.56 per 100 person-years (95% CI:1.02–2.44) and similar at both sites. In the fully adjusted model, sex with a sex worker in the past six months was associated with reduced risk of seroconversion (aHR:0.10, 95% CI:0.01–0.77). In the reduced adjusted model, receptive anal sex (aHR:3.40, 95% CI:1.32–8.74) and STI diagnosis in the past six months (aHR:3.58, 95% CI:1.19–10.76) were associated with seroconversion, while sex with a sex worker in the past six months was associated with reduced risk of seroconversion (aHR:0.11, 95% CI:0.02–0.67). Additionally, 56% reported interest in taking PrEP and 82% reported willingness to participate in a hypothetical future vaccine trial. Conclusions Recent receptive anal sex practices were associated with HIV acquisition in these populations, highlighting the continued need for interventions encouraging safer anal sex practices to reduce HIV incidence.

Factors associated with recurrent stroke in Sikhio District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

Background: Stroke survivors can experience residual disability and are at risk for subsequent strokes that might cause further damage or even death. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with recurrent stroke in Sikhio District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Method: We used gender and age characteristics to match our study participants in a ratio of 1 case patient to 2 controls. The total sample size was 111 participants, 37 participants with recurrent stroke were considered as the case group and 74 participants without recurrent stroke were the control group. The case group was diagnosed by a physician along with a computerized tomography (CT) scan and received treatment at Sikhio Hospital in the period of 1 October 2021 - 30 September 2022. Face-to-face data were collected by a structured questionnaire and compared to the medical record. Results: The study revealed that risk factors associated with recurrent stroke in Sikhio District were comorbidities (AOR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.35-15.86, p < 0.014) and systolic blood pressure (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.10-5.78, p < 0.049). Conclusion: Comorbidities and systolic blood pressure represented a risk to recurrent stroke among post-stroke patients. Therefore, hospitals should find effective methods to care for patients with co-morbidities and promote knowledge about blood pressure control.

Facing Storm: Context of Vulnerability of Marginalized People in Thai-Isan Urban Areas during COVID-19

This study examines the context of vulnerability of marginalized people in urban area of the Northeastern Thailand during the Covid – 19 pandemics. This study employed a qualitative research methodology to collect data through in-depth interview with the key informants who were marginalized people in urban area of Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Khon Kaen Municipality, and Udon Thani Municipality, totaling thirty persons. The study results indicate that the phenomena of marginalized people towards the situation of the coronavirus disease outbreak, including shock, seasonal changes, and trends that occur during the time of the outbreak.

Revisiting the Period Change and Frequency Analysis of a Variable Star SZ Lyncis

This study aims to investigate the period change of the variable star SZ Lyncis. The observations were conducted at the Regional Observatory for the Public, Nakhon Ratchasima (ROP-NMA), operated by the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT), on January 8th-9th and February 19th-20th 2024. The data was acquired using the CCD camera with a B-filter mount on the 0.7-m reflecting telescope. We report the period change of 1.37(±0.08)´10-12 day cycle-1. Analysis of the O-C diagram revealed the presence of a binary companion with a semi-amplitude of 0.0052(±0.0002) days, the projected semi-major axis of 0.90(±0.04) AU, the eccentricity of 0.25(±0.09), and the orbital period of 1184.1(±1.5) days and the mass function of 0.07(±0.01) M⨀. We also identified the time-series light curve data using the Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in the Period04 package and obtained results of four frequencies. The main frequency of 8.29630(±0.00002) cycle day-1 corresponds to a period of 0.1205357(±0.0000003) days. These results contribute to our understanding of the pulsation properties of SZ Lyncis and its binary system.

