NaCl Diluent Research Articles

PHOSPHATE BUFFER SALINE AS AN ALTERNATIVE DILUENT IN EXAMINATION OF ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE WESTERGREEN METHOD

Background: 0.9% NaCl is the standard method for examining ESR with EDTA blood, it was found that PBS has properties comparable to 0.9% NaCl because the osmolarity and ion concentration of this solution is isotonic with human body fluids.Aims: This study was to determine the difference in LED results using PBS pH 7.2 and pH 7.4 with the results of examining LEDs using 0.9% NaCl Westergren method.Methods: This study used an experimental method with a static group comparison research design. The difference in the results of the LED examination using 0.9% NaCl as the control group and PBS pH 7.2 and pH 7.4 as the test group.Results: statistical tests showed that the average value of LED using 0.9% NaCl was 13.10 mm/hour, PBS pH 7.2 was 12.40 mm/hour and PBS pH 7.4 was 10.30 mm/hour. Based on the results of the One Way Anova test, the p-value was 0.528 and the Post Hoc test results on PBS pH 7.2 obtained a p-value of 0.959 and PBS pH 7.4 p-value 0.523. Conclusion: the results of examining the LED using both PBS pH 7.2 and PBS pH 7.4 diluents showed no difference in results with 0.9% NaCl diluent as the standard method. So there is a suggestion from researchers to use abnormal samples diluted with PBS pH 7.2 to 7.4.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN KUNING TELUR DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA PADA MEDIA PENGENCER NACL FISIOLOGIS DALAM PEROSES PENYIMPANAN SPERMA TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMA IKAN LELE LOKAL (CLARIAS BATRACH)

This study aims to determine the effect of adding Egg Yolk with different doses of physiological NaCl diluent media in the sperm storage process on the sperm quality of catfish (Clarias batrachus) outside the body of the fish. While the goal is to determine the optimal dose of adding egg yolk to physiological NaCl diluent media in the sperm storage process on the sperm quality of catfish (Clarias batrachus) outside the fish body. The method used in this study was the "experimental" method. The experiment used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the assumption that the experimental medium used was homogeneous. The results of this study proved the survival of spermatozoa of local catfish in storage. at a temperature of 50C for six days the highest was found in (P3) of 57.14% and the lowest was found in (P0) of 38.215%. ) namely the addition of 0.5 ml of egg yolk. From the results of the evaluation of fresh semen examination there was an average volume of 2.8 ml with a milky white color and slightly viscous, pH 7.3, mass motility ++, individual motility 73.8%, and concentration of 299.8×107 cells/ml.

Evaluasi Penyimpanan Spermatozoa Ayam Pada Suhu 5⁰C, 26⁰C Dengan Pengencer Infuse NaCl, Glukosa 5% dan 10%

The purpose of this study were to compare the quality of spermatozoa stored at 26⁰C, 5⁰C using diluents of NaCl, 10% glucose and 5% glucose. The spermatozoa of a rooster was collected and divided into 6 parts, each 2 tubes diluted in a ratio of 1:1 using NaCl, Glucose5% and Glucose 10%, then each 3 tubes with different diluents were stored at 26⁰C and 5⁰C. Observations of motility, viability and abnormalities of spermatozoa were carried out half an hour, 1 hour after dilution, followed every 2 hours until the ninth hours. The results showed that spermatozoa stored for 9 hours at a temperature of 26⁰C with a physiological diluent of NaCl, 10% Glucose and 5% Glucose each were different (P, < 0.05) with motility 50 ± 0.0%, 42 ± 10.95. % and 34±8.94%, respectively. At storage temperature of 5⁰C for 9 hours, physiological NaCl, 10% glucose and 5% glucose were significantly different (P<0.05) with motility 58.00±10.95%, 46.00±8.94% and 38.00±, respectively. 10.95% in a row. The viability of spermatozoa at 26⁰C storage with 5% glucose diluent was better than 10% glucose and physiological NaCl (P<0.05), 58.93±1.27%, 42.93±1.48% and 33.43±1.27% , while the physiological NaCl diluent and 10% glucose were not significantly different (P>0.05). At 5⁰C storage the viability of spermatozoa in the three diluents was not significantly different, with values of Glucose 10%, Glucose 5% and physiological NaCl 52.57±5.15%, 52.21±5.02% and 48.14±8.09%, respectively. Spermatozoa abnormalities at storage temperature 26⁰C and 5⁰C for 9 hours using physiological NaCl diluent, 5% glucose and 10% glucose, were not significantly different and varied between 5 to 10%. Finally, it can be concluded that at room temperature storage less than 4 hours the quality of spermatozoa was better with 5% glucose diluent, while for cold storage beyond 4 hours the quality of spermatozoa with NaCl diluent was higher

