Na2SO4 Salt Research Articles

Determination of Salt Stress by Plant Leaf Temperature and Thermal Imaging in Black Cumin Grown Under Different Salt Sources

ABSTRACT Thermal imaging has been used in recent years to determine salinity stress in certain crops. However, no information is available on this regarding black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). The main purpose of this study was to investigate the determinability of the salt stress on black cumin by thermal imaging. The leaf temperature values were obtained by acquiring the thermal images for black cumin grown under different irrigation water salinity levels (0.6 as control, 1.5, 2.5, and 5.0 dS/m) prepared for different salt sources (CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl, Ca(NO3)2, MgSO,4 and Na2SO4). Plant leaf temperatures averaged over all irrigation water salinity levels did not show a significant difference among salt sources. On the other hand, plant leaf temperatures independent of the salt sources significantly increased with increasing salinity levels. The order for salinity levels in terms of their effect on the leaf temperature of black cumin was determined as 5.0 dS/m > 2.5 dS/m > 1.5 dS/m ≥ 0.6 dS/m. The highest leaf temperature was obtained under 5.0 dS/m salinity level with CaCl2, MgCl2, Ca(NO3)2, MgSO4, and Na2SO4 salt sources, but the values for MgSO4 and Na2SO4 salt sources were not significantly different from those under 2.5 dS/m salinity. In addition, a strong-negative relationship between plant water consumption and leaf temperature under CaCl2 and MgSO4 and a moderate-negative relationship under MgCl2 and NaCl salt sources were determined. The results of this study showed that the plant leaf temperature values obtained by thermal imaging reflected salt stress conditions, especially under high salinity levels.

Comparison of Hot Corrosion Behavior of Ni36Fe34Al17Cr10Mo1Ti2 and Ni34Co25Fe12Al15Cr12W2 Alloys in NaCl–KCl–Na2SO4 Salt

Comparison of Hot Corrosion Behavior of Ni36Fe34Al17Cr10Mo1Ti2 and Ni34Co25Fe12Al15Cr12W2 Alloys in NaCl–KCl–Na2SO4 Salt

Preparation of the porous spherical propellant by using the additives of alkali-metal salt

This article presents the research results on using some alkali-metal salts as additives in the technological process of making porous spherical propellants and the effects of some of these additives on the porosity and some characteristics of the propellant. The porous spherical propellants are prepared using the emulsion method with additive concentrations of Na2SO4, K2SO4, and KNO3 from 0% to 3%. The important characteristics of the sample were determined, such as heat of combustion (Qv), bulk density (ω), temperature of ignition (Tig), and chemical stability. The porosity is calculated and converted through bulk density and theoretical density. The results show that the sample with the Na2SO4 salt has the best porosity (51÷53%) at concentrations over 2%. The important characteristics of the porous propellant do not change significantly compared to the no-additive spherical propellant.

Impact of sulfate to chloride ratio on titanium aluminide coating's high temperature corrosion performance in settings mimicking waste incineration

One major problem with waste incineration is the corrosion of superheater tubes at high temperatures. The presence of sulfate and chloride in this setting poses a severe risk to the boiler's service life. In this work, pack aluminizing was used to create titanium aluminide coating, which was then subjected to five distinct NaCl+Na2SO4 salt combination proportions for 168 h at 600 °C. The outcomes demonstrated that in the presence of solid Na2SO4 deposits, titanium aluminide coating displayed remarkably low corrosion rates. Adding 1/6 NaCl significantly accelerated the rate of corrosion. The electrochemical corrosion resulting from eutectization between NaCl and Na2SO4 was again considerably amplified when the NaCl level was raised to 1/4.

Fabrication of Co-Based Cladding Layer by Microbeam Plasma and Its Corrosion Mechanism to Molten Salt.

