Nairobi Declaration Research Articles

Analysis of Relationship Model between Worship and Culture - Robert Weber's Blended Worship in the Light of the Nairobi Declaration -

Analysis of Relationship Model between Worship and Culture - Robert Weber's Blended Worship in the Light of the Nairobi Declaration -

Leishmaniases in Ethiopia: a scoping review protocol to determine the scope of research and remaining gaps

IntroductionThe leishmaniases are among the group of neglected tropical diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality each year. Currently, the East Africa region has the highest visceral leishmaniasis burden in...

The 2022 symposium on dementia and brain aging in low- and middle-income countries: Highlights on research, diagnosis, care, and impact.

Two of every three persons living with dementia reside in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The projected increase in global dementia rates is expected to affect LMICs disproportionately. However, the majority of global dementia care costs occur in high-income countries (HICs), with dementia research predominantly focusing on HICs. This imbalance necessitates LMIC-focused research to ensure that characterization of dementia accurately reflects the involvement and specificities of diverse populations. Development of effective preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for dementia in LMICs requires targeted, personalized, and harmonized efforts. Our article represents timely discussions at the 2022 Symposium on Dementia and Brain Aging in LMICs that identified the foremost opportunities to advance dementia research, differential diagnosis, use of neuropsychometric tools, awareness, and treatment options. We highlight key topics discussed at the meeting and provide future recommendations to foster a more equitable landscape for dementia prevention, diagnosis, care, policy, and management in LMICs. HIGHLIGHTS: Two-thirds of persons with dementia live in LMICs, yet research and costs are skewed toward HICs. LMICs expect dementia prevalence to more than double, accompanied by socioeconomic disparities. The 2022 Symposium on Dementia in LMICs addressed advances in research, diagnosis, prevention, and policy. The Nairobi Declaration urges global action to enhance dementia outcomes in LMICs.

Body autonomy: women with disabilities and the quest for a sex life free from violence

The present paper aims to analyze the body autonomy of girls and women with disabilities and its influence on a sexual and reproductive life free from violence. Established in 1994, at the International Conference on Population and Development (or ICPD), the expression of bodily autonomy has entered the discourse of human rights advocates, activists, and experts. Other international texts point in the direction of "protecting and guaranteeing the right of all individuals to physical integrity, autonomy, and reproductive rights, and to provide access to essential services in support of these rights," such as the voluntary Nairobi Declaration (2019), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which established, among its goals, the achievement of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights for all, reaffirming the importance of the theme for the development of a society with gender equality. With bibliographical research and statistical data, authors such as Gesser, Beauvoir, Butler Honneth, and Becker have been used to establish a dialogue about disability and its necessary intersectionalities, to understand the condition of women with disabilities within a patriarchal, sexist, ableist, and racist society that reifies and silences them, reducing their lives to the private sphere, as if they were objects. Thus, we conclude that education for bodily autonomy, through the emancipatory process of girls and women with disabilities is one of the paths to be followed for the eradication of gender violence against this vulnerable group.

The Nairobi Declaration 2023: A commitment to address deadly yet neglected fungal diseases in Africa.

On May 30th and 31st, 2023, delegates representing various African subregions, together with global representatives from the International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM), the United States Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Global Action for Fungal Infections (GAFFI), convened in Nairobi, Kenya under the aegis of the Pan African Mycology Working Group, a working group of ISHAM. The meeting objectives were, amongst others, to deliberate on a continental response to the World Health Organisation Fungal Priority Pathogen List and facilitate interaction between global and regional leaders. Country delegates and international speakers addressed Africa's fungal disease burden; capacity for diagnosis and management; ongoing surveillance; knowledge gaps and trends in invasive fungal diseases such as Candida auris, mucormycosis, aspergillosis, and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related mycoses; and current laboratory practice. During the technical sessions, expert panels deliberated on establishing and financing of national/regional surveillance networks for mycoses; establishing and sustaining African-led collaborations; expanding on existing laboratory and point-of-care diagnostic capacity as well as planning a mycology reference laboratory service and network in Africa. The meeting also highlighted successful African-led collaborations, capacity building, and clinical trial initiatives. The meeting conclusions informed the resolutions of the Nairobi Declaration calling for improved awareness; strong collaborations between clinical and laboratory teams across Africa; improved fungal disease surveillance within the continent; access to antifungals and diagnostics; and leveraging qualified human resources for mycology present within and outside Africa to facilitate trainings, collaborations, and exchanges.

