NADPH Oxidase-derived Reactive Oxygen Species Research Articles

Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 enhances resistance to viral neuroinflammation by facilitating M1-polarization of macrophages at the extraneural tissues

BackgroundMacrophages play a pivotal role in the regulation of Japanese encephalitis (JE), a severe neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) following infection with JE virus (JEV). Macrophages are known for their heterogeneity, polarizing into M1 or M2 phenotypes in the context of various immunopathological diseases. A comprehensive understanding of macrophage polarization and its relevance to JE progression holds significant promise for advancing JE control and therapeutic strategies.MethodsTo elucidate the role of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in JE progression, we assessed viral load, M1 macrophage accumulation, and cytokine production in WT and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-deficient mice using murine JE model. Additionally, we employed bone marrow (BM) cell-derived macrophages to delineate ROS-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization by ROS following JEV infection.ResultsNOX2-deficient mice exhibited increased resistance to JE progression rather than heightened susceptibility, driven by the regulation of macrophage polarization. These mice displayed reduced viral loads in peripheral lymphoid tissues and the CNS, along with diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS, thereby resulting in attenuated neuroinflammation. Additionally, NOX2-deficient mice exhibited enhanced JEV-specific Th1 CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses and increased accumulation of M1 macrophages producing IL-12p40 and iNOS in peripheral lymphoid and inflamed extraneural tissues. Mechanistic investigations revealed that NOX2-deficient macrophages displayed a more pronounced differentiation into M1 phenotypes in response to JEV infection, thereby leading to the suppression of viral replication. Importantly, the administration of H2O2 generated by NOX2 was shown to inhibit M1 macrophage polarization. Finally, oral administration of the ROS scavenger, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), bolstered resistance to JE progression and reduced viral loads in both extraneural tissues and the CNS, along with facilitated accumulation of M1 macrophages.ConclusionIn light of our results, it is suggested that ROS generated by NOX2 play a role in undermining the control of JEV replication within peripheral extraneural tissues, primarily by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization. Subsequently, this leads to an augmentation in the viral load invading the CNS, thereby facilitating JE progression. Hence, our findings ultimately underscore the significance of ROS-mediated macrophage polarization in the context of JE progression initiated JEV infection.

NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species regulates adipose tissue lipolysis in humans