Corrosion of the molten salts Na2SO4 and NaCl has become one of the major factors in the failure of steel components in boilers and engines. In this study, CoNiCrAlY cobalt-based cladding layers with different NiCr-Cr3C2 ratios were prepared by microbeam plasma cladding technology. The influence of the NiCr-Cr3C2 content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and molten salt corrosion resistance of CoNiCrAlY was investigated. The CoNiCrAlY with a 25 wt.% NiCr-Cr3C2 (NC25) cladding layer possessed the highest microhardness (348.2 HV0.3) and the smallest coefficient of friction (0.4751), exhibiting great overall mechanical properties. The generation of protective oxides Cr2O3, Al2O3, and spinel phase (Ni,Co)Cr2O4 is promoted by the addition of 25 wt.% NiCr-Cr3C2, which significantly reduces the corrosion of the cladding layer, and this effect is much more obvious at 950 °C than that at 750 °C. Furthermore, its corrosion mechanism was clarified. From the findings emerge a viable solution for the design and development of new high-temperature corrosion-resistant coatings.

Large-scale assessment of characteristic plant species on Eurasian saline and alkaline soda ecosystems

From an ecological standpoint, saline and alkaline habitats are considered as extreme environments for vascular plants because salinity and alkalinity serve as primary structuring factors that significantly influence the species richness of vegetation cover. The non-alkaline salinity stress on plants primarily results from interactions of NaCl, Na2SO4, and other neutral salts, whereas alkalinity stress is caused by NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, accompanied by an increase in pH. Some halophytes and salt-tolerant plants are well-adapted to such permanent abiotic stress. Surprisingly, they are able to survive and reproduce under environmental conditions of more than 200 mM NaCl concentration and are also able to live permanently in extreme conditions. The aim of this study was to identify characteristic and indicator plant species for permanently alkaline soda and non-alkaline saline wetland habitats, and to analyze the relationship between the chemical composition of water and the plant’s saturation index. Based on the obtained results we can conclude that plant species identified to live in high saline conditions may also grow under high alkaline conditions. Two groups were distinguished based on the salinity and alkalinity: “Saline group” includes all types of halophytes and halotolerant species, while “Soda group” includes obligate alkalophytes and alkalotolerant species. However, the diversity of plants in alkaline environment is bigger than in saline environment, and most of the halotolerant species grow in both alkaline soda and saline habitats. It is possible to identify three indicator species requiring alkaline soda habitats to live in (Aster tripolium, Puccinellia limosa, Suaeda pannonica) and three indicator species that dominantly grow in non-alkaline saline habitats (Juncus maritimus, Salicornia prostrata, Suaeda salsa). Different independent variables have been identified and analyzed to understand their influence on the species saturation index by calculating percentage of characteristic plant species of the entire region. It was identified that the plant saturation index has a significant positive relationship with the Mean Temperature of the Warmest Quarter, Topsoil Sand, and Clay fraction variables, and there is a significant negative relationship with the Solid Earth surface heat flow, as the heating can increase the extremity of the environment. Identification of indicator species of salinity and alkalization makes it possible to determine the type of soil, water bodies and habitats as a rapid biomonitoring method as a visual observation, without the use of expensive equipment and chemical laboratory tests.

Effect of Na2SO4 Application on the Growth, Yield and Cd uptake of Wheat

Objective: Durum wheat accumulates more cadmium (Cd) in the grain than bread wheat. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Na2SO4 salt on Cd uptake in wheat grain. Material and Method: The experiment was conducted by using durum wheat cultivar (Triticum durum, cvs. Balcalı-2000) under greenhouse condition. After 43 day of growth in the greenhouse, the shoots were harvested and dried at 70 ºC for determination of shoot dry matter production. It was also analyzed Cd concentration in shoot. The concentration of shoot Cd was measured by (ICP-OES, Varian, Australia). Results: Our results conclude that soil salinity increases Cd accumulation in the shoot even when soil Cd rates are very low. Furthermore, salinity in Cd-contaminated soils may accelerate cadmium transport to the shoot. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that shoot Cd concentration increased with increasing applied Cd and Na2SO4 rates.

