Naked Nanoparticles Research Articles

Evaluation of APTES-Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Adsorption of CH4 and CO2.

ZnO nanoparticles functionalized with APTES were obtained to evaluate their CH4 and CO2 adsorption at 298 K in a range between 0 and 10 bar. First, ZnO nanoparticles were obtained by a precipitation method and subsequently coated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). As a preliminary study, the results were compared with previously reported naked nanoparticles in order to evaluate the influence of APTES coating on CO2 selectivity. UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, XRD, TEM/EDX, XPS and N2 adsorption at 77 K were used to characterize the evaluated material. It was observed that the amount of gas adsorbed on the surface of the nanostructure was very small in comparison with other materials traditionally used for this purpose but slightly higher than those obtained in naked nanoparticles evaluated in previous studies. The affinity of CO2 for the amines groups of the APTES ligand was also discussed.

Simultaneous Second Harmonic Generation and Multiphoton Excited Photoluminescence in Samarium-Doped BaTiO3 Nanoparticles Functionalized with Poly(ethylene glycol).

In this work, samarium-doped BaTiO3 (BT:Sm) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to investigate their optical characteristics and compatibility with biological systems. The structure, particle morphology, optical properties, and biological compatibility of the NPs were assessed. The results demonstrated the formation of BT:Sm and [(BT:Sm)-PEG]. The relative intensities and positions of peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) are consistent with an average crystallite size of ∼75 nm. The Raman spectra showed that Sm doping produced the typical tetragonal peaks at around 306 and 715 cm-1, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the PEGylation process was effective. Also, our investigation demonstrates the potential of these NPs as very temperature-sensitive nanosensors with a resolution exceeding 0.5 °C, which is achievable through optical excitation. We also analyze their emission properties. Finally, we present a study related with the mitochondrial activity of naked and PEG-coated NPs. The results indicate that neither naked nor PEG-coated NPs exhibit changes in mitochondrial metabolism, as indicated by quantitative cell viability and morphological visualization. The PEG-coated NPs prevented the formation of aggregates in cell culture compared to naked NPs, demonstrating the significance of PEG as a stabilizing agent.

Cancer Cell Membrane-Biomimetic Nanoparticles Based on Gelatin and Mitoxantrone for Synergetic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Metastatic Breast Cancer.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a cancer cell membrane biomimetic nanodrug delivery system (NDDS) to achieve an enhanced chemo-photothermal synergistic antitumor effect. The biomimetic NDDSs are composed of mitoxantrone (MIT)-loaded gelatin nanoparticles and IR820-encapsulated 4T1 cancer cell membrane-derived vesicles. The biomimetic NDDS displayed excellent stability and photothermal conversion efficiency. Compared to naked nanoparticles, the cell membrane-coated nanoparticles improved 4T1 cell uptake through homologous targeting and effectively reduced internalization of macrophages. In vivo photothermal imaging results further showed that the NDDS could be enriched at the tumor site for 48 h and could raise the temperature of the tumor area to 60 °C within 5 min under 808 nm laser irradiation. Finally, NDDS successfully inhibited primary tumor growth (over 89% inhibition) and significantly inhibited lung metastasis. This study may provide a new strategy for personalized chemotherapy-photothermal combination therapy of metastatic breast cancer using tumor cell membranes from cancer patients as drug carriers.

Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of Diborate Ester Polymers for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

Inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used as fillers to modify dielectric elastomers to simultaneously improve mechanical and dielectric performances. Elegant interface design is crucial for achieving synergy between fillers and elastomers. Herein, we show that diborate ester polymers can both improve the interfacial compatibility between inorganic nanoparticles and elastomers and enhance the dielectric performances. The diborate ester polymers are derived from the condensation reaction between tetrakis(dimethylamino)diborane (or tetrahydroxydiborane) and a three‐armed catechol monomer. Choosing TiO2 nanoparticles as the inner core, a series of TiO2@diborate ester polymer core‐shell nanoparticles are synthesized. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the diborate ester polymer shell tightly bonds to the surface of TiO2 through two dissociative bidentate bridging modes of the catechol monomer (absorption energy: −11.049 eV). These core‐shell nanoparticles can soften and tough polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and show enhanced interfacial binding affinity to PDMS than naked TiO2 nanoparticles. The fabricated composites have high dielectric constants (up to 6.8) and low dielectric losses (<0.03). The actuated strain and puncture voltage of the composites reach 25.9% and 80 V μm−1, respectively, which are much higher than those of PDMS and TiO2/PDMS. This work provides a promising route to fabricate core‐shell nanoparticles for high‐performance dielectric elastomers.