Lactic acid bacteria profile isolated from “laor” worms (Polychaeta) fresh from Lawena Beach, Ambon Maluku

This study aimed to determine the characteristics of lactic acid bacterial isolates (LAB) from fresh laor worms. LAB isolation was carried out by using a multilevel dilution technique with 0.9% NaCl diluent then grown on MRS Agar media with 1% CaCO3 added and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. This research was using descriptive methods of morphological characterization and biochemical tests on LAB isolates. The total LAB on fresh laor worms was 6.8 x 104-7.4 x104 CFU/g. The morphological and biochemical characterization showed that LAB isolates were three categories: round colony shape, small size, milky white color with convex elevation, round cell shape, short chain (isolate Bl 6); short stem cell shape (isolate Bl 2, Bl 3, Bl 4); the form of short chain stem cells (isolate Bl 3). The catalase test interpretation of the isolates showed a negative results and the Gram staining showed LAB isolates were Gram positive. Two genera of lactic acid bacteria were suspected as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus.

In-use stability of diluted thiamazole (methimazole) infusion solutions in prefilled 0.9% sodium chloride infusion bags for continuous infusion

ObjectiveIn patients with severe hyperthyroidism unable to tolerate oral antithyroid therapy, diluted thiamazole infusion solutions (dose 120–240 mg) are administered by continuous infusion over 24 hours. Information about the type...

Pengaruh pengencer dan lama simpan semen Ayam kampung pada suhu ruang terhadap Motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa

Abstract
 The study was conducted from February to April 2018 in the field laboratory and integrated laboratory of University Kanjuruhan Malang. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of diluent and timetorage of kampung chicken sperm at room temperature to motility and viability of spermatozoa. The diluent used was NaCl, egg yolk tris aminomethane and no diluent with sperm duration of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 hours and 10 replications. This research method is experimental laboratory by using completely randomize design of factorial. The data obtained in the study will be analyzed using the method of analysis of variance. The results showed that there was no significant effect (P> 0,05) of diluent, time storage as well as interaction between diluent and time storage to sperm motility and viability. Diluent and time storage which still maintain motility up to the minimum limit for AI was NaCl in 18 hours (41,5%), egg yolk tris aminomethan and without diluent at 12 hours of time storage that was equal to 49% and 42%. While the diluent and the time store that still can maintain viability up to the minimum limit for AI was NaCl and egg yolk tris aminomethan on the 18-hour (82.5%), without diluent on the time storage 12 hours (81.5%). It can be concluded that the optimum spermatozoa motility on NaCl diluent with 6 hours of time storage. While the optimum viability of the NaCl and egg yolk tris aminomethan on the time storage 18 hours.

Submicron LaB6 powders with high purity prepared in large scale by salt-assisted combustion synthesis

LaB6 powders were synthesized in large scale by salt-assisted combustion synthesis (CS) with different NaCl diluent contents. The variety of phases, particle size and purity of the powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). With increase of NaCl content, the adiabatic combustion temperature of the reaction system linearly declines, the average particle size of leached products decreases, the impurity phases are easier to remove, and the products purity enhances obviously. When NaCl content is 40 wt%, the purity of the superfine powders of LaB6 is more than 98 wt%, and the average particle size is 380 nm.