Microwave heating system for CuFe2O4/rGO/PMS enhanced catalytic-oxidative pre-treatment, water, and salt recovery from reverse osmosis reject of textile industry effluent

Microwave (MW) heating mechanism was investigated for reverse osmosis (RO) reject management of real textile effluent, i.e., pre-treatment, water, and salt recovery. For pre-treatment, microwave-induced catalytic degradation (MICD) enhanced with CuFe2O4/rGO for PMS activation was applied for organics degradation. The synthesized CuFe2O4/rGO (average particle size ∼16.44 nm) was characterized for XRD, SEM with EDAX, FTIR, VSM and TGA. MICD (1 g/L catalyst (80 %:20 %), 400 mg/L PMS, 90℃ MW temperature, 450 W MW power, and pH 11.32) showed 100 % color, 80.4 % TOC, and 91.1 % COD reduction within 16 min of MW irradiation. Radical quenching studies and EPR analysis revealed that SO4•− and ⦁OH were the dominant reactive species followed by non-radical O21. Recyclability study of CuFe2O4/rGO showed 72 % color, 65 % TOC, and 71.4 % COD removal after 5 cycles. XRD and FTIR of reused CuFe2O4/rGO hold similar crystallinity and structural properties as fresh catalyst. ATR-FTIR spectrum of before and after degradation of RO reject showed considerable degradation of organic dye molecules. Subsequently, the MW heating system was optimized for water recovery (110℃ MW temperature, 700 W MW power, and 100 mL reject volume), showing 100 % water recovery within 6 min, and its characterization showed a high distillate purity. NaCl and Na2SO4 salts were recovered under different MW operating temperatures, exploiting solubility equilibrium, and characterized for XRD, SEM with EDAX, and PSA.

Cellulose acetate, a source from discarded cigarette butts for the development of mixed matrix loose nanofiltration membranes for selective separation

This study presents an environmentally friendly method for extracting cellulose acetate (CA) from discarded cigarette filters, which is then utilized in the fabrication of cellulose-based membranes designed for high flux and rejection rates. CA membranes are likeable to separate dyes and ions, but their separation efficiency is exposed when the contaminant concentration is very low. So, we have integrated graphene oxide (GO) and carboxylated titanium dioxide (COOH-TiO2) in CA to develop mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) and studied them against dyes and most used salts. The CA has been extracted from these butts and added GO and COOH-TiO2 nanoparticles to develop MMMs. The present work administers the effective separation of five dyes (methyl orange, methyl violet, methylene blue, cresol red, and malachite green) and salts (NaCl and Na2SO4) along with the high efficiency of water flux by prepared CA membranes. The prepared membranes rejected up to 94.94 % methyl violet, 91.28 % methyl orange, 88.28 % methylene blue, 89.91 % cresol red, and 91.70 % malachite green dye. Along with the dyes, the membranes showed ∼40.40 % and ∼ 42.97 % rejection of NaCl and Na2SO4 salts, respectively. Additionally, these membranes have tensile strength up to 1.54 MPa. Various characterization techniques were performed on all prepared CA membranes to comprehend their behaviour. The antibacterial activity of MMMs was investigated using the Muller-Hinton-Disk diffusion method against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). We believe the present work is an approach to utilizing waste materials into valuable products for environmental care.

Study on the effects of inorganic salts and ionic surfactants on the wettability of coal based on the experimental and molecular dynamics investigations

Through the evaluation and preparation of a novel inorganic salt composite solution consisting of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), the nonionic surfactants polyethylene glycol pisooctyl phenyl ether (Triton X-100), and inorganic salt Na2SO4, based on surface tension, contact angle, settling time, wetting rate, and changes in the surface microstructure and functional groups of coal, this study analyzed the wetting behavior of the solution on coal dust and its adsorption capacity on the surface of coal particles. The results demonstrate that the composite solution of inorganic salts can significantly enhance the wettability of coal samples, reducing the contact angle to 21.54° and lowering the surface tension to 26.10 mN/m. After treatment with the solution, the relative content of oxygen-containing functional groups in the microscopic structure of the coal sample increased to 59.6 % and pores more prominent than 25 nm increased to 34.63 %. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the water-inorganic salt composite solution-coal system are conducted using Materials Studio software, revealing that after the addition of the composite solution, the self-diffusion coefficient (D) of water molecules is 6.3 × 10-9 m2/s, the starting point of the composite solution is 15 Å, and the system's interaction energy increase to 14000 kcal/mol. It further elucidated the modification of the surface molecular structure of coal dust by the inorganic salt composite solution, increasing hydrogen bonds, enhancing wetting, and demonstrating a solid adsorption capability of the inorganic salt composite solution on the surface of coal dust.