Employability of the Refugees/IDP and their Resettlement among Local Communities in East Africa

There are currently 70 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, with 41 million being internally displaced, 25 million being refugees and 3 million seeking asylum and their numbers are growing, with the majority of these people living in Africa and Asia. The Nairobi Declaration on Long-Term Solutions for Somali Refugees and Reintegration of Returnees in Somalia was adopted by East African communities on issues pertaining to refugees/IDPs. These enabled countries dealing with similar issues to collaborate in order to protect and find employability solutions for refugees/IDPs among the local community. This study thus investigated the job placement experiences of displaced people in their new communities. Triangulated reviews of qualitative results from countries across East Africa, including high-income countries peer-reviewed research on the employability rate of refugees/IDPs among local communities in East Africa were summarized. The findings revealed both commonalities in the employability experiences of refugees/IDPs within the local communities across East Africa. There are limited job opportunities for the refugees/IDPs. As occurred in Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania, deliberate intervention is required to increase the employability and resettlement of refugees/IDPs among members of the local community for menial and limited available jobs. Governments should capitalize on the people's shared identity and develop employable programs to help the region's economy recover. Local institutions should also develop intervention programs and strategies for dealing with refugees/IDPs' employability issues, as evidenced by the education collaboration (Ashesi university) initiative in Ghana, which has collaborated with more African universities to focus on the employability pillar, among others. Keywords: Refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), Forced displacement, Employability, Resettlement, local communities, East Africa

Employability of the Refugees/IDP and their Resettlement among Local Communities in East Africa

There are currently 70 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, with 41 million being internally displaced, 25 million being refugees and 3 million seeking asylum and their numbers are growing, with the majority of these people living in Africa and Asia. The Nairobi Declaration on Long-Term Solutions for Somali Refugees and Reintegration of Returnees in Somalia was adopted by East African communities on issues pertaining to refugees/IDPs. These enabled countries dealing with similar issues to collaborate in order to protect and find employability solutions for refugees/IDPs among the local community. This study thus investigated the job placement experiences of displaced people in their new communities. Triangulated reviews of qualitative results from countries across East Africa, including high-income countries peer-reviewed research on the employability rate of refugees/IDPs among local communities in East Africa were summarized. The findings revealed both commonalities in the employability experiences of refugees/IDPs within the local communities across East Africa. There are limited job opportunities for the refugees/IDPs. As occurred in Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania, deliberate intervention is required to increase the employability and resettlement of refugees/IDPs among members of the local community for menial and limited available jobs. Governments should capitalize on the people's shared identity and develop employable programs to help the region's economy recover. Local institutions should also develop intervention programs and strategies for dealing with refugees/IDPs' employability issues, as evidenced by the education collaboration (Ashesi university) initiative in Ghana, which has collaborated with more African universities to focus on the employability pillar, among others. Keywords: Refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), Forced displacement, Employability, Resettlement, local communities, East Africa

Address of Thabo Mbeki, former President of the Republic of South Africa, at the UN HABITAT and UNDP Youth 21 meeting Nairobi, Kenya, March 15–18, 2012