Synthesis of nanocrystalline silicon using the recrystallisation of binary silica cryogel/Mg system via self‐propagating high‐temperature combustion in the presence of NaCl as a metal halide diluent

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis as a low energy consumption and simple approach was employed to synthesise silicon nanocrystal from the monolithic silica cryogel prepared by freeze drying. The recrystallisation process of silicon was investigated under combustion at 800, 900 and 1000°C and the uniform coral-like structure was achieved at 1000°C. The results of Raman and X-ray diffraction analysis showed the decrease in ignition time to 40 s for 1000°C temperature, leading to the decrement of crystalline size to 10.85 A° and the raise of average lattice strain to 0.152% due to accelerating recrystallisation. In addition, NaCl diluent consumed the excess heat generated during exothermic reaction and decreased the crystalline size to 10.79 A° thanks to its 0.8 W/m K thermal conductivity.

Abstract CT032: A first-in-human phase I/II clinical trial assessing novel mRNA-lipoplex nanoparticles for potent cancer immunotherapy in patients with malignant melanoma

Abstract Immunotherapeutic approaches have evolved as promising and valid alternatives to available conventional cancer treatments. Amongst others, vaccination with tumor antigen-encoding RNAs by local administration is currently successfully employed in various clinical trials. To allow for a more efficient targeting of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and to overcome potential technical challenges associated with local administration, we have developed a novel RNA immunotherapeutic for systemic application based on a fixed set of four liposome complexed RNA drug products (RNA(LIP)), each encoding one shared melanoma-associated antigen. The novel RNA(LIP) formulation was engineered (i) to protect RNA from degradation by plasma RNases and (ii) to enable directed in vivo targeting of APCs in lymphoid compartments, thus (iii) allowing for intravenous administration of multiple RNA products advancing from local to systemic targeting of APCs. Here, RNA(LIP) products trigger a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated Interferon-α (IFN-α) release from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages stimulating DC maturation and hence inducing innate immune mechanisms as well as potent vaccine antigen-specific immune responses. Notably, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals′ RNA(LIP) formulation is a universally applicable potent novel vaccine class for intravenous APC targeting and the induction of potent synchronized adaptive and type-I interferon-mediated innate immune responses for cancer immunotherapy. Similar to other liposomal drugs, the ready-to-use RNA(LIP) products are prepared individually in a straight-forward manner directly prior to use from three components, namely solutions containing RNA drug product, NaCl diluent, and liposome excipient, that are provided as a kit. A multi-center phase I/II trial to clinically validate this pioneering RNA(LIP) formulation for the treatment of malignant melanoma was initiated in 2015 (NCT02410733). The objective of the clinical trial is to study the feasibility, safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and evaluate potential clinical activity of the RNA(LIP) immunotherapy concept. Detailed information on the ongoing trial, the recruitment and treatment status as well as data on the assessment of vaccine-induced immune responses will be presented. Citation Format: Robert A. Jabulowsky, Carmen Loquai, Mustafa Diken, Lena M. Kranz, Heinrich Haas, Sebastian Attig, Nicole Bidmon, Janina Buck, Evelyna Derhovanessian, Jan Diekmann, Daniel Fritz, Veronika Jahndel, Alexandra Kemmer-Brueck, Klaus Kuehlcke, Andreas N. Kuhn, Peter Langguth, Ulrich Luxemburger, Martin Meng, Felicitas Mueller, Richard Rae, Fatih Sari, Doreen Schwarck-Kokarakis, Christine Seck, Kristina Spieß, Meike Witt, Jessica C. Hassel, Jochen Utikal, Roland Kaufmann, Sebastian Kreiter, Christoph Huber, Oezlem Tuereci, Ugur Sahin. A first-in-human phase I/II clinical trial assessing novel mRNA-lipoplex nanoparticles for potent cancer immunotherapy in patients with malignant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr CT032.

Effect of NaCl diluent content on phase, size and magnetic properties of Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 powders prepared by combustion synthesis

Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 ferrite powders were synthesized by Combustion synthesis (CS) with different NaCl diluent content. The powders were annealed at 1323K for 2h. Phases, size and magnetic properties of the powders with and without annealing were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and vibrating sample magnetism (VSM). It shows that the impurity phases of the ferrite powders vanish after annealing, the size increases, and their shape becomes spherical and the distribution turns to narrower, but the saturation magnetization (Ms) of the annealed powders shows a maximum of 63.07emu/g when w is 6wt% in the reported data of ferrite prepared by other methods in literature. The powders size decreases with the NaCl content increasing. The maximum average size of the powders is 600nm and the minimum average size is 400nm.