Green polycaprolactone/sulfonated kraft lignin phase inversion membrane for dye/salt separation

Exploring environmentally friendly, renewable, and cost-effective raw materials is essential in sustainable membrane fabrication. This study presents a facile and scalable method for fabricating a green and biodegradable tight ultrafiltration membrane for dye/salt separation. This involves simply blending biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) with the low-cost biobased sulfonated kraft lignin (SKL) additive. Additionally, we employed acetic acid as a green alternative solvent to enhance the sustainability of the membrane fabrication process. The incorporation of hydrophilic SKL into the PCL matrix resulted in increased hydrophilicity (water contact angle changed from 72° to 56°), surface roughness (increased from 29 nm to 43.5 nm), and enhanced negative electrostatic charge of the membrane (−40 mV to −45 mV). The optimized PCL/SKL membrane (M3) exhibited excellent water flux (∼45 LMH) under 40 psi hydraulic pressure coupled with ∼98 % and ∼10 % rejection rates for reactive red (RR) dye and NaCl, respectively. Moreover, the M3 membrane maintained its exceptional dye/salt fractionation performance while separating the mixtures at low salt concentrations. However, with increasing salt concentration (1–50 g/L), the membrane's RR dye rejection declined from ∼90 % to ∼50 %, with a significant reduction in NaCl and Na2SO4 salts rejection (from ∼14 % to ∼1 % and ∼22 % to –∼1 %, respectively). The M3 membrane exhibited remarkable antifouling properties during dye and humic acid filtration with a high flux recovery ratio (>98 %) and low flux decline rate (<7 %). The PCL/SKL membrane also showed excellent stability and maintained consistent separation performance over a long period. Overall, the novel biodegradable PCL/SKL membrane prepared in this study presents a promising avenue toward sustainable membrane fabrication for wastewater treatment applications.

Managing PFAS exhausted Ion-exchange resins through effective regeneration/electrochemical process

This study proposes an integrated approach that combines ion-exchange (IX) and electrochemical technologies to tackle problems associated with PFAS contamination. Our investigation centers on evaluating the recovery and efficiency of IX/electrochemical systems in the presence of five different salts, spanning dosages from 0.1 % to 8 %. The outcomes reveal a slight superiority for NaCl within the regeneration system, with sulfate and bicarbonate also showing comparable efficacy. Notably, the introduction of chloride ion (Cl−) into the electrochemical system results in substantial generation of undesirable chlorate (ClO3−) and perchlorate (ClO4−) by-products, accounting for ∼18 % and ∼81 % of the consumed Cl−, respectively. Several agents, including H2O2, KI, and Na2S2O3, exhibited effective mitigation of ClO3− and ClO4− formation. However, only H2O2 demonstrated a favorable influence on the degradation and defluorination of PFOA. The addition of 0.8 M H2O2 resulted in the near-complete removal of ClO3− and ClO4−, accompanied by 1.3 and 2.2-fold enhancements in the degradation and defluorination of PFOA, respectively. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different salts in the electrochemical system reveals that Cl− and OH− ions exhibit slower performance, possibly due to competitive interactions with PFOA on the anode's reactive sites. In contrast, sulfate and bicarbonate salts consistently demonstrate robust decomposition efficiencies. Despite the notable enhancement in IX regeneration efficacy facilitated by the presence of methanol, particularly for PFAS-specific resins, this enhancement comes at the cost of reduced electrochemical decomposition of all PFAS. The average decay rate ratio of all PFAS in the presence of 50 % methanol, compared to its absence, falls within the range of 0.11–0.39. In conclusion, the use of 1 % Na2SO4 salt stands out as a favorable option for the integrated IX/electrochemical process. This choice not only eliminates the need to introduce an additional chemical (e.g., H2O2) into the wastewater stream, but also ensures both satisfactory regeneration recovery and efficiency in the decomposition process through electrochemical treatment.