There is mounting evidence suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase (NOX) regulate physiological processes, as NOX has been shown to promote increases in lipolysis in cultured adipocytes. PURPOSE: To determine the mechanisms by which NOX stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis. METHODS: Young healthy females (n = 17; mean ± SD; age: 21.7 ± 5 years; body mass index: 22.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2) participated in this study. Participants underwent microdialysis and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (clamp) procedures. Three microdialysis probes were inserted into subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue to monitor local adipose tissue ROS (H2O2) production and lipolysis (as indicated by dialysate glycerol). To determine whether NOX stimulates lipolysis via distinct signaling pathways, microdialysis probes were perfused with either isoproterenol (Iso; β-adrenergic agonist to stimulate canonical lipolysis signaling) or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP to stimulate non-canonical lipolysis signaling), then perfused with a local NOX inhibitor (apocynin). A control probe was perfused with apocynin but without any agonists of lipolysis. The microdialysis procedures were then repeated under hyperinsulinemic conditions during the same study visit. RESULTS: In the fasted state, dialysate H2O2 concentrations were lower in the control and Iso probes upon apocynin perfusion (control probe without apocynin: 1.06 ± 0.5 μM, with apocynin: 0.62 ± 0.2 μM; p = 0.005; Iso probe without apocynin: 1.01 ± 0.4 μM, with apocynin: 0.66 ± 0.2 μM; p = 0.003). Apocynin perfusion did not alter dialysate H2O2 concentrations in the ANP probe under the fasted state (p = 0.11). Dialysate glycerol concentrations did not change upon apocynin perfusion under any of the microdialysis probe conditions in the fasted state (p > 0.05). During the clamp, apocynin perfusion resulted in lower dialysate H2O2 concentrations in the three conditions (control probe without apocynin: 1.22 ± 0.6 μM, with apocynin: 0.75 ± 0.3 μM; p = 0.03; Iso probe without apocynin: 1.55 ± 0.8 μM, with apocynin: 0.79 ± 0.3 μM; p = 0.01; ANP probe without apocynin: 1.55 ± 0.6 μM, with apocynin: 0.92 ± 0.3 μM; p = 0.03). Dialysate glycerol concentrations were lower in the Iso probe upon apocynin perfusion during the clamp (Iso probe without apocynin: 124.7 ± 38 μM, with apocynin: 90.9 ± 25 μM; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents adipose tissue NOX as a source of in vivo ROS production in human participants. In addition, we reveal a novel mechanism of NOX in adipose tissue function whereby NOX exerts increases in β-adrenergic-mediated lipolysis during hyperinsulinemia. Our findings highlight the roles of ROS as signaling mediators and suggest that an imbalance between NOX activity and insulin action on adipose tissue could negatively affect systemic fatty acid metabolism. Porter Pre-doctoral Fellowship from the American Physiological Society and an NIH National Research Service Award (F31HL154642). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Reactive oxygen species augment contractile responses of saphenous artery in 10-15-day-old but not adult rats: Substantial role of NADPH oxidases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases (NOX, a key source of ROS in vascular cells) are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, but this has been explored mainly for adult organisms. Importantly, the mechanisms of vascular tone regulation differ significantly in early postnatal ontogenesis and adulthood, while the vasomotor role of ROS in immature systemic arteries is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the functional contribution of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS to the regulation of peripheral arterial tone is higher in the early postnatal period than in adulthood. We studied saphenous arteries from 10‐ to 15‐day‐old (“young”) and 3‐ to 4-month-old (“adult”) male rats using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and isometric myography. We demonstrated that both basal and NADPH-stimulated superoxide anion radical (O2•−) production was significantly higher in the arteries from young in comparison to adult rats. Importantly, pan-inhibitor of NADPH oxidase VAS2870 (10 μM) reduced NADPH-induced O2•− production in arteries of young rats. Saphenous arteries of both young and adult rats demonstrated high levels of Nox2 and Nox4 mRNAs, while Nox1 and Nox3 mRNAs were not detected. The protein contents of NOX2 and NOX4 were significantly higher in arterial tissue of young compared to adult animals. Moreover, VAS2870 (10 μM) had no effect on methoxamine-induced contractile responses of adult arteries but decreased them significantly in young arteries; such effect of VAS2870 persisted after removal of the endothelium. Finally, NOX2 inhibitor GSK2795039 (10 μM), but not NOX1/4 inhibitor GKT137831 (10 μM) weakened methoxamine-induced contractile responses of arteries from young rats. Thus, ROS produced by NOX2 have a pronounced contractile influence in saphenous artery smooth muscle cells of young, but not adult rats, which is associated with the increased vascular content of NOX2 protein at this age.

The metabolic mechanisms of Cd-induced hormesis in photosynthetic microalgae, Chromochloris zofingiensis

Cadmium, an environmental pollutant, is highly toxic and resistant to degradation. It exhibits toxicity at elevated doses but triggers excitatory effects at low doses, a phenomenon referred to as hormesis. Microalgae, as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, demonstrate hormesis induced by cadmium, though the specific mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Consequently, we examined the hormesis of cadmium in Chromochloris zofingiensis. A minimal Cd2+ concentration (0.05 mg L−1) prompted cell proliferation, whereas higher concentrations (2.50 mg L−1) inhibited growth. The group exposed to higher doses exhibited increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Contrastingly, the group exposed to low doses exhibited a moderate antioxidant response without significantly increasing ROS. This implies that increased levels of antioxidative components counteract excessive ROS, maintaining cellular redox balance and promoting growth under conditions of low Cd2+. Validation experiments have established that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS primarily coordinates the hormesis effect in microalgae. Comparative transcriptome analysis has proved the involvement of antioxidant systems and photosynthesis in regulating hormesis. Notably, Aurora A kinases consistently displayed varying expression levels across all Cd2+ treatments, and their role in microalgal hormesis was confirmed through validation with SNS-314 mesylate. This study unveils the intricate regulatory mechanisms of Cd-induced hormesis in C. zofingiensis, with implications for environmental remediation and industrial microalgae applications.