The Budget Management Supported by the Government Sector to Systemic Private Schools, Nakhon Ratchasima Province

Background and Aims: Budgetary management of educational institutions focuses on management independence. This makes it flexible, transparent, and auditable. By adhering to management principles that focus on achievement and operating results. Budget management in this way also places importance on profiting from the educational institution's assets. Including generating income from various services to support efficient management and maximum educational benefits. This results in better quality for learners. The objective of this research is to study and compare the level of opinions of personnel towards budget management supported by the government sector of private schools in the system, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Classified according to position and duty education level and experience in budget operations In addition, the objective is to study guidelines for managing budgets supported by the government sector of private schools in Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Methodology: The sample group used in the research was personnel from private schools in the system. In Nakhon Ratchasima Province, a total of 354 people, were obtained by stratified random sampling. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire using a 5-level rating scale, with an IOC value between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value equal to 0.72. In addition, a structured interview was used. To collect additional information data analysis uses a variety of statistics including: Finding frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, F-test, and testing differences between groups using Scheffe's method. (Scheffé's Method) to compare data in cases where there are many groups. Results: The results of the research found that (1) budget management supported by the government sector of private schools in the system of Nakhon Ratchasima Province Overall is at a high level. When considering each area, it was found that budget management in all areas was at a high level. (2) Results of comparative analysis of budget management supported by the government sector of private schools in the system, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Classified by position and experience in budget work. Found that there was no difference but when classified according to educational level, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference at the .05 level. (3) Guidelines for managing budgets supported by the government sector of private schools in the system, Nakhon Ratchasima Province found that educational institutions have effective ways to organize and manage budgets. Emphasis is placed on budget allocation that takes into account output and cost of output. There is a procurement system that is orderly, concise, transparent, and can be audited. Moreover, complete accounting documents are used. And there is a continuous internal audit. To manage the budget according to the principles of good management. Conclusion: The research results found that Budget management in private schools in Nakhon Ratchasima Province has been significantly improved thanks to government support which helps to enhance excellence in every aspect. It also emphasizes the importance of consistent policy and strict adherence to procedures in budget allocation. Focusing on work efficiency and responsibility in using resources in a worthwhile and effective manner.

Administration of the Educational Institution's Student Care and Support System Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: This research has the following objectives: 1) to study and compare the level of opinions of personnel regarding the administration of the student support system in educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. By gender Work experience and the size of the educational institution and 2) to explore ways to develop the administration of the student care and support system in the same educational institution. Methodology: The sample group in this research consisted of 327 personnel under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, using the Krejsi and Morgan sampling table. The research tools include a questionnaire with 5 rating scales and a structured interview. Which has an IOC value in the range of 0.80 to 1.00 and a confidence value of 0.83. In data analysis, various statistics were used, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test and F-test Results: The research results include the following findings: (1) the administration of the student care and support system of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 is overall at a high level. Which when considered in each aspect, it was found that administration in all aspects is at a high level. (2) Administration of the educational institution's student care and support system Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 has a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level when classified by gender. While when classified by work experience and size of educational institution found that there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for the administration of the student care and support system of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 found that data were collected through visiting students' homes. Using student behavior assessments to screen students organizing activities to make students know how to control themselves and strengthen skills in living with others. There is also cooperation between teachers, schools and parents in preventing and solving student problems. Including understanding and explaining to students and parents the need to refer students with problems for help. Conclusion: The study found that the administration of the student care and support system at Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 is effective, with high performance in all areas, though gender differences were found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, effective student care requires collaboration among schools, teachers, and parents, as well as the use of assessments and home visits to address and prevent student issues while encouraging self-control and social skills.

Creative Leadership in the Digital Age of School Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office

Background and Aims: The main objectives of this research are to: (1) study the level of creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office. (2) Compare the creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office classified by educational level work experience and the size of the educational institution. (3) Study guidelines for developing creative leadership in the digital era for school administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office classified by educational level work experience and the size of the educational institution. Methodology: The sample group in this research is teachers under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office, 406 people, selected according to the proportion of the population and the sample size related to the number of schools. The tool used to collect data is a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale with a consistency index between 0.60-1.00 and a reliability value of 0.97. For data analysis, statistics were used, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test, One-way ANOVA, and F-test. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) Creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office was overall at a high level. (2) Comparison of creative leadership in the digital age of administrators. Educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office, classified by work experience It was found that overall every aspect was significantly different at the 0.05 level, with the average of executives with 15 years or more of work experience being higher than those of executives with less than 15 years of work experience. When classified according to the size of the educational institution It was found that overall there was no difference. and when classified by educational level It was found that overall there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for developing creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office consists of 6 areas: 1) Vision 2) teamwork and participation 3) creativity 4) digital skills 5) motivation 6) being a learning organization. Conclusion: Creative leadership in the digital age of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Secondary Educational Service Area Office Continuous personal and professional development is required. Through seeking knowledge from various learning sources to enhance skills, processes, or methods that can be applied to solve problems and improve educational institution administration for maximum efficiency.