Dynamic tuning of naked ruthenium clusters/nanoparticles in ionic liquids cages to boost CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid

The reduction of atmospheric CO2 is indeed a major challenge for modern life due to its increase as a result of the intensified contemporary industrial activities and its contribution to global warming. One of the most desirable approaches to accomplish this goal is to convert CO2 into C1 feedstocks, such as formic acid (FA). In this regard, naked ruthenium clusters and nanoparticles (1.8 ± 0.3 nm) are prepared by magnetron sputtering into different supported ionic liquid phases (SILPs) that demonstrated remarkable efficiency in producing a total of 2.2 M of free FA with a TONs of 7305 in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid media at 87 °C. The higher efficiently is related to the hydrophobic/hydrophilic effect presents in the ionic liquid-cages of the SILPs akin to the micelle nano (micro)reactors, which act as catalytic membranes enabling the tuning of FA production. DFT calculations support the mechanistic approach followed the hydrogenation of HCO3* to FA.

In Situ Preparation of 2D Co-B Nanosheets@1D TiO2 Nanofibers as a Catalyst for Hydrogen Production from Sodium Borohydride

In this study, 2D Co-B nanosheet-decorated 1D TiO2 nanofibers (2D Co-B NS-decorated 1D TiO2 NFs) are synthesized via electrospinning and an in situ chemical reduction technique. The as-prepared catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance in H2 generation from sodium borohydride (SBH). When compared to naked Co-B nanoparticles, the catalytic activity of the 2D Co-B NS-decorated 1D TiO2 NFs catalyst for the hydrolysis of SBH is significantly enhanced, as demonstrated by the high hydrogen generation rate (HGR) of 6020 mL min−1 g−1 at 25 °C. The activation energy of hydrolysis was measured to be 30.87 kJ mol−1, which agreed with the reported values. The catalyst also showed good stability. Moreover, the effects of SBH, catalyst concentration, and temperature on the catalytic performance of 2D Co-B NS-decorated 1D TiO2 NFs were studied to gain a comprehensive understanding of the dehydrogenation mechanism of SBH. Based on these findings, we conclude that 2D Co-B NS-decorated 1D TiO2 NFs are effective catalytic materials for the dehydrogenation of SBH.

Plastic nanoparticles cause proteome stress and aggregation by compromising cellular protein homeostasis ex vivo and in vivo

Decomposition of plastic materials into minuscule particles and their long-term uptake pose increasing concerns on environmental sustainability and biosafety. Besides common cell viability and cytotoxicity evaluations, how plastic nanoparticles interfere with different stress response pathways and affect cellular fitness has been less explored. Here, we provided the first piece of evidence to demonstrate plastic nanoparticles potentially can deteriorate proteome stability, compromise cellular protein homeostasis, and consequently cause global proteome misfolding and aggregation. Polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles of different sizes and surface charges were exploited as model plastic materials. In cell lysate and human blood plasma, naked PS nanoparticles with hydrophobic surface deteriorated proteome thermodynamic stability and exaggerated its aggregation propensity. While no cell viability ablation was observed in cells treated with PS nanoparticles up to 200 μg·mL−1, global proteome aggregation and stress was detected by a selective proteome aggregation sensor. Further proteomics analysis revealed how protein homeostasis network was remodeled by positively charged PS nanoparticles via differential expression of key proteins to counteract proteome stress. In mice model, size-dependent liver accumulation of positively charged PS nanoparticles induced hepatocellular proteome aggregation and compromised protein homeostasis network capacity that were invisible to standard alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (ALT/AST) liver function as-say and histology. Meanwhile, long-term liver accumulation of plastic nanoparticles deteriorated liver metabolism and saturated liver detoxification capacity of overdosed acetaminophen. This work highlighted the impact of nanoplastics on cellular proteome integrity and cellular fitness that are invisible to current biochemical assays and clinical tests.