Grass carp Il-2 promotes neutrophil extracellular traps formation via inducing ROS production and autophagy in vitro

Interleukin (IL)-2 has been reported to regulate neutrophil functions in humans, mice, pigs and chicken although it is a key regulator of T cells. Consistently, we found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) interleukin-2 (gcIl-2) is capable of modulating the antimicrobial activities of neutrophils via regulating granzyme B- and perforin-like gene expression in our previous study. In the present study, stimulation of gcIl-2 on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in grass carp neutrophils was demonstrated by detecting free DNA release, histone H3 citrullination and morphological changes of the cells. Further investigation revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from NADPH oxidase but not mitochondria was involved in NETosis induced by gcIl-2. Aside from ROS, autophagy was disclosed to be indispensable for NETosis induced by gcIl-2. These converging lines of evidence suggested that fish Il-2 could induce NETs formation via NADPH oxidase-derived ROS- and autophagy-dependent pathways in fish species which is evolutionarily conserved with that in mammals. It is noteworthy that these two pathways did not interplay with each other in Il-2-stimulated NETosis. The mechanisms governing autophagy induced by Il-2 were also explored in the present study, showing that Il-2 modulated the action of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein to stimulate autophagy, leading to NETs formation in fish neutrophils. These results provided a new insight to the function of Il-2 in fish neutrophils, and a clue about the regulation of NETosis in the lower vertebrates.

Biofilms in Periprosthetic Orthopedic Infections Seen through the Eyes of Neutrophils: How Can We Help Neutrophils?

Despite advancements in our knowledge of neutrophil responses to planktonic bacteria during acute inflammation, much remains to be elucidated on how neutrophils deal with bacterial biofilms in implant infections. Further complexity transpires from the emerging findings on the role that biomaterials play in conditioning bacterial adhesion, the variety of biofilm matrices, and the insidious measures that biofilm bacteria devise against neutrophils. Thus, grasping the entirety of neutrophil–biofilm interactions occurring in periprosthetic tissues is a difficult goal. The bactericidal weapons of neutrophils consist of the following: ready-to-use antibacterial proteins and enzymes stored in granules; NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS); and net-like structures of DNA, histones, and granule proteins, which neutrophils extrude to extracellularly trap pathogens (the so-called NETs: an allusive acronym for “neutrophil extracellular traps”). Neutrophils are bactericidal (and therefore defensive) cells endowed with a rich offensive armamentarium through which, if frustrated in their attempts to engulf and phagocytose biofilms, they can trigger the destruction of periprosthetic bone. This study speculates on how neutrophils interact with biofilms in the dramatic scenario of implant infections, also considering the implications of this interaction in view of the design of new therapeutic strategies and functionalized biomaterials, to help neutrophils in their arduous task of managing biofilms.

Clozapine suppresses NADPH oxidase activation, counteracts cytosolic H2O2, and triggers early onset mitochondrial dysfunction during adipogenesis of human liposarcoma SW872 cells

Long-term treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine (CLZ), an atypical antipsychotic drug, is associated with an increased incidence of metabolic disorders mediated by poorly understood mechanisms. We herein report that CLZ, while slowing down the morphological changes and lipid accumulation occurring during SW872 cell adipogenesis, also causes an early (day 3) inhibition of the expression/nuclear translocation of CAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Under the same conditions, CLZ blunts NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a dual mechanism involving enzyme inhibition and ROS scavenging. These effects were accompanied by hampered activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant responses compared to controls, and by an aggravated formation of mitochondrial superoxide. CLZ failed to exert ROS scavenging activities in the mitochondrial compartment but appeared to actively scavenge cytosolic H2O2 derived from mitochondrial superoxide. The early formation of mitochondrial ROS promoted by CLZ was also associated with signs of mitochondrial dysfunction. Some of the above findings were recapitulated using mouse embryonic fibroblasts.We conclude that the NADPH oxidase inhibitory and cytosolic ROS scavenging activities of CLZ slow down SW872 cell adipogenesis and suppress their Nrf2 activation, an event apparently connected with increased mitochondrial ROS formation, which is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Thus, the cellular events characterised herein may help to shed light on the more detailed molecular mechanisms explaining some of the adverse metabolic effects of CLZ.