The Information Technology Management of Educational Institution Administrators under the Jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: This research aims to study 1) the level of information technology management of educational institution administrators under the supervision of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. 2) Compare the level of opinions of personnel regarding information technology management among school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, classified by position. Size of the educational institution and length of service. 3) Study the information technology management methods of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. Methodology: The research sample consisted of 327 administrators and teachers under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, which were obtained from stratified random sampling. The research tools consisted of a 5-level rating scale questionnaire and a structured interview. Which has an IOC value between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value of 0.73. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation. T-test, F-test and pairwise difference test using Scheffe' method. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) information technology management of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, overall, was at a high level. When considering each aspect separately It was found that information technology management in all aspects was at a high level. (2) Results of comparative analysis of information technology management of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, both in overall terms, each aspect, and each item. It was found that when classified according to the location and size of the educational institution. There is a statistically significant difference at the .05 level, however, when classified by years of service not differences found. (3) Guidelines for information technology management by administrators of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 found that educational institutions should support information and communication technology budgets for use in teaching and learning. Including coordinating with networks from communities, government organizations, and the private sector to participate in technology and communication support for education. Conclusion: The results of the study found that Information technology management by school administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 is overall at a high level. When considering each aspect separately It was found that information technology management in all aspects was also at a high level.

The Use of Technology in the Management of Educational Institution Administrators Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: Nowadays, technology clearly plays an important role in people's daily lives. We live in an era where borderless communication has made great progress. Various conveniences have been invented and developed that help in human life. Allows us to access information quickly and more conveniently. More and more, therefore, humans are beginning to see the importance of information and its use. As a result, technology has become an important part that strengthens the basic necessities of life. Learning and adapting to new technology is necessary now and in the future. This research aims to: (1) Study the level of use of technology in administration by school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. (2) Compare opinions about the use of technology in administration between school administrators and teachers in Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. (3) Study guidelines for developing the use of technology in the administration of school administrators in the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. Methodology: The research sample consisted of 317 school administrators and teachers. The sample size was determined according to Krejci and Morgan's table. This resulted in a consistency index between 0.80 and 1.00, while the reliability value of the entire questionnaire was 0.86. For data analysis, statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used. Including t-test. and examining the pairwise average by dividing the F value. Results: The results of the research are as follows: (1) The use of technology in the management of school administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, overall and in each aspect, is at a high level. (2) Results of comparing opinions on the use of technology in the administration of educational institution administrators according to position. Work experience and the size of the educational institution found that there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for developing the use of technology in the administration of educational institution administrators under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, consisting of 4 areas: 1) academic administration, 2) budget management, 3) Human resource management and 4) general administration Conclusion: Development of the use of technology in the management of educational institution administrators under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, resulting in change and creating opportunities for the organization. modification organizational operating structure to increase efficiency in production and service relationships within the organization.