Abstract B041: A novel nanoparticular formulated tetravalent RNA cancer vaccine for treatment of patients with malignant melanoma

Abstract Immunotherapeutic approaches have evolved as promising and valid alternatives to available conventional cancer treatments. Amongst others, vaccination with tumor antigen-encoding RNAs by local administration is currently successfully employed in various clinical trials. To allow for a more efficient targeting of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) we have developed a novel RNA immunotherapeutic for systemic application based on a fixed set of four liposome complexed RNA drug products (RNA(LIP)) each encoding one shared melanoma-associated antigen. Similar to other liposomal drugs, the four injectable RNA(LIP) products constituting the investigational medicinal product will be prepared individually in a straight-forward manner directly prior to use from three components, namely solutions containing RNA drug product, NaCl diluent, and liposome excipient, that are provided as a kit. The novel lipoplex formulation was engineered (i) to protect RNA from degradation by plasma RNases and (ii) to enable directed in vivo targeting of APCs in lymphoid compartments, thus (iii) allowing for intravenous administration of multiple RNA products advancing from local to systemic targeting of APCs. The improved selective delivery of the RNA(LIP) products into APCs has further been shown to lead to an enhanced induction of vaccine-induced T-cell responses. Extensive pharmacological characterization of the RNA(LIP) platform revealed that upon cellular uptake the encoded antigens will be translated into proteins that will be rapidly processed into peptide fragments, which after presentation by MHC class I and II molecules on the surface of APCs induce tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses that spread systemically. These vaccine-induced T cells have been shown to specifically recognize and kill antigen-positive tumor cells eliciting potent anti-tumoral activity in vivo. The potent vaccination effects are additionally enhanced by further immunomodulatory effects based on the transient release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-α, IP-10, and IL-6 due to binding of the administered RNA drug products to Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The clinical translation of this pioneering therapeutic concept is currently being realized in a multi-center, first-in-human phase I trial in patients with malignant melanoma. Main objectives of the clinical trial are to study safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of this innovative immunotherapy approach. The novel lipoplex formulation, RNA(LIP) mechanism of action, study design and clinical workflow, as well as recruitment and treatment status of the ongoing clinical trial will be presented. Citation Format: Robert A. Jabulowsky, Carmen Loquai, Mustafa Diken, Lena M. Kranz, Heinrich Haas, Sebastian Attig, Cedrik M. Britten, Janina Buck, Evelyna Derhovanessian, Jan Diekmann, Isaac Esparza, Daniel Fritz, Yves Huesemann, Veronika Jahndel, Klaus Kuehlcke, Andreas N. Kuhn, Peter Langguth, Ulrich Luxemburger, Martin Meng, Felicitas Mueller, Kerstin C. Reuter, Doreen Schwarck, Kristina Spiess, Meike Witt, Jessica C. Hassel, Jochen Utikal, Roland Kaufmann, Marc Schrott, Sebastian Kreiter, Oezlem Tuereci, Christoph Huber, Ugur Sahin. A novel nanoparticular formulated tetravalent RNA cancer vaccine for treatment of patients with malignant melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B041.

Preparation of NiO nanoparticles from Ni(OH)2·NiCO3·4H2O precursor by mechanical activation

A mechanical activation process was introduced as a facile method for producing nickel oxide nanopowders. The precursor compound Ni(OH)2·NiCO3·4H2O was synthesized by chemical precipitation. The precursor was milled with NaCl diluent. A high-energy ball milling process led to decomposition of the precursor and subsequent dispersal in NaCl media. Nickel oxide nanocrystalline powders were produced by subsequent heat treatment and water washing. Milling rotation speed, milling time, ball-to-powder ratio (BPR), and nickel chloride-to-precursor ratio were introduced as influential parameters on the wavelength of maximum absorption (λ max). The effects of these parameters were investigated by the Taguchi method. The optimum conditions for this study were a milling rotation speed of 150 r/min, a milling time of 20 h, a BPR of 15/1, and a NaCl-to-powder weight ratio (NPR) of 6/1. In these conditions, λ max was predicted to be 292 nm. The structural properties of the samples were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectrometry.

