Na2SiO3 ) And Sodium Hydroxide Research Articles

Effect of activator concentration on setting time, workability and compressive strength of sustainable concrete with alkali-activated slag binder

The global need to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions prompted studies on sustainable alternatives to conventional concrete made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binders. Alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a promising sustainable to OPC in terms of the impact on the environment and reduction of CO2 emissions. Concretes and mortars made with alkali-activated binders demonstrate promising fresh and mechanical properties. This article presents the findings of an experimental study investigating the fresh and mechanical properties of mortar using alkali-activated GGBS binder. The activators used were sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with 6 M, 8 M, 10 M, and 12 M molarities. The study assessed their initial setting time, workability, and 28-day compressive strength. The study evaluated the effect of partial replacement of GGBS with 5 % silica fume. The compressive strength was determined after 28 days of curing in three different environments: 1) ambient air temperature, 2) water submersion, and 3) water immersion for 7 days followed by 21 air curing in ambient temperature. The results showed an increase in compressive strength with higher NaOH concentration but a corresponding decrease in initial setting time and flowability. Depending on the curing method, efflorescence, and blue-green pigmentation were seen during the physical assessment of the samples. The highest 28-day compressive strength was 67.5 MPa when the NaOH activator molarity was 10 mol/L which represents an optimum concentration for strength development. Replacing 5 % of the GGBS binder with silica fume resulted in a decrease in the 28-day compressive strength and workability without affecting the initial setting time.

Towards sustainable construction: Performance evaluation of slag-cenosphere geopolymers under different NaOH concentrations

The incorporation of industrial wastes into construction materials, such as geopolymers, is highly desirable to improve their environmental impact. The choice of source materials, such as slag and cenosphere, and the amount of activator used significantly impact the properties of geopolymers. For instance, including high-reactivity precursors and optimizing activator composition may enhance mechanical strength and durability. However, no studies have evaluated the effect of cenosphere addition on the properties of geopolymer composites. This research study aims to unveil the synthesis of a binary geopolymer material by integrating slag and cenosphere as precursors, activated by sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Geopolymer composites were prepared to assess the impact of cenosphere addition (by substituting the slag with cenosphere in different percentages of 25, 50, and 75 %) and NaOH concentration (specifically 6 M, 9 M, and 12 M) on the material's properties. Additionally, one conventional mortar with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5 was also prepared. Compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), electrical resistivity, water absorption, density, and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted. Results showed that increasing the cenosphere percentage increased the water absorption and decreased the compressive strength, UPV, electrical resistivity, and density compared to the geopolymer mixture with 100 % slag content. However, up to 50 % substitution of cenosphere, the geopolymer mix performed better than conventional mortar. Notably, results suggest a potential increase in CO2 uptake due to the addition of cenosphere, further enhancing the environmental performance of geopolymer composites. The findings of this study suggest the potential use of slag-cenosphere geopolymer as an alternative and sustainable construction material.

Fast microwave synthesis of high-silica natural soil based porous geopolymer

This study describes a simple microwave process for fabricating porous geopolymer-polymer based Shirasu soil. The porous geopolymer samples were synthesized using sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution as alkaline solution in range of 0.5 M to 9 M. After mixing process, the geopolymer slurry was heated and stimulated geopolymerization reaction by different microwave powers at 200 W, 500 W and 700 W for 30 s, 60 s, 90 s and 120 s. The influence of NaOH concentration, microwave powers and heating times on the apparent bulk density, the water adsorption was focused. Results showed that the microwave powers and heating time affected the apparent bulk density, the water adsorption, and the densification of geopolymer matrix. Higher microwave power can promote higher water adsorption related to lower apparent bulk density. Moreover, the results revealed that the porosity and the nitrogen adsorption of geopolymers at 120 s of heating time increased with an increment of the NaOH from 1 M to 4 M. On the other hand, geopolymers activated by 200 W at 30 s could not be hardened. This work provides the feasibility of porous geopolymer synthesis based natural soil.