Cobalt-based layered double hydroxide nanosheet-supported AuNPs for high performance electrochemical H2O2 detection

Enzyme-free electrochemical sensors with both high sensitivity and selectivity for H2O2 is highly desirable for biological science. During the electrochemical reduction of H2O2, the breakage of the O-O bond and subsequent stabilization of OH on the electrode are key to the performance of the electrochemical sensors. Noble metal nanoparticles could efficiently stabilize the above intermediate, but the stability of the naked nanoparticles was not satisfactory. Carbon-based supported materials are thus proposed, but lack efficient active sites for H2O2 reduction. Herein, cobalt-based layered double hydroxide-supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/Co-LDH) nanocomposite were fabricated as the electrode material for high-performance electrochemical H2O2 reduction in neutral media. Due to the abundant redox sites (Co2+/Co3+) and large surface area, AuNPs were formed in situ on Co-LDH with good dispersion and stability. Meanwhile, the redox sites of Co-LDH could also aid the electrochemical H2O2 reduction. A sensitivity of 406.61 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 0.19 μM were achieved, which outperformed most of reported nanomaterials. The above excellent electrochemical properties endow the follower-like AuNPs/Co-LDH as promising alternative to enzymes in the biological field.

Structural characterization, stability, and cytocompatibility study of chitosan BaTiO3@ZnO:Er heterostructures

New imaging agents are required in cancer diagnosis to enhance the diagnostic accuracy, classification, and therapeutic management of tumors. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative to developing new nanostructures with imaging applications. In this study, a heterostructure based on barium titanate (BT), zinc oxide (ZnO), and erbium (Er) was prepared and coated with Chitosan (CS) to investigate their stability and compatibility with biological systems. The structure, particle morphology, luminescence properties, stability, and cytotoxicity of different nanoparticles (NPs) were assessed. The results demonstrated the formation of a [BT@ZnO:Er]-CS heterostructure, which is consistent with the relative intensities and positions of peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) with an average crystallite size of ~76 nm. The electrokinetic measurement results indicate that the coated NPs are the most stable and have an average size close to 200 nm when the pH is between 3 and 5. Finally, we presented a cytotoxicity study of naked and CS-coated NPs. The results indicate that naked NPs exhibit varying cellular toxicity, as indicated by decreased cell viability, morphological changes, and an increase in an apoptotic marker. The CS-coated NPs prevented the cytotoxic effect of the naked NPs, demonstrating the significance of CS as a stabilizing agent.

Mechanically Robust Hybrid Gel Beads Loaded with "Naked" Palladium Nanoparticles as Efficient, Reusable, and Sustainable Catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction.

The increase in demand for Pd and its low abundance pose a significant threat to its future availability, rendering research into more sustainable Pd-based technologies essential. Herein, we report Pd scavenging mechanically robust hybrid gel beads composed of agarose, a polymer gelator (PG), and an active low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) based on 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidenesorbitol (DBS), DBS-CONHNH 2 . The robustness of the PG and the ability of the LMWG to reduce Pd(II) in situ to generate naked Pd(0) nanoparticles (PdNPs) combine within these gel beads to give them potential as practical catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The optimized gel beads demonstrate good reusability, green metrics, and most importantly the ability to sustain stirring, improving reaction times and energy consumption compared to previous examples. In contrast to previous reports, the leaching of palladium from these next-generation beads is almost completely eliminated. Additionally, for the first time, a detailed investigation of these Pd-loaded gel beads explains precisely how the nanoparticles are formed in situ without a stabilizing ligand. Further, detailed catalytic investigations demonstrate that catalysis occurs within the gel beads. Hence, these beads can essentially be considered as robust "nonligated" heterogeneous PdNP catalysts. Given the challenges in developing ligand-free, naked Pd nanoparticles as stable catalysts, these gel beads may have future potential for the development of easily used systems to perform chemical reactions in "kit" form.