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of nonstoichiometric wüstite

This paper describes the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of nonstoichiometric FexO (x=0.833–1), with particular focus on the effects of nonstoichiometric Fe content and diluent addition on the phase of the SHS product. In the SHS process, the raw materials Fe, NaClO4 (oxidizer), and NaCl (diluent) were thoroughly mixed in the desired ratio by ball milling, and the lower surfaces of the disk-shaped green compacts were subsequently electrically ignited to produce FexO through the propagation of the sustainable exothermic reaction. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the SHS products comprised double phases of FexO and Fe3O4. The peaks of products with 0.947≤x≤1.00 shifted to lower angles in comparison to those of the product with x=0.833 attributed to the lattice parameter distortion of the crystal structure because of the Fe defects. In the presence of the NaCl diluent, the raw materials were converted to high-purity FexO powders during the SHS process. Without the NaCl diluent, the lattice parameter of SHS Fe0.947O corresponded to the theoretical lattice parameter. Nonstoichiometric compounds of FexO (0.942≤x≤0.952) were obtained through SHS without additional external heating.

Evaluation of efficacy of stabilizers on the thermostability of live attenuated thermo-adapted Peste des petits ruminants vaccines.

In this study, thermo-adapted (Ta) PPR vaccines were assessed for their stability at 25, 37, 40, 42 and 45°C in lyophilized form using two extrinsic stabilizers {lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (LS) and stabilizer E} and in reconstituted form with the diluents (1 mol/L MgSO(4) or 0.85% NaCl). The lyophilized vaccines showed an expiry period of 24-26 days at 25°C, 7-8 days at 37°C and 3-4 days at 40°C. LS stabilizer was superior at 42°C with a shelf-life of 44 h, whereas in stabilizer E, a 40 h shelf-life with a comparable half-life was observed. At 45°C, the half-life in stabilizer E was better than LS and lasted for 1 day. Furthermore, the reconstituted vaccine maintained the titre for 48 h both at 4°C and 25°C and for 24-30 h at 37°C. As both the stabilizers performed equally well with regard to shelf-life and half-life, the present study suggests LS as stabilizer as a choice for lyophilization with 0.85% NaCl diluent, because it has better performance at higher temperature. These Ta vaccines can be used as alternatives to existing vaccines for the control of the disease in tropical countries as they are effective in avoiding vaccination failure due to the breakdown in cold-chain maintenance, as this vaccine is considerably more stable at ambient temperatures.

A comparison of mechanochemical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticulate nickel oxide

In this study, mechanochemical processing has been investigated as a means of manufacturing nanoparticulate powders of NiO. Two different reactant mixtures were examined and compared. The first system was based on mechanical milling of Ni(OH) 2 with NaCl diluent. Milling of this reactant mixture resulted in disintegration of the Ni(OH) 2 precursor and its progressive dispersal into the NaCl matrix. Subsequent heat treatment and washing yielded a nanocrystalline powder of NiO, which contained a significant proportion of particles with an unusual platelike morphology. The second system that was examined was based on mechanically activated reaction of NiCl 2 + Na 2CO 3 + 4NaCl. Milling resulted in mixing and microstructural refinement of the reactant mixture. Chemical reaction during post-milling heat treatment resulted in the formation of a powder consisting of nanocrystalline NiO grains embedded in NaCl. Removal of the NaCl by washing with water yielded NiO nanoparticles with an equiaxed particle shape.

Differences in the API 20E biochemical patterns of clinical and environmentalVibrio parahaemolyticusisolates

Genetic differences in clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have been widely used as criteria in identifying pathogenic isolates. However, few studies have been carried out to assess the differences in biochemical characteristics of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from human and environmental sources. We compared the biochemical profiles obtained by the characterization of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from human infections and the marine environment using the API 20E system. Environmental and clinical isolates showed significant differences in the gelatin and arabinose tests. Additionally, clinical isolates were correctly identified according to the API 20E profile using 0.85% NaCl diluent, but they presented nonspecific profiles with 2% NaCl diluent. In contrast, use of 2% NaCl diluent facilitated correct identification of the environmental isolates. Clinical isolates showed significant differences in up to five biochemical tests with respect to the API 20E database. The API 20E system is widely used in routine identification of bacteria in clinical laboratories, and this discrepancy in an important number of biochemical tests may lead to misidentification of V. parahaemolyticus infection.