Influence of Aggressive Environment in Macro and Microstructural Properties of Bottom Ash Geopolymer Concrete

India generates 759.02 million metric tons of coal ash annually. Part of that quantity is successfully utilized, and the remaining portion of the ash is discarded into a landfill. There also is a need to address pollution. Cement industries are responsible for 7% of global warming. Cement has been replaced entirely by thermal power plant waste, and bottom ash is used as a binder to overcome those issues. A few researchers have carried out strength characterization, but an extensive study needs to be carried out under different environmental exposures. Therefore, the present study investigated macro and micro properties of bottom ash geopolymer concrete (BAGPC) subjected to aggressive ecological exposure conditions such as acid, salt, and sulfate attack. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of eight molarities were used as activators for the bottom ash geopolymer concrete (BAGPC) binder. Further bonding between steel and conventional concrete BAGPC mixes was investigated. The durability of conventional concrete (CC) was taken as the control mix to compare the durability of the optimized mix (B4) of bottom ash geopolymer. The test samples were cured for 28 days under ambient temperature and tested for the effect of MgSO4, NaCl, and HCl. The strength loss and weight loss of the BAGPC B4 mix after 7, 28, 56, 90, and 180 days under aggressive conditions showed better performance than CC. It has been observed that geopolymer concrete has good bonding in nature, and the bond strength results indicate excellent bonding between steel and concrete. Microstructure studies revealed that the BAGPC B4 mix had a strong microstructure and not as much of a porous structure. It is concluded that BAGPC has potential value in the construction industry based on all aspects of the experiment.

Enhancing flexural strength of metakaolin-based geopolymer reinforced with different types of fibers

Geopolymers are considered as eco-friendly materials and are used as a cement replacement material. However, geopolymer applications are limited due to its low flexural strength. This work improves the flexural strength of geopolymers by using glass fiber (GF) and bamboo fiber (BF) as the reinforcing materials. Metakaolin (MK) is used as a geopolymer precursor. The mixture of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used as the alkaline activator. The results show that the interface bond between the reinforced fibers and the geopolymer matrix influences the flexural strength of the composites more than the inherent strength of fibers. Although the inherent strength of BF is lower than that of GF, BF can improve the flexural strength of MK-geopolymer more effectively than GF. The flexural strengths of MK-geopolymer are enhanced by 1.9, 2.5, and 2.6 times when adding 1%, 3%, and 5% by volume of BF, respectively. The rough surface of BF promotes physical interlocking and bonding between BF and the MK-geopolymer matrix. As a result, the flexural and compressive strength of the MK-geopolymer is enhanced by reinforcing with BF. Conversely, GF exhibits poor bonding with the MK-geopolymer matrix. Consequently, the use of GF as the reinforcing material does not improve the flexural and compressive strength of the MK-geopolymer.

The Effect of Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Different NaOH Molarities on the Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Mortar

This study compared the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar with different percentages of bottom ash as a replacement for fine aggregate. Fly ash from two sources was blended as raw materials. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as alkaline solutions, with a ratio of 2.5 and two NaOH concentrations of 8M and 10M. The percentage of bottom ash was substituted up to 30%. The result indicated that the setting time was longer due to the higher molarity of NaOH. The compressive strength of mortar geopolymer at 10M of NaOH was higher than 8M. Higher percentages of bottom ash significantly decreased the compressive strength. However, at 10M NaOH, the compressive strength was decreased by only 11% (20% of substituting). Increasing the molarity of NaOH decreased the absorption of mortar geopolymer and increased the restrain to sodium sulfate.