The School Budget Management under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Background and Aims: Budgeting in its present form began in England around the 16th-17th centuries. During that time The House of Representatives successfully reserved the power to approve government revenue and expenditures. This shows that current budgeting is related to the evolution of the governance system. After the preparation of this budget, it was extended to local government organizations, educational institutions, and other agencies, both public and private. The purpose of this research is to study and compare the level of opinions of personnel regarding budget management of schools under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4. Classified by position, school size, and work experience. Including the study of guidelines for developing budget management for schools under the said organization. Methodology: The sample used in the research consisted of 196 school administrators and heads of budget management groups of educational institutions under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, which were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale with an IOC between 0.80 - 1.00 and a confidence value of 0.85. In addition, a structured interview was used to collect data for data analysis. Various statistics were used, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, T-test and F-test. Results: The results of the research are as follows: (1) School budget management Under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, the overall level is at a high level. And when considering each aspect, it was found that budget management was at a high level in every aspect. (2) Comparative analysis of budget management of schools under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, found to be significantly different at the 0.05 level. When classified by position but when classified by school size and work experience, no differences were found. (3) The budget management guidelines of schools under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 that should be implemented include: Analysis of strengths and weaknesses Budget allocation is adequate and comprehensive. Having an internal audit system Creating a fundraising plan and using resources from outside agencies or stakeholders. Including having proof of receipt and payment. Preparing accurate accounts according to regulations and reporting information on supplies and equipment (M-OBEC), including creating up-to-date information on buildings, land, structures, and assets (B-OBEC). Conclusion: Budget management of schools under the jurisdiction of the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Office, District 4, that were all assessed were considered to have a high level of expertise. To ensure continued efficiency and transparency in financial management. There should be various guidelines such as detailed data analysis. Establishment of an internal audit system and recording information correctly All of which should be strictly implemented to strengthen confidence in the budget management process.

Still Standing Defiantly: Guidelines for Reducing Inequality of Human capital in the Northeast of Thailand during the Covid-19 pandemic

This study aimed to develop an approach to reduce human capital inequality of marginalized people in the northeastern of Thailand during the Covid – 19 pandemics. This study employed a qualitative research methodology to collect data through focus group discussions with the focus group discussion guideline from a group of key informants who were stakeholders in urban development and the quality-of-life development in Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Khon Kaen Municipality, and Udon Thani Municipality, totaling thirty-six persons. The study results indicate that there were three approaches to reducing human capital inequality of marginalized people in northeastern Thailand during the Covid – 19 pandemic as were follows: a) Promote the civil society networks, 2) Develop Human capital of marginal households, and3) Develop a tripartite inequality reduction mechanism between government agencies, the public sector, and civil society to coordinate cooperation between agencies to share information and problems for further resolutions.

Potential Development in Knowledge, Chest Compression Skill, Automated External Defibrillator Skill and Basic Life Support for Thai Village Health Volunteer

Background and objectives: Currently, emergencies from complications, congenital disease, or physical pathology, such as out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), are important causes of death and hospital admission, and sudden cardiac arrest occurs until the heart stops working immediately. This study aims to To examine the results of repeated measurements with Qualitative Confirmation of results, knowledge, understanding, chest compression skills, use of AEDs, and basic life support for village health volunteers (VHV). Methods: This mixed-method. Phase 1 quasi-experimental research. The sample group consisted of 30 Village Health Volunteers (VHV) selected using a simple random sampling method. The tool used in this research was the basic life support program that seduces a group process. Knowledge assessment form and basic life support skills. Data collection was performed by repeated measurement six times; Phase 2, qualitative research by discussing Basic life support program of Village Health Volunteers (VHV) that participated in the quantitative research program. After the 6th follow-up repeat measurement for one month, the sample was selected randomly from 10 participants in the program in phase 1. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis ANOVA with repeated measures, and statistical data. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: The findings of the quantitative study showed that Village Health Volunteer (VHV) had knowledge scores on patient assessment and environment, chest compression, use of AED, and basic life support. From each measurement, there was a better direction statistically significant at the qualitative level of 0.01. Conclusion: Basic life support program using group processes can develop potential and increase confidence in knowledge and understanding, skills in patient assessment and environment, chest compression, use of AED, and basic life support. Therefore, knowledge, understanding, and basic life support skills should be regularly and continuously reviewed to ensure resuscitation efficiency. Word count: 5,578 words, excluding references. Funding Statement: The study was supported by a grant from Non Sung Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Conflict of Interest declaration: The authors declare that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Author Contributions: AV and PC contributed to the design and implementation of the research, JK and KV to the analysis of the results, and TB and TP to the writing of the manuscript.