Development of an efficient, low-operating-pressure graphene oxide/polyethersulfone nanofiltration membrane for removing various water contaminants

Conventional wastewater treatment technologies tend to be high-capex, energy-intensive solutions that lack specificity for different pollution classes, and do not lend themselves to wide-scale deployment, particularly in areas of the world where industrial wastewater discharge is a significant environmental problem. In tandem, solid waste pollution arising, particularly plastic containing waste, is a persistent and serious pollution issue. This work focuses on the concept of "waste treating waste" and a multidisciplinary effort ranging from materials science and environmental management to sustainable water treatment, in addition to production of graphene oxide from mineral water waste bottles using a simple synthetic procedure that can be economically scaled up for use as a cost-effective adsorbent. Prepared graphene oxide was supported on a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane, and batch filtration studies were performed to examine its performance in the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye, Gentimicin sulphate (GMS) antibiotic, and Na2SO4 and MgSO4 salts from an aqueous solution. Operating parameters such as initial pollutant concentration, time, and solution pH were investigated and optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM) model. The results confirm the significant efficiency of the filtration process, with a maximum rejection of about 91% for MB, 93% for GMS, 67% for Na2SO4, and 64% for MgSO4, with maximum water flux of 1322, 1367, 1225, and 1059 LMH, respectively. Density functional theory calculations were considered for the GO, PES membrane, and GO/PES membrane with a GGA/PBE optimization level. Adsorption annealing locator analysis was performed for the GO/PES membrane, and the process was recalculated for MB as adsorbate. In conclusion, the adsorption effect employing produced GO/PES membrane is the most important removal, followed by Donnan exclusion and steric hindrance effect. Therefore, it is possible to build new eco-friendly membranes for nanofiltration that are affordable, stable, and effective in removing various pollutants from water systems.

Effect of Salt Stress on Morphological Characteristics and Secondary Metabolites of Some Forage Pea Cultivars

Forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an annual legume forage crop grown in various regions of Türkiye. It is high in protein, carbohydrate, and digestible matter and contains minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, and vitamins A and D. Salinity stress is an important problem in the cultivation of forage peas. Salinity reduces the osmotic potential of soil solutes, making it difficult for the roots to absorb the water. This study aimed to determine some parameters of two registered forage pea cultivars at different concentrations of two salt types. The effects of these salts on the morphological characteristics and biochemical components of two different registered cultivars of pea, cv. Ateş and cv. Töre were investigated in the present study. The trials were conducted in pots and Na2SO4 and CaCl2 were applied at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM. As a result of the trials, the morphological characteristics like fresh and dry weights and lengths of roots and shoots were investigated along with the biochemical properties like total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The study was performed in 2 replicates to determine the effect of different salt types and concentrations. The critical salt concentration values for the change in shoot and root fresh weight among morphological traits were determined as 100 and 150 mM for secondary metabolites. While the cv. Töre forage pea showed the highest salt resistance in shoot and root fresh weights in the presence of Na2SO4 the cv. Ateş forage pea showed the lowest salt resistance in the presence of CaCl2. In terms of shoot and root dry weights, the cv. Töre forage pea showed the least resistance at 50 mM Na2SO4 concentration. As for plant length, the cv. Ateş forage pea cultivar showed the least resistance in shoot length at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration, while it showed the highest resistance in root length at this value. The highest total antioxidant activity for the cv. Ateş forage pea and the highest total phenolic content for the cv. Töre forage pea were determined at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration. The lowest total phenolic content value was estimated in the cv. Töre forage pea cultivar at 150 mM Na2SO4 salt concentration.