Study on the performance of basalt fiber geopolymer concrete by freeze-thaw cycle coupled with sulfate erosion

In this research, double-blended materials such as fly ash and slag are used as binders, and basalt fibers (BF) are mixed in varying volume fractions (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%) relative to the volume of concrete. Besides, sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) served as activators. The study investigates the freeze-thaw resistance, microstructure, performance mechanism, and internal freeze-thaw damage distribution of basalt fiber geopolymer concrete (BFGPC) through freeze-thaw cycle tests coupled with sulfate attack, SEM, and energy dispersive spectrometer analyses. The results indicated that BFGPC possesses excellent freeze-thaw resistance, achieving a minimum frost-resisting grade of F200. Increasing the BF content significantly enhances the frost resistance of the concrete. The hydration products of BFGPC include C–(A)–S–H gel, C–S–H gel, and a minor amount of N–A–S–H gel, which contribute to its structural density and homogeneity. The high compressive strength of BFGPC (87.7 MPa) further contributes to its outstanding freeze-thaw durability.

Fresh and hardened behaviour of Geopolymer activated with Water Glass

To activate Geopolymer reaction, previous studies have employed combination of sodium silicate(Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) solution employed as activator for activation of Flyash-based Geopolymer concrete, but these methods were found to be un-economical. To make Geopolymer concrete(GPC) production more cost-effective, water glass has been explored as an alternative activator, it is an impure form of sodium silicate. Water Glass(WG) of silica modulus(Ms) 1.99 was used as the activator, and several combinations of Flyash and GGBS were used as binding material to assess the consistency, setting, strength, and acid resistance of Geopolymer mortar. Present study demonstrates that using Water Glass as the activator with specific combinations of Flyash and GGBS are used as binding materials, in ambient curing circumstances is appropriate for the construction sector. Additionally, the Water Glass solution effectively counteracted the quick setting properties of Geopolymer when a high percentage of GGBS was incorporated into the mix. By employing this innovative approach, it becomes possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production and utilize Flyash waste productively, offering a more environmentally sustainable solution for the construction sector. Such advancements in Geopolymer concrete technology hold great promise in mitigating the environmental impact of construction activities and contributing to a greener future.

An Investigation of the Strength Properties of Fly Ash and Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Mortars Containing Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube, Nano Silica, and Nano Zinc

In this study, the mechanical properties of geopolymer mortar composites containing different nanomaterials were investigated. Metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA) were used as binders in geopolymer mortar samples. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (12 M) were used as alkali activators. Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MW-CNT), nano-SiO2 (NS), and nano-ZnO (NZ) were used in the study. Geopolymer mortar samples without nanomaterials were determined as control samples, and geopolymer mortar samples containing 0.5% by weight of MW-CNT, NS, and NZ were prepared. All prepared samples were cured at 20±2 °C laboratory conditions for 7 days and 28 days. The curing geopolymer mortar samples were carried out with compressive strength and flexural strength tests. As a result of this study, the mechanical strength of all geopolymer mortar samples containing nanomaterials increased compared to the control samples. The highest compressive strength and flexural strength were obtained from geopolymer mortar samples containing MW-CNT. These samples were followed by geopolymer mortar samples containing NS and NZ, respectively.

Potential improvement of clinker sand in the mechanical high temperature and transport properties with GGBS-based prepacked geopolymer composite