Air Pollution Forecasting in a Regional Context for Sustainable Management

The aim of this research was to develop and apply a statistical model that can be used to forecast long-term daily maximum particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) concentrations. In order to predict the daily maximum PM2.5 concentrations in the northeastern region of Thailand, the extreme value theory was analyzed, and an appropriate distribution model was identified by employing the Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). The data of daily maximum PM2.5 concentrations during the years 2021–2023 obtained from six stations was used. These stations are located in Khon Kaen, Loei, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nong Khai, Nakhon Phanom, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces. The results of this study reveal that the GPD is appropriate based on the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics Test. Estimating the return levels during the following return periods: 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 25 years, 50 years, and 100 years showed that the area in the upper northeastern region, particularly Loei and Nakhon Phanom, has daily maximum PM2.5 concentrations above 500 micrograms per cubic meter. These results can also be used as information to support decision-making when conducting response planning in high-risk areas, which can be helpful for efficient resource planning and prevention actions. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-05-024 Full Text: PDF

Examining the relationship between health literacy and pesticide protective behaviors among farmers in Thailand

Background The use of chemical pesticides without proper health literacy (HL) and necessary pesticide protective behaviors (PPB) can result in adverse effects on human health. Methods This study aims to determine if there is a correlation between HL and PPB among farmers in the Nakhon Ratchasima province, using a random sample of 464 farmers. Structured interviews consisted of three parts: 1. General information, 2. Health literacy (including knowledge, understanding, and other sub-aspects), and 3. Protective behaviors against chemical exposure. Each part of the questionnaire had a reliability index of 0.60 or higher. The reliability of the 2nd and 3rd parts of the questionnaire were as follows: sub-sections of part 2 had a Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) coefficient of 0.79 and Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient of 0.85-0.86, while part 3 had an α of 0.88. Risk of chemical exposure was assessed using a Cholinesterase Reactive Paper test administered by a finger-prick blood test. Data was analyzed using the Spearman correlation and binary logistic regression. The study was reviewed by the Human Research Ethics Committee with the approval date: August 9, 2021, and expiry date: August 9, 2022. Results Most participants had moderate levels of overall HL (48.8%) and PPB (44.6%). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between HL and PPB (rs(478) = 0.70, p<.005). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that HL had a statistically significant positive association with PPB (p<.001, OR = 6.57, 95% CI 3.95, 10.94) and was associated with blood cholinesterase levels. Conclusions These findings highlight the need for increased health literacy among farmers in Thailand to ensure correct protective behaviors against chemical exposure and reduce the adverse effects of pesticide exposure on human health.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Land Surface Temperature, Urban Heat Island, and Potential Heat Stress Risk Areas Assessment for Tropical Inland City and Coastal City in Thailand

Global warming and rapid urban growth, compounded by the urban heat island (UHI) effect, are posing substantial challenges for urban populations and ecological well-being due to increased heat stress risks. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of land surface temperature (LST), UHI, and potential heat stress risk areas (PHSRA) in two distinct cities, an inland city, Nakhon Ratchasima, and a coastal city, Si Racha, during the summer. Geoinformatics techniques and Crichton’s Risk Triangle method were employed, using updated demographic data and Sentinel-3 data from 2017 to 2022. The findings indicate that the inland city daytime average LST values were higher than in the coastal city, while the opposite was true at nighttime. Additionally, high daytime UHI patterns in the inland city were observed on the outskirts, and nighttime UHI concentrated in the urban center. The coastal city exhibited a strong daytime and nighttime UHI compared to the inland city, with daytime UHI peaking in the inner area and nighttime UHI near the coastline. The PHSRA was categorized into five risk levels (very high: > 0.8, high: 0.8–0.6, moderate: 0.6–0.4, low: 0.4–0.2 and very low: ≤ 0.2). During the daytime the highest risk areas, the high and very high levels of PHSRA in the inland city (23.84%) were greater than those in the coastal city (16.46%). Conversely, at nighttime, the coastal city (16.46%) exhibited higher levels than the inland city (5.26%). In nighttime conditions, all levels of PHSRA occurred more significantly than during the daytime in these cities. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations in PHSRA is vital for pinpointing places at risk of heat stress accidents in summer. This data is a goldmine for city planners and healthcare authorities, helping them plan interventions and effective measures for the future.