Activity-Based Self-Enriched SERS Sensor for Blood Metabolite Monitoring

The monitoring of metabolites in biofluids provides critical clues for disease diagnosis and evaluation. Yet, the quantitative detection of metabolites remains challenging for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) due to poor reproducibility in preparation and manipulation of SERS nanoprobes. Herein, we develop an activity-based, slippery liquid-infused porous surface SERS (abSLIPSERS) sensor for facile quantification of metabolites with unmodified naked metal nanoparticles (NPs) by integrating biocatalysis-boronate oxidation cascades with SLIPS-driven self-concentration and delivering. Upon mixing the target metabolite with a specific oxidase, a H2O2-sensitive phenylboronate probe, and the naked Au NPs, H2O2 produced from the biocatalytic reaction oxidizes the phenylboronate probe to phenol, resulting in a ratiometric SERS response. Meanwhile, the SLIPS enables the complete enrichment of molecules and NPs within an evaporating liquid droplet, delivering the probes to the SERS-active sites for Raman amplification. Compared with conventional SERS biosensors, abSLIPSERS avoids multistep synthesis and biofunctionalization of nanoprobes, which significantly simplifies the detection workflow and improves the reproducibility. The abSLIPSERS sensor also shows tunable dynamic range beyond 4 orders of magnitude and allows quantifying any other metabolites with specific enzymes. We demonstrate abSLIPSERS sensing of lactate, glucose, and choline in human serum for exploring energy metabolism in lung cancer. This study opens up a new opportunity for future point-of-care testing of circulating metabolites by SERS and will help to facilitate the translation of SERS bioanalysis to clinical settings.

Supramolecular Peptide Nanofiber/PLGA Nanocomposites for Enhancing Pulmonary Drug Delivery.

Effective drug delivery to pulmonary sites will benefit from the design and synthesis of novel drug delivery systems that can overcome various tissue and cellular barriers. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have shown promise for intracellular delivery of various imaging probes and therapeutics. Although CPPs improve delivery efficacy to a certain extent, they still lack the scope of engineering to improve the payload capacity and protect the payload from the physiological environment in drug delivery applications. Inspired by recent advances of CPPs and CPP-functionalized nanoparticles, in this work, we demonstrate a novel nanocomposite consisting of fiber-forming supramolecular CPPs that are coated onto polylactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles to enhance pulmonary drug delivery. These nanocomposites show a threefold higher intracellular delivery of nanoparticles in various cells including primary lung epithelial cells, macrophages, and a 10-fold increase in endothelial cells compared to naked PLGA nanoparticles or a twofold increase compared to nanoparticles modified with traditional monomeric CPPs. Cell uptake studies suggest that nanocomposites likely enter cells through mixed macropinocytosis and passive energy-independent mechanisms, which is followed by endosomal escape within 24 h. Nanocomposites also showed potent mucus permeation. More importantly, freeze-drying and nebulizing formulated nanocomposite powder did not affect their physiochemical and biological activity, which further highlights the translative potential for use as a stable drug carrier for pulmonary drug delivery. We expect nanocomposites based on peptide nanofibers, and PLGA nanoparticles can be custom designed to encapsulate and deliver a wide range of therapeutics including nucleic acids, proteins, and small-molecule drugs when employed in inhalable systems to treat various pulmonary diseases.

Effects of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticle Functionalization with Ionic Liquids and a Double-Chained Surfactant on the Pretreatment of Plasma Samples during Drug Extraction.

Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as "designer solvents," comprise a large group of compounds that can improve overall sample preparation performance due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Some of them have a comparable structure to surfactants, which can be also considered as effective extraction solvents. In this study, nine different ILs and a double-chained surfactant were investigated as potential coating materials for iron oxide-based nanoparticles (NPs) used in the pretreatment of human plasma samples. Various methods of synthesizing and functionalizing NPs were employed in fabricating the magnetic sorbents, with the physicochemical properties of the resultant extraction phases (i.e., naked NPs, NPs coated with silica, and NPs coated with silica and selected IL or surfactant) being characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effectiveness of the developed NP-based extraction phases was tested by applying them for the extraction of epirubicin hydrochloride (EPI) from plasma samples, followed by analysis via liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FL). The results showed that NPs coated with both silica and IL or silica and surfactant provided significantly higher extraction efficiency compared to naked NPs and NPs coated solely with silica. Additionally, the findings also revealed that the adsorption of analytes depends not only on the coating procedure but also on the type of coating material used to functionalize the NPs. Among the tested structures, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide provided the best performance for the functionalization of NP sorbents previously coated with silica.