GSK2795039 prevents RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-mediated cardiomyocyte necroptosis in doxorubicin-induced heart failure through inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress

Doxorubicin (DOX), which is widely used for the treatment of cancer, induces cardiomyopathy associated with NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. GSK2795039 is a novel small molecular NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) inhibitor. In this study, we investigated whether GSK2795039 prevents receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1)-RIP3-mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-mediated cardiomyocyte necroptosis in DOX-induced heart failure through NADPH oxidase inhibition. Eight-week old mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, GSK2795039, DOX and DOX plus GSK2795039. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were treated with DOX and GSK2795039. In DOX-treated mice, the survival rate was reduced, left ventricular (LV) end-systolic dimension was increased and LV fractional shortening was decreased, and these alterations were attenuated by the GSK2795039 treatment. GSK2795039 inhibited not only myocardial NADPH oxidase subunit gp91phox (Nox2) protein, but also p22phox, p47phox and p67phox proteins and prevented oxidative stress 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels in DOX-treated mice. RIP3 protein and phosphorylated RIP1 (p-RIP1), p-RIP3 and p-MLKL proteins, reflective of their respective kinase activities, markers of necroptosis, were markedly increased in DOX-treated mice, and the increases were prevented by GSK2795039. GSK2795039 prevented the increases in serum lactate dehydrogenase and myocardial fibrosis in DOX-treated mice. Similarly, in DOX-treated cardiomyocytes, GSK2795039 improved cell viability, attenuated apoptosis and necrosis and prevented the increases in p-RIP1, p-RIP3 and p-MLKL expression. In conclusion, GSK2795039 prevents RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-mediated cardiomyocyte necroptosis through inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress, leading to the improvement of myocardial remodeling and function in DOX-induced heart failure. These findings suggest that GSK2795039 may have implications for the treatment of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.

NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species production activates the ERK1/2 pathway in neutrophil extracellular traps formation by Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical mastitis bovine

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) continues to be challenging for milk quality in some countries and leads to huge economic losses. A large number of neutrophils are recruited into inflammatory foci when S. agalactiae infection occurs, and most studies have focused on the interaction between neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and this bacterium in the context of human pathogenicity. However, there is little information on the NET formation mechanism induced by S. agalactiae in the context of bovine mastitis. Here, neutrophils isolated from BALB/c mice were infected with S. agalactiae SAG-FX17, and NET formation was evaluated. SAG-FX17 could induce NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (NOX-ROS)-dependent NET formation, and 21.8% of bacteria could be eliminated by NETs via NET DNA and associated proteins. SAG-FX17 could induce the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 MAPK, and JNK/SAPK in neutrophils. However, only ERK1/2 MAPK was shown to play an important role in SAG-FX17-induced NET formation. Importantly, NOX-ROS production occurs upstream of ERK1/2 MAPK activation and then induces NET release. ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation can, in turn, enhance NOX-ROS generation, which further contributes to NET release and bacterial elimination. This study provides evidence of the molecular mechanism underlying serotype Ia S. agalactiae SAG-FX17-induced NET formation and the interaction between bacteria and NETs, and these findings will increase our knowledge about bacterial mastitis in dairy cattle and contribute to the prevention and clinical treatment of bovine mastitis.

Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) Promotes Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Extracellular Traps Formation via the ROS-ERK Signaling Pathway.