Investigation of Fasciola gigantica in freshwater snail Radix (Lymnaea) spp. In the highly parasite-prevalent area of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

ABSTRACT This study investigates the distribution of the Lymnaea (Radix) spp. in Pak Chong district, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeast Thailand, where a vast cattle farming area is located and has a high prevalence of Fasciola spp. in the cattle. By random selection, 1,414 snails were collected from the natural and man-made ponds. The snails were recorded for morphology and processed for DNA isolation. The snail species were investigated by conventional PCR using a 16S rDNA-specific primer. The result demonstrated that all collected snails were R. (L.) rubiginosa. Moreover, the infection of Fasciola gigantica in the snails was investigated by PCR using a cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1)-specific primer. The results illustrated that the overall prevalence was 22.5% (318/1414), with the highest prevalence in the Nong Sa Rai subdistrict at 73.6% (81/110), which is the highest prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in the snail host that has ever been reported. The lowest prevalence existed in the Pong Ta Long subdistrict at 3.7% (4/109). Our results corresponded to the previous report on the Fasciola spp. infection in the cattle from this area, and the geographical analysis revealed that the most suspected factor would be the earth dam located in these subdistricts, where many animals live freely during the day. Our findings could be helpful for further parasite control and could trigger the study of the biology and associated factors in the future.

A new species of karst-dwelling bent-toed gecko of the Cyrtodactylusintermedius group (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from eastern Thailand and the phylogenetic placement of C.intermedius.

A new karst-dwelling bent-toed gecko of the Cyrtodactylusintermedius group is described from Khlong Hat District, Sa Kaeo Province, eastern Thailand, based on an integrative taxonomic analysis of genetic data and morphological characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene revealed that topotypes of C.intermedius were sister to a clade containing C.kulenensis from Cambodia, an unnamed lineage from Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, and the Khlong Hat lineage described here as Cyrtodactyluskhlonghatensis sp. nov. Multivariate analyses of morphometric and meristic characters showed that C.khlonghatensis sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all other species in the group by having the combination of SVL 76.5-82.8 mm in adult males and 88.5 mm in an adult female; eight supralabial and nine infralabial scales; 30-32 paravertebral tubercles; 20 or 21 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; 43 or 44 ventral scales; seven or eight expanded subdigital lamellae on the 4th toe; 12 unmodified subdigital lamellae on the 4th toe; 19 or 20 total subdigital lamellae on the 4th toe; 31 or 32 total number of enlarged femoral scales; enlarged femoral and precloacal scales continuous; 6-8 pore-bearing precloacal scales in males; three or four rows of enlarged post-precloacal scales; 1-3 postcloacal tubercles; proximal femoral scales less than one-half the size of distal femoral scales; absence of interdigital pocketing between digits of forefeet and hindfeet; and posterior border of the nuchal loop rounded. Uncorrected pairwise genetic divergences (p-distances) between the new species and other species of the intermedius group ranged from 4.73-22.55%. The discovery of this new species exclusively in isolated karst formations from the Thai-Cambodia border suggests that there may be further undiscovered Cyrtodactylus in unexplored karst landscapes along the border of eastern Thailand and western Cambodia.

Comparison of different spectral ranges of UV-LED lighting for outdoor mosquito trapping in forested area in Thailand.