In this study, a new generation prepacked geopolymer composite (PGC) material that can meet different needs was obtained by combining geopolymer concrete (GPC) and prepacked aggregate concrete (PAC) technology. In the production of PGC, 5-8 mm quartz aggregates were placed in molds and, geopolymer mortar was injected between these aggregates. Aluminosilicate based blast furnace slag (GBFS) was used as binding in geopolymer mortars; sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used as alkali activator. In addition, clinker aggregate in different proportions was used as fine aggregate (0–4 mm) in the production of mortar. Within the scope of the study, the physical, mechanical, permeability and high temperature resistance properties of PGC were investigated. The produced samples were cured at 30 and 60 °C for 6 and 8 hours. Hardened unit weights of PGC vary between 2342 and 2539 kg/m3, and sorptivity values vary between 0 and 0.04 kg/m2.min0.5. While the increase in curing temperature and curing time increases the hardened unit weight values, it decreased permeability values. While the increase of clinker aggregate in the mortar phase does not change the hardened unit weight, it significantly reduced permeability. When the PGC samples are cured at 30 °C, the compressive strengths are 20.38–39.03 MPa; when curing at 60 °C, the compressive strengths are 35.21–57.04 MPa. Flexural strengths, 2.35–6.96 MPa with 30 °C cure, achieved 4.27–9.93 MPa results with 60 °C curing. Increasing the curing time and curing temperature significantly increased the compressive and flexural strengths. The increase in the amount of clinker aggregate added to the mortar phase decreased the strength values. While the compressive strength values of PGC mixtures do not fall below 15 MPa after being exposed to 300 °C high temperature; after the application of 600 °C high temperature, it lost up to 70% of its strength. Increasing the curing time and curing temperature, increased the high temperature resistance. The increase in the amount of clinker aggregate in the mixtures, decreased the strength loss rate.

Acid-resistance of one-part geopolymers: Sodium aluminate and carbonate as alternative activators to conventional sodium metasilicate and hydroxide

In this study, the durability of one-part geopolymers (OPGs) made from high calcium fly ash is assessed by investigating their resistance to acid attacks. The predominant use of less environmentally sustainable sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in OPG, along with the limited understanding about the influence of solid alkali activators on OPG’s acid resistance propelled the investigation and comparison of acid resistance of OPGs activated using both conventional activators and potential alternatives like sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The OPGs developed were exposed to sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution for 28 days. The MH sample (activated with Na2SiO3 and NaOH) was vulnerable to acid attack, with a 66% compressive strength drop after 5% H2SO4 solution exposure, due to high sorptivity. In contrast, the MA sample (activated with Na2SiO3 and NaAlO2) demonstrated excellent acid resistance, with only a 32% strength reduction, attributed to its Al-rich hydrated gel. The MC sample (activated with Na2SiO3 and Na2CO3) exhibited a 41% strength reduction, where the formation of calcite reduced extensive ion exchange, gradually mitigated deterioration. The residual compressive strength of MA and MC samples increased by 7% and 9% from 7 to 28 days of immersion in 5% H2SO4 solution, respectively. The NaAlO2 and Na2CO3 are potential activators for OPG, serving as alternative construction materials to OPC and traditional geopolymers in acidic environments.

Use Recycled Glass As Fine Aggregate in Slag-Blended Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortar

Geopolymer has emerged as the potential alternative to Portland cement in recent years. In addition, fly ash and recycled glass are abundant by-products derived from the industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of using recycled glass to replace the sand aggregate in slag-blended fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. For geopolymer synthesis, the mixture of water glass (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a NaOH concentration of 14 mol/l was used as an activator. In the mortar mixture, the recycled glass's investigated replacement level of the sand aggregate was up to 100 %. Using recycled glass (RG) as fine aggregate was seen to increase the mechanical strength compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar after 28 days of curing. Otherwise, there was a reduction in the drying shrinkage of mortar samples with a high recycled glass content of 80 and 100 %.

Fabrication of the Hybrid Bricks Utilizing Multiple Waste Pozzolanic Stabilizers as Fractional Substitution of Fine Aggregate

The world is pounding with millions of tons of industrial wastes such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, and mine tailings as various industrial wastes. The best way to make use of these wastes is to incorporate these materials as structural elements, which in turn minimizes the carbon footprint. In this context, this study focuses on using iron ore tailings and slag sand as a replacement for clay or natural sand for the production of stabilized blast furnace iron slag brick. Also, in this study sand is used as a stabilizer instead of more clay ratio. The development of sand-based bricks using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag has been carried out in this research. The study includes the mechanical properties of the slag iron bricks. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions have been used as alkaline activators. The ratio of alkaline liquid to alumina-silicate concrete ratio and the percentage of the binder had a major influence on the strength of the brick. The bricks were cast and cured at ambient temperature. Compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days and the thermal conduction analysis are the major experimental works including some of the minor findings like water absorption, density and other tests were carried out.