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a cytosolic DNA sensor or directly recognizes bacterial cyclic dinucleotides, which is required for the detection of microbial infection. Extracellular traps (ETs) are known to be part of the antimicrobial defense system. However, the implication of STING in ETs formation during microbial infection remains unknown. Here, we showed that STING contributed to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced ETs formation through the ROS-ERK signaling. STING deficiency exhibited decreased cell-free DNA (cfDNA) level, reduced expression of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and diminished DNA colocalization with CitH3 and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Interestingly, NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted ETs formation, accompanied by increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in S. aureus-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Corresponding to less ROS production, decreased ERK1/2 activation was shown in STING-/- BMDMs after S. aureus infection. Importantly, inhibiting the ROS-ERK signal reduced the ETs formation and the differences disappeared between WT and STING-/- BMDMs after S. aureus infection. Moreover, STING-/- BMDMs exhibited significantly increased levels of extracellular bacteria compared to WT BMDMs regardless of phagocytosis. In addition, such differences disappeared after DNase I treatment. DNase I treatment also facilitated pathogen colonization without affecting the inflammatory cells infiltration and pro-inflammatory factors secretion following pulmonary S. aureus infection. Furthermore, STING-/- mice presented decreased levels of cfDNA and CitH3, along with increased bacterial colonization compared to WT mice. Altogether, these findings highlighted that STING promoted ETs formation via the ROS-ERK signal for host defense against S. aureus infection.

β-Hydroxybutyrate impairs the release of bovine neutrophil extracellular traps through inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase–mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase reactive oxygen species production

Ketosis in dairy cows often occurs in the peripartal period and is accompanied by immune dysfunction. High concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in peripheral blood during ketosis inhibits the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) and contributes to immune dysfunction. However, the mechanisms whereby BHB affects NET release remains unclear. In this study, 5 healthy peripartal dairy cows (within 3 wk postpartum) with serum BHB concentrations <0.6 mM and glucose concentrations >3.5 mM were used as blood donors. Blood samples were collected before feeding, and the isolated polymorphonuclear neutrophils were incubated with 3 mM BHB for different times. Inhibition of Cit-H3 (citrullinated histone 3) protein abundance, a marker of NET activation, in response to BHB was used to determine an optimal incubation time for in vitro experiments. Four hours was selected as the optimal duration of BHB treatment. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) was used to induce the release of NET in vitro. The BHB treatment with or without PMA treatment decreased protein abundance of Cit-H3 and PAD4 (arginine deiminase 4) and increased neutrophil elastase. Immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscope analyses revealed that BHB treatment inhibited PMA-induced NET release. The BHB treatment also decreased double strain DNA content in the supernatant, further confirming the inhibitory effect of BHB on NET release. Furthermore, BHB treatment decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation level of p47, and protein abundance of Rac2, suggesting that BHB-induced NET inhibition may have been caused by decreased NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. The phosphorylation level of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), an important upstream regulator of NADPH oxidase, was attenuated by BHB treatment. To confirm the involvement of PI3K signaling pathway in BHB-induced NET inhibition, 740Y-P, a potent activator of PI3K signaling pathway, was used. Data indicated that 740Y-P relieved the inhibitory effects of BHB on ROS production and NADPH oxidase activation. Importantly, as revealed by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses, 740Y-P also dampened the inhibitory effect of BHB on NET release and the protein abundance of Cit-H3 and PAD4. Overall, the present study revealed that high concentration of BHB impairs NET release through inhibiting PI3K-mediated NADPH oxidase ROS production. These findings help partly explain the immune dysfunction in cows experiencing negative energy balance or ketosis in early lactation.

Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 attenuates myocardial abnormalities in tail-suspended mice.

Microgravity conditions cause myocardial abnormalities with limited therapeutic approaches. We reported that NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species contribute to microgravity-induced myocardial abnormalities. This study investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 protected the heart during microgravity. Simulated microgravity was induced by tail-suspension in mice. Tail-suspension for 28days increased Rac1 activity in hearts, reduced heart weight and cross-sectional areas of cardiomyocytes, indicative of myocardial atrophy, and myocardial dysfunction. Administration of NSC23766, a selective inhibitor of Rac1, or atorvastatin reported to inhibit Rac1 activation, attenuated myocardial atrophy and preserved myocardial function in tail-suspended mice. These protective effects of Rac1 inhibition were associated with inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation and a reduction of oxidative stress. Our finding may inform a future clinical trial using atorvastatin to prevent myocardial abnormalities under microgravity conditions.