Mosquito surveillance is critical for actively tracking the location and monitoring population levels and the threat of mosquito-borne disease. Although light-emitting diodes (LEDs) light traps have grown in popularity, there is still a limited understanding of the application of light wavelengths for trapping nocturnally active wild mosquitoes in forest ecotypes. This study evaluated the performance of different UV wavelengths in trapping mosquito populations in a forested mountainous area in Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. Traps with different UV wavelengths were deployed in 6 locations, following a 6 × 6 Latin square replicated 6 times over a total of 36 nights. Light traps were operated between 18:00 and 06:00h from October 2022 to August 2023. Mosquitoes were separately collected from individual traps every 4h at 22.00, 2.00, and 6.00h. Mosquitoes were killed by placing in a freezer (- 20 °C) for at least 30min and then were morphologically identified using illustrated keys for adult females. Traps fitted with the LED 365 wavelength light source were the most effective in capturing 790 (23.66%) of the total mosquitoes collected, followed by the UV fluorescent 632 (18.93%), with the other 4 LED wavelengths collecting between 16.89% (LED 385) and 12.64% (LED 375) of the mosquitoes. Culex was the most common genus, representing 56.00% of total mosquito abundance. LED 365 and LED 385 were comparable to the UV fluorescent traps (the standard reference). Optimal trapping times were during 18:00-22:00h. Compared to the other wavelengths, LED 365 was significantly more effective at capturing Coquillettidia and Culex mosquitoes than the UV-based traps.

Biological factors associated with long COVID and comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants: a retrospective study in Thailand.

Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) refers to the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms or exceptional symptoms following recovery. Even without conferring fatality, it represents a significant global public health burden. Despite many reports on long COVID, the prevalence and data on associated biological factors remain unclear and limited. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of long COVID during the two distinct epidemic periods in Thailand, due to the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, and to investigate the biological factors associated with long COVID. In addition, the spike protein amino acid sequences of the Delta and Omicron variants were compared to determine the frequency of mutations and their potential biological implications. A retrospective cross-sectional study was established to recruit confirmed COVID-19 participants at Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital who had recovered for at least three months and were infected between June 2021 and August 2022. The demographic data and long COVID experience were collected via telephone interview. The biological factors were analyzed through binary logistic regression. The datasets of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein amino acid sequence of the Delta and Omicron variants in Thailand were retrieved from GIDSAID to determine mutation frequencies and to identify possible roles of the mutations based on published data. Data was collected from a total of 247 participants comprising 106 and 141 participants of the Delta and Omicron epidemic periods, respectively. Apart from the COVID-19 severity and health status, the baseline participant data of the two time periods were remarkably similar. The prevalence of long COVID observed in the Omicron period was higher than in the Delta period (74.5% vs. 66.0%). The biological factors associated with long COVID were epidemic variant, age, treatment with symptomatic medicines, and vaccination status. When the spike protein sequence data of the two variants were compared, it was observed that the Omicron variant exhibited a greater quantity of amino acid changes in its receptor-binding domain (RBD) and receptor-binding motif (RBM). The critical changes of the Omicron variant within these regions had a significant function in enhancing virus transmissibility and host immune response resistance. This study revealed informative data associated with long COVID in Thailand. More attention should be given to long COVID caused by unique virus variants and other biological factors to prepare a healthcare management strategy for COVID-19 patients after recovery.

Exploring parental decision-making in school commutes: A structural equation model of public transport utilization and child safety in Thailand

Concern is growing regarding the increasing use of private car in many developing countries, including Thailand. Car usage is rising in Thailand in part because the public transit system is inadequate and unreliable, especially in rural and suburban communities. Often, children’s route to school is unsafe due to the increasing number of cars around the school. This prompts parents to worry about their child’s safety when in transit. The model of travel by public transportation is an alternative for reducing road congestion and improving children’s safety. This study seeks to better understand the factors that influencing parents’ decisions regarding the use of public transportation for their children’s school commutes. Data were gathered through a questionnaire from a sample of 750 parents with children between the ages of 6 and 18 years in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The findings of the structural equation model analysis showed a relationship between service users’ loyalty and the components of satisfaction, trust, expectation, and perception of service quality. The outcomes derived in this study can serve as practical guidelines for public and private transportation system operators to improve service efficiency, meet consumer demand, and foster positive interactions between service users and operators. In this way, this study can lead to important internal and external benefits for the continued development of the public transportation system and motivate more service users to transition to the use of public transportation.