Children, Youth and Environments 22(1), 2012 Address of Thabo Mbeki, former President of the Republic of South Africa, at the UN HABITAT and UNDP Youth 21 meeting Nairobi, Kenya, March 15-18, 2012 Introduction The following speech by Thabo Mbeki, former President of the Republic of South Africa, was given at the Youth 21 meeting held in Nairobi, Kenya, from March 1518 , 2012. Youth 21 is an initiative focused on improving youth engagement in the UN system and global governance. Youth 21, hosted by UN-Habitat and UNDP, convened youth leaders, UN agencies, governments and civil society representatives to discuss how world leaders can respond to the youth-driven change in governance. This global change is being propelled by an unprecedented youth demographic, sometimes called the “youth bulge,” with more people under the age of 25 today than ever before, totalling nearly three billion or almost half of the total world population. The UN, multi-lateral agencies, and governments are struggling with how to engage this demographic positively, seeking to build on their hope, not their despair. Historically, youth have not been seen as a population important enough to engage with—even in the world’s most youthful regions such as Africa. These youth often grow up in poverty and are often excluded from the economic, political, and social life of their countries, which can breed disillusionment, hopelessness, violence, and upheaval. Yet, violence is not always the outcome, with vibrant and peaceful youthled revolutions taking place, most recently in the Middle East and North Africa. The speech by Thabo Mbeki reflects this growing realization that youth are the turnkey to development globally. His message is directed primarily at young Africans, emphasizing the hope of leaders for youths’ contribution to development and global governance. It also is clearly grounded in realism, recognizing the challenges youth face, and the fear that they will repeat the mistakes of those before them. Mbeki’s speech gave meeting participants both the idealism and the realism needed to move forward and draft the Nairobi Declaration, a forwardlooking document celebrating the announcement of Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations, that he will appoint the first-ever Special Advisor on Youth. The participants also recognized in the Declaration that there was still further to go to assure that youths’ interests were heard and needs met. Therefore, they also called for the creation of a Permanent Forum for Youth, modelled after the successful Permanent Forum for Indigenous Peoples’ Issues. Mbeki’s speech was one of many given at the meeting by global leaders, both youth and adult. His speech marked a small step in recognition of the need for meaningful engagement Address of Thabo Mbeki, Former President of the Republic of South Africa… 2 with youth; importantly, he ends his speech calling on youth to organize and take a leadership role, and urging he older generations to support them, implying that for youth to be successful, one cannot exist without the other. —Doug Ragan, Project Officer Partners and Youth Branch Monitoring and Research United Nations Human Settlements Programme Your Excellency, Mr. Raila Odinga, Prime Minister of the Republic of Kenya, Ms. Rebeca Grynspan, UN Under-Secretary General and other officials of the UNDP, Mr. Joan Clos, Executive Director of UN HABITAT, Distinguished participants at this important Global Youth Leadership Forum: I would like to pay tribute to UN-Habitat and the UNDP for convening this important forum which has brought together young people from many parts of the world, and thank them for giving me the opportunity to make some comments which I hope you will find of some use. In this context I would imagine that the Forum will give precedence to the views of the youth participants, rather than those among us who graduated out of the youth echelon many decades ago. This is particularly important given the historic responsibility of the youth to determine its future. Before I proceed any further, I would like to apologize that my comments will relate only to Africa, the area of the world with which I am most familiar. However I hope that at least some of these comments will be of general application. In October...

A Culture of Neglect: Climate Discourse and Disabled People

A Culture of Neglect: Climate Discourse and Disabled People

International regulations and treaties on electronic waste (e-waste)

Different policies are being developed worldwide to deal with electronic waste (e-waste) which is one of the fastest growing waste streams in modern society. European Union's Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) are pioneers on the issue. Japan, China and Korea have implemented similar laws. In addition Japan, Canada and State of California in the USA have adopted Advanced Recycling Fee systems. United Nations through Basel Convention adopted the Nairobi declaration on e-waste in 2006. The paper deals with latest developments on the major international laws, regulations and activities related to e-waste.

The Nairobi Declaration: Redefining Reparation for Women Victims of Sexual Violence

This paper explores the contribution of the Nairobi Declaration on the Right of Women and Girls to a Remedy and Reparation to the problem of delivering justice through reparation programmes for women victims of sexual violence in conflict situations. It highlights that this civil society initiative is particularly significant because it gives voice to women and girls who are survivors of sexual violence. Placed in the context of the recent adoption by the United Nations' General Assembly of the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, the Nairobi Declaration redefines reparation and guides policy-making to implement the right to reparation specifically for victims of sexual violence. The concept of reparation as a transformative and participative process put forward in the Nairobi Declaration constitutes its most innovative and inspiring contribution.

Female Education and Nigeria's Development Strategies

This article analyses the various strategies and policies implemented by successive Nigerian governments since the 1985 Nairobi Declaration and the World Declaration on Education for All, and ascertains whether policy initiatives were effective in ensuring access to, and improving the quality of, education for girls and women. This article analyses primary, secondary and university enrolment figures by gender for the period 1986–2004. Findings indicate that gender stereotypes in the educational system, and wide male–female gaps in education continue despite education being a high priority area. The reasons include a weak institutional framework, lack of coordination of policy initiatives and inadequate funding. Engendering education is vital to Nigeria's development programmes.