Free fatty acids promote degranulation of azurophil granules in neutrophils by inducing production of NADPH oxidase–derived reactive oxygen species in cows with subclinical ketosis

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cows, a common metabolic disorder during the peripartal period, is accompanied by systemic inflammation. Excessive release of azurophil granule (AG) contents during degranulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) could contribute to systemic inflammation in SCK cows. Although the increase in blood free fatty acids (FFA) in SCK cows may promote AG degranulation from PMN, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Thirty multiparous cows (within 3 wk postpartum) with similar lactation numbers (median = 3, range = 2-4) and days in milk (median = 6, range = 3-15) were classified based on serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) level as control (n = 15, BHB < 0.6 mM) or SCK (n = 15, 1.2 mM < BHB < 3.0 mM). Cows with SCK had greater levels of serum haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α. These proinflammatory factors had strong positive correlations with myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker protein of PMN AG, whose content was greater in the serum of SCK cows. Both the number of AG and the protein abundance of MPO were lower in PMN isolated from SCK cows. Additionally, we found a greater ratio of blood CH138A+/CD63high cells and greater mean fluorescence intensity of CD63 on the PMN membrane, further confirming the greater degree of AG degranulation in cows with SCK. In vitro FFA dose response (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 mM for 4 h) and time course (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h with 0.6 mM) experiments were performed on PMN isolated from control cows. The increase in MPO content in extracellular supernatant resulting from those experiments led to the selection of 0.6 mM FFA for 1 h duration as conditions for subsequent studies. After FFA treatment, release of intracellular MPO was increased along with increased levels of CD63 mean fluorescence intensity on the PMN membrane, confirming that FFA promoted degranulation of AG. In addition, FFA treatment increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by PMN, an effect that was attenuated by incubation with diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), a NADPH oxidase-derived ROS inhibitor. The mitochondrial-derived ROS inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) did not affect ROS in response to FFA treatment. Treatment with FFA increased p47 phosphorylation and mRNA abundance of NCF1, NCF2, and CYBB in PMN. Furthermore, DPI, but not FCCP, dampened the degranulation of PMN AG induced by FFA in vitro. These data suggested that the degranulation of AG in PMN induced by FFA was mediated by NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. As verified ex vivo, PMN from SCK cows had greater levels of ROS, phosphorylation of p47, and mRNA abundance of NCF1, NCF2, and CYBB. Overall, the present study revealed that high blood concentrations of FFA in SCK cows induce the production of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, thereby promoting degranulation of AG in PMN. The stimulatory effect of FFA on the release of AG content during degranulation, especially MPO, provides a new insight into the systemic inflammation experienced by peripartal cows with SCK.

Rapamycin Suppresses Penile NADPH Oxidase Activity to Preserve Erectile Function in Mice Fed a Western Diet.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a nutrient-sensitive cellular signaling kinase that has been implicated in the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NADPH oxidase-derived ROS have been implicated in erectile dysfunction pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine if mTOR is an activator of NADPH oxidase in the penis and to determine the functional relevance of this pathway in a translationally relevant model of diet-induced erectile dysfunction. Male mice were fed a control diet or a high-fat, high-sucrose Western style diet (WD) for 12 weeks and treated with vehicle or rapamycin for the final 4 weeks of the dietary intervention. Following the intervention, erectile function was assessed by cavernous nerve-stimulated intracavernous pressure measurement, in vivo ROS production was measured in the penis using a microdialysis approach, and relative protein contents from the corpus cavernosum were determined by Western blot. Erectile function was impaired in vehicle treated WD-mice and was preserved in rapamycin treated WD-mice. Penile NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS were elevated in WD-mice and suppressed by rapamycin treatment. Western blot analysis suggests mTOR activation with WD by increased active site phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K, and increased expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, all of which were suppressed by rapamycin. These data suggest that mTOR is an upstream mediator of NADPH oxidase in the corpus cavernosum in response to a chronic Western diet, which has an adverse effect on erectile function.

Osteoprotegerin regulates vascular function through syndecan-1 and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species.