Cytotoxicity of curcumin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles against normal and cancer cells as a breast cancer drug delivery system

Recently, therapeutic applications of modified magnetic nanoparticles have attracted the attention of many researchers. The reason is the ability to develop nano drugs as cancer treatment agents. For this purpose, these particles must have a tiny size, intrinsic magnetic properties, imaging effectiveness, the ability to target the drug, and high drug absorption. Although studies have been performed on the anti-cancer properties of curcumin/nanoparticles, no comprehensive research has been performed to evaluate its anti-cancer and the normal cell toxicity of this drug system for breast cancer treatment. This study designed a curcumin-loaded MNPs (MNPs@CUR) formulation to accomplish these unique features. Using the diffusion process, chemical precipitation was used to make MNPs, which were then loaded with curcumin (CUR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the morphology and size of MNP-CUR. The fabricated MNPs had spherical shapes with an average length of 23.22 nm. The presence of curcumin on the surface of MNPs was approved using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractogram confirmed the face cubic center (fcc) character of MNPs. After 24 hours of incubation with 4t1 breast cancer cells, MNPs@CUR anticancer effects were evaluated. MNPs@CUR displayed a concentration-dependent preference for applying anticancer effects on 4t1cells (IC50=108 µg/ml). Separated in vivo anti-tumor studies of coated/naked nanoparticles and curcumin also demonstrated that MNPs@CUR eliminated tumor mass. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity against normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also measured by 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) electrophoresis DNA digestion methods respectively for MNPs@CUR and naked MNPs. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated at high concentrations of MNP@CUR (991 µg/ml), while naked nanoparticles showed approximately no toxicity and neither had genotoxicity.

Macrophage-Membrane-Camouflaged Nonviral Gene Vectors for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening disease caused by systemic bacterial infections, with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the standard treatment for sepsis, antibiotic therapy faces the challenge of impaired macrophages and drug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we developed a membrane-camouflaged metal-organic framework (MOF) system for plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery to combat sepsis. The antimicrobial gene LL37 was efficiently encapsulated in the pH-sensitive MOF, and the nanoparticles were decorated with macrophage membranes in a compatible manner. Macrophage membrane coating allows targeted delivery of LL37 to macrophages and creates macrophage factories for the continuous generation of antimicrobial peptides. Compared to naked nanoparticles, primary bone marrow mesenchymal macrophage membrane-modified nanoparticles greatly improved the survival rate of immunodeficient septic mice through the synergistic effect of efficient gene therapy and inflammatory cytokine sequestration. This study demonstrates an effective membrane biomimetic strategy for efficiently delivering pDNA, offering an excellent option for overcoming sepsis.

ZnO NPs immobilized by Alizarin as in vitro predictive and imaging biomarkers for protein amyloidosis

Protein amyloidosis represents the main pathological hallmark of many incurable neurodegenerative disorders and protein misfolding diseases. Nanomaterials-based approaches give rise to diagnosis and/or prediction of these proteinopathies, with regards to the multifactorial nature of their pathogenesis. Herein, crystalline truncated hexagonal shaped naked ZnO nanoparticles (mean value 47.4 nm) have been solvothermally prepared and immobilized further with alizarin (Alzn) molecules (54%) to stand up to amyloidosis acting both as inhibitors and imaging agents, as well as antioxidants. Thioflavin-T (ThT) assay revealed that the resulted zinc oxide nanoparticles immobilized with alizarin (ZnO@Alzn NPs) inhibited in vitro insulin amyloids formation in a dose-dependent manner, while the kinetic mechanism of the phenomenon was recorded. In parallel, amyloid oligomers and plaques have been visualized by conventional optical microscopy upon protein co-incubation with ZnO@Alzn NPs, highlighting the imaging ability of the immobilized NPs. The antioxidant activity was monitored by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, through which it was shown that alizarin incorporation onto the inorganic core leads to the reduction of IC50 values from 221 μg/mL to 167 μg/mL. The enhanced free radical scavenging effects of ZnO@Alzn compared to the naked-ZnO NPs, features their prospect to serve additional functions.