The effect of fly ash to alkaline activator ratio to the mechanical properties of stabilized lateritic soil using fly ash based geopolymer

Stabilization of fill soil improve its physical and mechanical properties and led to better load carrying capacity and enable steeper temporary slope to be formed during construction period. In this study an industrial by-product, fly-ash (FA), was used as precursor to produce geopolymer as chemical stabilizer to improve the physical and mechanical properties of fill soil. Sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at a concentration of 15 molars were combined as the liquid alkaline activator (AA). The effect of different fly ash to alkaline activator ratio (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.0) on the physical and mechanical properties of treated fill soil were measured using Atterberg limit test and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test. All sample were tested at 1 day and 3 days of curing period under room temperature. The result indicates that the highest compressive strength is obtained with fly ash to alkaline activator ratio of 2.5 for both 1 day and 3 days of curing. In addition, the plasticity index of the treated sample for all fly ash/alkaline activator were lower than that of the untreated fill soil.

Valorization of a Steel Industrial Co-Product for the Development of Alkali-Activated Materials: Effect of Curing Environments

Abstract While natural resources are becoming scarce and climate change is accelerating, the recovery and recycling of wastes and by-products is an effective way to deal with the economic and ecological constraints of recent decades. The valorization of industrial by-products in civil engineering is a common practice either by their incorporation during the manufacture of Portland cements or as a partial replacement of cement during the production of concrete. The present work aims to develop waste-based alkali-activated materials WAAMs intended for civil engineering applications as a potential alternative to cement-based materials. A steel industrial by-product called commonly granulated blast furnace slag GBFS was used alone as a solid CaO-rich precursor; two alkaline activators such us sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used separately for the production of two-part alkali-activated materials. Besides the microstructure analysis of the hardened samples, the influence of activator/precursor mass ratio, NaOH molarity, and two curing environments (Room temperature and 60°C) on the compressive strength, water accessible porosity, mass loss, and drying shrinkage were assessed. The results showed that a high Liquid/Solid ratio leads to a decrease in the compressive strength of the samples, while high NaOH molarity significantly improves the mechanical properties by reducing the porosity of the specimens. Moreover, alkaline silicate activator provides higher compressive strengths compared to the alkaline hydroxide activator, especially when the samples were cured at room temperature where a maximum 28days-compressive strength value of 105.28 MPa was achieved. For the samples activated using sodium hydroxide solution, the results revealed that their curing at 60°C promotes obtaining high initial-compressive strengths (7 days) before decreasing subsequently as a function of the curing time. As an indication, at high alkaline concentration (NaOH = 9M), a mechanical strength decline of 21% was recorded between a curing time of 7 to 28 days. Moreover, curing at 60°C induced high porosity, significant mass loss and high drying shrinkage. SEM analysis highlighted a dense, homogeneous microstructure without apparent defects, in particular for the samples where the alkali silicate activator was used.

Properties of Geopolymer Mortar Mixtures Containing Waste Glass Aggregates and River Sand

This paper evaluates the properties of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) based geopolymer mortar mixtures with waste glass sand (WGS) obtained by crushing glass bottles. A total of seven mixtures, including the partial substitution of river sand (RS) with WGS (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%) with two alkali activator solution to binder (AAS/b) ratio groups (0.4 and 0.3), were designed. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as the alkali activators. The experimental program evaluated compressive strength, hardened density, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), drying shrinkage, and thermal conductivity of geopolymer mortar mixtures. Test results indicated that the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar increased with the addition of WGS for AAS/b = 0.4, but it had a negative effect for AAS/b = 0.3. The FA and GGBFS-based geopolymer mortar helps to reduce the ASR expansion of the mixture containing WGS. The drying shrinkage of the geopolymer mortar decreases with the increase of the WGS content. The increase of WGS decreases the thermal conductivity of geopolymer mortar in the case of mixtures with AAS/b = 0.4, but interestingly thermal conductivity value increases in the case of mixtures with AAS/b = 0.3. The findings of this study suggest that using WGS as partial RS substitution material in geopolymer mortar offers sufficient mechanical and thermal insulation properties without causing durability issues.