Synthesis of Ultrafine Ceria Powders by Mechanochemical Processing

The synthesis of ultrafine cerium dioxide (CeO2) powders via mechanochemical reaction and subsequent calcination was studied. Anhydrous CeCl3 and NaOH powders, along with NaCl diluent, were mechanically milled. A solid‐state displacement reaction—CeCl3+ 3NaOH → Ce(OH)3+ 3NaCl—was induced during milling in a steady‐state manner. Calcination of the as‐milled powder in air at 500°C resulted in the formation of CeO2 nanoparticles in the NaCl matrix. A simple washing process to remove the NaCl yielded CeO2 particles ∼10 nm in size. The particle size was controlled in the range of ∼10–500 nm by changing the calcination temperature.

Mechanochemical synthesis of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles

Synthesis of ultrafine Gd 2O 3 powder by mechanochemical reaction and subsequent calcination was studied using X-ray diffraction measurements, transmission electron microscopy, surface area measurements and thermal analysis. Dried GdCl 3 and NaOH powders were mechanically milled together and subsequently calcined at various temperatures. A solid-state displacement reaction GdCl 3 + 3NaOH → Gd(OH) 3 + 3NaCl was induced during milling. Calcining of the as-milled powder at 500°C led to the formation of Gd 2O 3 particles of ∼1 μm having a cubic structure. Adding sufficient amount of NaCl diluent in the starting powder resulted in the formation of ultrafine Gd 2O 3 particles of ∼20 nm in size.

A rapid method for the preparation of the neutrophil fraction of granulocytes from human blood by centrifugation on isotonic Nycodenz gradients.

A rapid method for the preparation of neutrophils of the granulocyte fraction of human blood is described. A leucocyte-rich fraction is loaded onto preformed isotonic Nycodenz gradients, formed by mixing a stock isotonic Nycodenz solution with a NaCl diluent solution. After low speed centrifugation a neutrophil fraction of high viability, yield and purity can be isolated from the gradients.

Intrahypothalamic action of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) to inhibit growth hormone and LH release in the rat

The effects of intravenous or intraventricular injection of synthetic ovine corticotrophin-releasing factor (oCRF) on plasma levels of anterior pituitary hormones were studied in conscious, ovariectomized (OVX) female rats and compared with the actions of the peptide on dispersed anterior pituitary cells from OVX female rats incubated in the presence of CRF. Third ventricular injection of oCRF in freely moving rats caused a significant increase in plasma levels of ACTH in a dose-related manner with a minimal effective dose of less than 0.5 μg (0.1 nmol). The effect was observable at 5 min after injection and persisted for the 60 min duration of the experiment. In contrast, growth hormone levels were significantly depressed within 15 min with a minimal effective intraventricular dose of 0.5 μg. The suppression persisted for the duration of the experiment but there was no additional effect of the higher dose of 5 μg. Plasma LH levels were also lowered by the highest dose of 5 μg (1.0 nmol) of oCRF, with the first significant lowering at 30 min. Lower doses had no effect on plasma LH. Plasma TSH levels were not significantly altered. Control injections of the 0.9% NaCl diluent were without effect on the levels of any of the hormones. Intravenous injection of similar doses of oCRF had no effect on plasma levels of GH or LH. The ACTH-releasing action of the oCRF preparation was confirmed by in vitro incubation of the peptide with dispersed anterior pituitary cells for 2 h. A dose-related release of ACTH occurred in doses ranging from 0.1–10 nM, but there were no effects on the release of the other anterior pituitary hormones. The results suggest that oCRF may act within the hypothalamus to suppress the release of GH and to a lesser extent LH. The stimulation of ACTH release following intraventricular CRF is presumably related to its uptake by portal blood vessels with delivery to the pituitary and stimulation of the corticotrophs.