Osteogenic factors, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG), are protective against vascular calcification. However, OPG is also positively associated with cardiovascular damage, particularly in pulmonary hypertension, possibly through processes beyond effects on calcification. In the present study, we focused on calcification-independent vascular effects of OPG through activation of syndecan-1 and NADPH oxidases (Noxs) 1 and 4. Isolated resistance arteries from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, exposed to exogenous OPG, studied by myography exhibited endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction. OPG decreased nitric oxide (NO) production, eNOS activation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells. In VSMCs, OPG increased ROS production, H2O2/peroxynitrite levels and activation of Rho kinase and myosin light chain. OPG vascular and redox effects were also inhibited by the syndecan-1 inhibitor synstatin (SSNT). Additionally, heparinase and chondroitinase abolished OPG effects on VSMCs-ROS production, confirming syndecan-1 as OPG molecular partner and suggesting that OPG binds to heparan/chondroitin sulphate chains of syndecan-1. OPG-induced ROS production was abrogated by NoxA1ds (Nox1 inhibitor) and GKT137831 (dual Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor). Tempol (SOD mimetic) inhibited vascular dysfunction induced by OPG. In addition, we studied arteries from Nox1 and Nox4 knockout (KO) mice. Nox1 and Nox4 KO abrogated OPG-induced vascular dysfunction. Vascular dysfunction elicited by OPG is mediated by a complex signalling cascade involving syndecan-1, Nox1 and Nox4. Our data identify novel molecular mechanisms beyond calcification for OPG, which may underlie vascular injurious effects of osteogenic factors in conditions such as hypertension and/or diabetes.

Antioxidant and Anti-atherogenic Properties of Prosopis strombulifera and Tessaria absinthioides Aqueous Extracts: Modulation of NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species.

Despite popular usage of medicinal plants, their effects as cardiovascular protective agents have not been totally elucidated. We hypothesized that treatment with aqueous extract from Prosopis strombulifera (AEPs) and Tessaria absinthioides (AETa), Argentinian native plants, produces antioxidant effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and attenuates atherogenesis on apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-KO) mice. In VSMCs, both extracts (5–40 μg/ml) inhibited 10% fetal calf serum-induced cell proliferation, arrested cell in G2/M phase, reduced angiotensin II-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and decreased NADPH oxidase subunit expression. In ApoE-KO mice, extracts significantly reduced triglycerides and lipid peroxidation [plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], increased plasma total antioxidant status (TAS), and improved glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver. Under high-fat diet (HFD), both extracts were able to inhibit O2– generation in the aortic tissue and caused a significant regression of atheroma plaques (21.4 ± 1.6% HFD group vs. 10.2 ± 1.2%∗ AEPs group and 14.3 ± 1.0%∗ AETa group; ∗p < 0.01). Consumption of AEPs and AETa produces antioxidant/antimitogenic/anti-atherosclerotic effects, and their use may be beneficial as a complementary strategy regarding cardiovascular disease therapies.

NOX4 Mediates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Nuclear Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Chromatin Remodeling in Lung Epithelium.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), and earlier, we have shown a role for NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in PA-mediated lung inflammation and injury. Here, we show a role for the lung epithelial cell (LEpC) NOX4 in PA-mediated chromatin remodeling and lung inflammation. Intratracheal administration of PA to Nox4flox/flox mice for 24 h caused lung inflammatory injury; however, epithelial cell-deleted Nox4 mice exhibited reduced lung inflammatory injury, oxidative stress, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased histone acetylation. In LEpCs, NOX4 was localized both in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions, and PA stimulation increased the nuclear NOX4 expression and ROS production. Downregulation or inhibition of NOX4 and PKC δ attenuated the PA-induced nuclear ROS. PA-induced histone acetylation was attenuated by Nox4-specific siRNA, unlike Nox2. PA stimulation increased HDAC1/2 oxidation and reduced HDAC1/2 activity. The PA-induced oxidation of HDAC2 was attenuated by N-acetyl-L-cysteine and siRNA specific for Pkc δ, Sphk2, and Nox4. PA stimulated RAC1 activation in the nucleus and enhanced the association between HDAC2 and RAC1, p-PKC δ, and NOX4 in LEpCs. Our results revealed a critical role for the alveolar epithelial NOX4 in mediating PA-induced lung inflammatory injury via nuclear ROS generation, HDAC1/2 oxidation, and chromatin remodeling.