Salinity and pH effects on water-oil-calcite interfaces by using molecular dynamics.

Smart water injection is a technology that allows changing the wettability of the oil rock by injecting water at different salinities, in a cheap and environmentally friendly way compared to other traditional methods. In this study, the individual effect of some typical salts on the wettability of the (104) surface of calcite toward non-polar and polar crude oil models was explored by molecular dynamics as a function of the salinity and pH. The results obtained show that the electrical double layer plays a principal role in the detachment of crude oil models. The divalent ion salts, i.e., CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4, do not form the electrical double layer on calcite, but salts of NaCl and Na2SO4 form it. Moreover, the surface affinity of calcite to the non-polar crude oil is not affected by the salinity. However, the affinity of the calcite surface toward polar crude is affected by salinity and pH conditions. This research provides new insights into the action mechanisms that could help optimize its uses in enhanced oil recovery.

Unleashing the dye adsorption potential of polyaminoimide homopolymer: DFT, statistical physics, site energy and pore size distribution analyses

The efficient removal of Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solutions is an important issue in environmental protection. This study presents the synthesis and optimization of a polyaminoimide homopolymer (PHP) adsorbent for the removal of CR dye. To optimize the synthesis of PHP, ten different compositions of maleic anhydride and ethylene diamine were tested, with PHP3 demonstrating the highest efficacy. The adsorption process was further enhanced by optimizing pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, and initial dye concentration. Isotherm and kinetic studies revealed that the Langmuir-Freundlich model and the pseudo-second-order kinetics best described the adsorption process. Moreover, PHP3 demonstrated significantly greater selectivity for CR compared to Synozol yellow, and Sulfasalazine. Advanced statistical models were used to analyze the adsorption data, and the single-layer model with single energy (M1) being the most suitable, suggesting that CR molecules were adsorbed onto PHP3 in a perpendicular position through a multimolecular process, the adsorption process is physical, endothermic, spontaneous and specific surface area of PHP3 increased from 54.31 to 115.74 m2 g−1 as temperature rose from 288 to 318 K. Site energy distribution and pore size distribution studies showed that PHP3 has a heterogeneous energy distribution on its surface, and that the adsorption of CR dye primarily takes place in the macropores of PHP3. Density Functional Theory analysis indicated that PHP3 has electron-rich amine groups that can interact with electron-deficient sulfonate groups in CR, while electron-poor amide groups in the polymer can interact with the electron-rich azo group in Congo Red. It also shows that the presence of NaF, Na2SO4, and KCl salts did not significantly affect the CR adsorption, indicating the potential affinity/selectivity of PHP3 towards CR dye. The findings suggest that PHP3 could be an effective and promising adsorbent for industrial applications in wastewater treatment.

Effect of trace sulfur on the hot corrosion resistance of Ni-base single crystal superalloy

The effect of sulfur on the hot corrosion resistance of Ni-base single crystal superalloy was investigated in Na2SO4 salt at 900 °C in static air. The results indicate that the corrosion resistance of the superalloy is significantly degraded even with several ppm contents of sulfur in the alloy. High sulfur content in the alloy causes the oxide layer to bulge and significantly shortens the corrosion incubation period. The accelerated corrosion process is attributed to the outward diffusion of sulfur from the alloy promoting S segregation at the oxide/metal interface and hence favors crack premature initiation.