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Biomass‐Derived Furoic Acid to Tetrahydrofuroic Acid Derivatives over Pd/CoOx Catalyst in Water

AbstractTransformation of biomass‐derived furans to value‐added chemicals is considered to be an efficient way to produce raw materials for application in chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we report a facile pathway for the catalytic hydrogenation of 2‐furoic acid and its derivatives to tetrahydrofuroic acids with excellent yields (87%–95 %) in water over the Pd/CoOx catalyst under mild reaction condition. Experimental findings inferred that the observed efficient catalytic activity of Pd/CoOx can be attributed to the cooperative effect of Pd nanoparticles (∼3.5 nm) and the CoOx support. Notably, catalysts with naked Pd nanoparticles or Pd immobilized over supports other than CoOx were less active for the studied catalytic transformation. Further, the studied catalytic transformation can be advantageously utilized for bulk‐scale production of tetrahydro‐2‐furoic acid and tetrahydrofuran‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid from the respective furoic acid precursors. Moreover, the studied Pd/CoOx catalyst exhibited appreciably good long‐term stability for over 60 h during bulk‐scale reaction and can be recycled for five consecutive catalytic runs during the production of tetrahydro‐2‐furoic acid from 2‐furoic acid.

Screening strategies for surface modification of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles

Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles are promising platforms in the field of targeted drug delivery, integrating the positive features of polymeric and lipid nanocarriers. However, the use of bulk procedures in lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles formulation is hindering their large-scale manufacturing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the suitability of alternative formulation methods, such as microfluidics, to obtain surface-tunable nanoparticles displaying suitable characteristics. Formulations were prepared by single-step nanoprecipitation or using a micromixer chip. The nanocarriers were then surface-modified with an aptamer and an antibody, two common nanoparticle vectorization strategies, developing an optimized functionalization protocol. Both naked and surface-modified nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, zeta potential and morphology. Moreover, the aptamer/antibody association efficiency was also determined. Nano-sized monodisperse nanoparticles, exhibiting a spherical core–shell structure, were obtained through both procedures. Furthermore, all the nanocarriers were successfully functionalized, showing association efficiency values above 70%. Interestingly, microfluidic-based nanoparticles displayed a smaller size and a more positive zeta potential than those prepared by single-step nanoprecipitation. Outcomes suggest both techniques led to lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles displaying a similar functionalization efficiency. Conversely, the microfluidic approach provided an improved control over critical parameters, as particle size or charge, constituting an interesting alternative to traditional formulation procedures.

Optimal Physicochemical Properties of Antibody-Nanoparticle Conjugates for Improved Tumor Targeting.

Tumor-targeted antibody (mAb)/fragment-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) represent an innovative strategy for improving the local delivery of small molecules. However, the physicochemical properties of full mAb-NPs and fragment-NPs-that is, NP material, size, charge, as well as the targeting antibody moiety, and the linker conjugation strategies-remain to be optimized to achieve an efficient tumor targeting. A meta-analysis of 161 peer-reviewed studies is presented, which describes the use of tumor-targeted mAb-NPs and fragment-NPs from 2009 to 2021. The use of these targeted NPs is confirmed to result in significantly greater tumor uptake of NPs than that of naked NPs (7.9 ± 1.9% ID g-1 versus 3.2 ± 0.6% ID g-1 , respectively). The study further demonstrates that for lipidic NPs, fragment-NPs provide a significantly higher tumor uptake than full mAb-NPs. In parallel, for both polymeric and organic/inorganic NPs, full mAb-NPs yield a significant higher tumor uptake than fragment-NPs. In addition, for both lipidic and polymeric NPs, the tumor uptake is improved with the smallest sizes of the conjugates. Finally, the pharmacokinetics of the conjugates are demonstrated to be driven by the NPs and not by the antibody moieties, independently of using full mAb-NPs or fragment-NPs, confirming the importance of optimizing the NP design to improve the tumor uptake.

Artificial Intelligence Technique of Synthesis and Characterizations for Measurement of Optical Particles in Medical Devices.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of particle size on semiconductor properties; artificial intelligence is being used for the research methods. As a result, we picked cadmium sulfide (CdS), which is a unique semiconductor material that is employed in a broad variety of current applications. Given that CdS has distinct electrical and optical characteristics, it may be employed in the production of solar cells, for example. Solar cells, as is also well known, have become an essential source of energy in the world. Within the visible range (500-700 nm), we create one layer of bulk CdS and one layer of nano-CdS air bulk CdS air and air nano-CdS air. We used a number of instrumentation methods to investigate the naked CdS nanoparticles, including XRD, SEM-EDX, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, XPS, and PL spectroscopy, among others. The results show that for bulk CdS at normal incidence, the transmittance is T = 45, and for nano-CdS with particle size 3 nm, the transmittance is T = 85.8, with transverse-electric (S-polarized) and transverse-magnetic (P-polarized) transmittances of TE = 75 and TM = 80, respectively.