Somalia–A Very Special Case

I. Historical Background II. How Did the United Nations Get Involved? 1. The Establishment of UNOSOM 2. The Situation at the End of 1992 3. UNITAF and the Operation Restore Hope 4. The Transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II and the Period until May 1994 a. The National Reconciliation Conference b. Worrying Signs c. A New Mandate 5. The Nairobi Declaration 6. The Period from May 1994 until August 1994 – Little Progress and the Hawiye Clan 7. The Period from August 1994 to March 1995 8. The Withdrawal III. Assessment

ASSESSING SMALL ARMS CONTROL INITIATIVES IN EAST AFRICA

In recognition of the devastating impact of small arms and light weapons on a swath of Africa ranging across the Great Lakes, East Africa and the Horn, 10 countries agreed to the Nairobi Declaration in March 2000. the Declaration dealt with the problem of the proliferation of illicit small arms and light weapons in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa. In the past three years, countries in the region have made some progress in implementing the Declaration. However, the focus on implementing the Declaration in unison across the region—incorporating countries as diverse as Djibouti and the Democratic Republic of the Congo—has slowed progress. This article presents an overview of the challenges experienced by those countries implementing the Declaration. It is recommended that regional and national efforts to control small arms should happen in parallel, but not at the expense of progress in an individual state or on a specific level. A lack of progress at one level (or in one state) should not prevent progress at another.

Towards creating an environmentally sensitive lake basin

AbstractThe first International Conference on Conservation and Management of Lakes was held in Otsu, Japan, in 1984. Succeeding conferences were held in the USA, Hungary, China and Italy. Other global environmental activities include the Stockholm UN conference in 1972, the Nairobi Declaration in 1982 and the UN report on our common future in 1987. In 1992, the Earth Summit was held in Brazil and environmental restoration began on a global scale. The Rio declaration stressed that harmony with nature is important. Agenda 21 outlines an action plan for mankind, where not only the role of state and local government is described, but also that of non‐government organisations (NGO), industry, labour, scientists and farmers. In Japan, the Basic Environmental Law was enacted in 1993 in response to the Earth Summit; the Basic Environmental Plan was formulated in 1995. In the plan there are four keywords: circulation, coexistence, participation and international activities. Circulation means to create an economic social society based on circulation. Coexistence means to restore and to maintain an ecosystem, and to ensure coexistence between nature and humankind. Participation means that each entity cooperates and works actively for environmental preservation. International activities means to make the best use of experience, technology and capability in order to promote international cooperation. We are in the midst of a major movement towards global environmental preservation. We have a responsibility to pass on a healthy and beautiful Earth to our children, grandchildren and great‐grandchildren. However, environmental improvement is not an easy task; in particular, the improvement of the lake environment is lagging behind.

A practical and cost-effective approach to EIA: Report of an international seminar on EIA for development, April 1984

The April 1984 seminar had its origin in a session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) convened in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1982 to commemorate the 10th Anniversary of the organization~ At this meeting the Governing Council adopted the Nairobi Declaration which states that Developed countries and other countries in a position to do so, should assist developing countries affected by environmental disruption in their domestic efforts to deal with their most serious environmental problems. On the basis of a proposal made by UNEP, the government of the Federal Republic of Germany offered at this session to convene an international seminar on environmental impact assessment. This is a report on the International Seminar on Environmental Impact Assessment for Development sponsored jointly by UNEP and the German Foundation for International Development (DSE) held at Feldafing, Federal Republic of Germany, April 9-12,1984. The basic outline of the seminar was determined jointly by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) and UNEP. Besides these two, the following institutions were involved in the preparatory work:

United Nations Environment Programme: Nairobi Declaration on the State of Worldwide Environment

United Nations Environment Programme: Nairobi Declaration on the State of Worldwide Environment

Recent Relations between the States of East Africa

In the Nairobi Declaration of June 1963 the political heads of the three East African mainland states publicly committed themselves to federation; in June 1965 they were beginning to prepare the public for a substantial reduction in the area of functional co-operation that had been established prior to 1963. With the wisdom of hindsight we can perhaps see that the reasons for this development are fairly obvious. This paper chronicles some of them. Although the East African states had so much in common they had some very important differences. The optimists pointed to what they had in common and the pessimists to the differences. Optimists noted: (1) strong historical and cultural links, deriving from common history slavery and Swahili and British administrative institutions and education which were particularly important in elite circles; (2) far-reaching functional links common market, common services, free personal movement (more or less), common currency, etc.; (3) common economic and political interests the advantages of a large East African market for industrialization, diplomatic influence, etc. The pessimists noted: (1) differences in the character of the political systems of the three states, especially the constraints imposed on Uganda by Buganda's longstanding hostility towards East African union; (2) the tensions caused by conflict of national economic interests in operating the common market. It is possible to see very clearly now that the optimists, who argued that Wheare's classic statement of the prerequisites of federation was fulfilled and that it should therefore be possible to establish it without further ado, were victims of some large