Enhancing lipases reactivity in benzylic acetates hydrolysis: impact of kosmotropic salts under non-conventional conditions

The effect of four kosmotropic salts additives, namely Na2CO3, Na2SO4, Na2HPO4, and NaCl, on the reactivity and selectivity of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B) and a free lipase of Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) during the hydrolysis of rac-4-(1-methoxyphenyl) ethyl and rac − 1-phenyl ethyl acetates (1a-2a) was investigated in this study. The study was carried out in two different mediums: non-aqueous conditions and in low water content media. The impact of the anionic counter-ions was examined in four solvents: nonpolar, semipolar, protic, and aprotic, with and without the aforementioned salts. In non-aqueous media, the addition of Na2CO3 significantly enhanced CAL-B hydrolysis rates, resulting in a conversion of 50% for 1a and 44% for 2a, with high enantioselectivities (E > 200). These effects were independent of the solvent hydrophobicity. In contrast, PCL required the presence of external water for effective hydrolysis of both acetates. The addition of salt additives had an adverse impact on PCL activity during the hydrolysis of 1a in hexane, toluene, and TBME solvents. However, when 2M2B was used, the inclusion of salt additives had a notable positive effect on the conversion rates, except for NaCl, which resulted in a lower conversion rate with a value of 15.5%. The presence of Na2CO3 improved the conversion rate during the hydrolysis of 2a in both hexane and TBME. Na2HPO4 further enhanced the conversion rate, reaching 44% in TBME. However, in 2M2B solvent, the addition of Na2HPO4 significantly reduced the enantioselectivity.

An investigation of excipients for a stable Orf viral vector formulation

The Orf virus (ORFV) is a promising candidate for vector vaccines as well as for immunomodulatory and oncolytic therapies. However, few publications are available on its infectivity degradation or on suitable additives for prolonging its viral stability. In this study, the non-supplemented ORFV itself showed a very high stability at storage temperatures up to 28 °C, with a linear titer loss of 0.10 log infectious particles per day at 4 °C over a period of five weeks. To prolong this inherent stability, thirty additives, i.e., detergents, sugars, proteins, salts, and buffers as well as amino acids, were tested for their time- and temperature-dependent influence on the ORFV infectivity. A stabilizing effect on the infectivity was identified for the addition of all tested proteins, i.e., gelatine, bovine serum albumin, and recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA), of several sugars, i.e., mannitol, galactose, sucrose, and trehalose, of amino acids, i.e., arginine and proline, of the detergent Pluronic F68, and of the salt Na2SO4. The infectivity preservation was especially pronounced for proteins in liquid and frozen formulations, sugars in frozen state, and arginine und Pluronic in liquid formulations at high storage temperatures (37 °C). The addition of 1% rHSA with and without 5% sucrose was evaluated as a very stable formulation with a high safety profile and economic validity at storage temperatures up to 28 °C. At increased temperatures, the supplementation with 200 mM arginine performed better than with rHSA. In summary, this comprehensive data provides different options for a stable ORFV formulation, considering temperature, storage time, economic aspects, and downstream processing integrity.

EVALUATION OF PEA GENOTYPES FOR SALT STRESS TOLERANCE

Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a highly nutritious vegetable, is extremely sensitive to salt stress conditions. A pot study evaluated four pea genotypes (Samrina Zard, Climax, Ambassador, and Green Arrow) by exposing them to control, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.0 dS m-1 by applying NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2 salts. The pots under a completely randomized design (CRD) layout had four replications. Immense genetic variations occurred among the pea genotypes under salt stress. Samrina Zard showed better physiological (transpiration and photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll) and morphological traits (shoot/root length, shoot/root dry weight, number of leaves per plant, and leaf area). Genotype Samrina Zard significantly maintained the highest percentage of shoot length (14.54%), root length (28.28%), shoot dry weight (19.58%), root dry weight (36.36%), number of leaves (27.24%), and leaf area (21.59%) at a higher level of salinity 7 dS m-1 compared with the control and all other treatments. In contrast, the Ambassador genotype was categorically salt-sensitive based on the least percentage increase in shoot length (22.42%), dry weight of shoot (67.57%), dry weight of root (59.59%), number of leaves (47.69%) and leaf area (23.72%). However, salinity reduced the physiological attributes in both genotypes. Regardless of salt treatments, Samrina Zard performed better than Ambassador regarding photosynthesis (48.07%), transpiration rate (18.76%), stomatal conductance (45.42%), water use efficiency (55.88%), and chlorophyll contents (29.44%). According to study findings, Samrina Zard performed best against salinity stress.