HGF/c-Met regulates p22phox subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex in primary mouse hepatocytes by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms

Introduction and objectivesIt is well-known that signaling mediated by the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met in the liver is involved in the control of cellular redox status and oxidative stress, particularly through its ability to induce hepatoprotective gene expression by activating survival pathways in hepatocytes. It has been reported that HGF can regulate the expression of some members of the NADPH oxidase family in liver cells, particularly the catalytic subunits and p22phox. In the present work we were focused to characterize the mechanism of regulation of p22phox by HGF and its receptor c-Met in primary mouse hepatocytes as a key determinant for cellular redox regulation. Materials and methodsPrimary mouse hepatocytes were treated with HGF (50 ng/mL) at different times. cyba expression (gene encoding p22phox) or protein content were addressed by real time RT-PCR, Western blot or immunofluorescence. Protein interactions were explored by immunoprecipitation and FRET analysis. ResultsOur results provided mechanistic information supporting the transcriptional repression of cyba induced by HGF in a mechanism dependent of NF-κB activity. We identified a post-translational regulation mechanism directed by p22phox degradation by proteasome 26S, and a second mechanism mediated by p22phox sequestration by c-Met in plasma membrane. ConclusionOur data clearly show that HGF/c-Met exerts regulation of the NADPH oxidase by a wide-range of molecular mechanisms. NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species regulated by HGF/c-Met represents one of the main mechanisms of signal transduction elicited by this growth factor.

Preconditioning with Short-term Dietary Restriction Attenuates Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Hypertrophy Induced by Chronic Pressure Overload.

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and associated heart failure are becoming a more prevalent and critical public health issue with the aging of society, and are exacerbated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dietary restriction (DR) markedly inhibits senescent changes; however, prolonged DR is difficult. We herein investigated whether preconditioning with short-term DR attenuates chronic pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and associated oxidative stress. Male c57BL6 mice were randomly divided into an ad libitum (AL) diet or 40% restricted diet (DR preconditioning, DRPC) group for 2 weeks prior to ascending aortic constriction (AAC), and all mice were fed ad libitum after AAC surgery. Two weeks after surgery, pressure overload by AAC increased LV wall thickness in association with LV diastolic dysfunction and promoted myocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in the AL+AAC group. Oxidative stress in cardiac tissue and mitochondria also increased in the AL+AAC group in association with increments in cardiac NADPH oxidase-derived and mitochondrial ROS production. LV hypertrophy and associated cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress were significantly attenuated in the DRPC+AAC group. Moreover, less severe mitochondrial oxidative damage in the DRPC+AAC group was associated with the suppression of mitochondrial permeability transition and cardiac apoptosis. These results indicate that chronic pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in association with cardiac and mitochondrial oxidative damage were attenuated by preconditioning with short-term DR.

Reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase regulate astaxanthin and total fatty acid accumulation in Chromochloris zofingiensis

Many abiotic stresses can promote astaxanthin and total fatty acid (TFA) accumulation in microalgae, but their signal molecules remain undetermined. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidase has been reported to act as signals and regulate many cellular responses in cell responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in higher plants. The present study explored the regulatory effects of NADPH oxidase derived ROS on astaxanthin and TFA accumulation in the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis under nitrogen starvation. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI) inhibition of NADPH oxidase significantly decreased the cellular ROS level under nitrogen starvation. This was accompanied with the decreasing of astaxanthin and secondary carotenoids content, and the increasing of primary carotenoids content. Molecular studies showed that DPI depressed the expression of PSY, LCYb, and BKT, but elevated that of LCYe, which were coordinated with carotenoids content. Meanwhile, the TFA and neutral lipid contents, and the expression of their key biosynthesis genes, ACCase and PDAT, were also reduced in the DPI-treated cells. Additionally, the addition of ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), decreased the astaxanthin and TFA contents. Taken together, our results revealed that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS was the key regulator in astaxanthin and fatty acid accumulation under nitrogen starvation.