Exploring the untapped potentials of oily sludge ash blended with fly ash for geopolymer binder via waste valorisation approach

Globally, large quantities of oily sludge are produced in petroleum refineries as wastes from petroleum refining processes. Petroleum refinery oily sludge (PROS) is a major by-product of the processes and a major contributor to pollution in the oil and gas industry. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for optimising and modelling experimental work. Thermally treated PROS replaced fly ash (FA) at 5–20 % in geopolymer mortar mixes at a fixed combination of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The visual observations and effects of PROS on the density and compressive strength of PROS geopolymer mortar (PGM) were studied. PGM with 10 % replacement of PROS had the maximum compressive strength of 38.17 MPa after 28 days. P-values obtained from the quadratic models developed for the synergistic effect of FA-PROS on density and compressive strength were less than 0.005. Optimisation of the synergistic effect of FA-PROS binder produced an optimal combination of both materials for maximum compressive strength and density of 2200 kg/m3 with desirability factor of 0.981. This investigation shows that replacing PROS with FA in geopolymer mortar can result in a new supply chain for greener binder materials in geopolymer mortar.

Physico-mechanical and shielding properties of alkali-activated slag composites incorporating cement clinker aggregate: Effect of high temperature and particle size

The purpose of this research was to see how cement clinker aggregates (CCA) and curing temperature affected the physico-mechanical and shielding properties of alkali-activated composites (AAC) exposed to high temperature. The precursor used to create AAC was ground blast furnace slag (GBFS), which was activated using a solution of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Quarts powder with a size range of 0–0.5 mm and CCA in two different size ranges (0–4 mm and 4–8 mm) were used as fine and coarse aggregates in the fabrication of AAC. Four different AAC mixes were produced which were cured by three curing temperatures at 25 °C (air curing), 40 °C, and 80 °C for 8 h. The impacts of curing temperature and CCA size and content were examined on the AAC's flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, dry unit weight, and water absorption and sorptivity characteristics. The high temperature performance and shielding properties of the produced blends was also assessed. Microstructure investigations of AAC mixtures produced within the scope of the study were also carried out based on FTIR and SEM. The obtained results implied that compressive strength of up to 80.80 MPa was attained with the use of CCA at curing temperature of 80 °C. The M4 containing the highest CCA content with the sizes of 4–8 mm and the lowest CCA content with the sizes of 0–4 mm exhibited the lowest strength at all curing temperatures. All AAC mixes regardless of curing temperature lost more than 60% of their initial compressive strength after 300 °C. Finally, among the AAC mixtures, whose gamma-ray shielding properties were examined in the photon energy range of 81–661 keV and whose fast neutron dose rates were determined, 0–4 mm particle size Clinker doped M1 sample showed better nuclear shielding ability compared to other mixtures studied.

Durability properties of metakaolin based geopolymer polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete

As the modernization is taking place these days, adaption to the new innovations are going on, which is also true for the civil construction sector. Conventional concrete i.e. Oridinary Portland Cement (OPC) has a very high carbon dioxide (CO2) emission nearly from 5%−7% in its production, leading to the major by-product pollution as greenhouse gases. Due to these back falls, need of eco-friendly and sustainable material like Geopolymer (GP) comes into place, however, even geopolymer exhibits low tensile strength and quasi-brittle behaviour which needs to be improved by adding or replacing certain components such as Meta Kaolin (MK) and Polypropylene Fibres (PPF). Also it consumes less energy and is cost effective and also helps in low emission of greenhouse gases. The durability properties of the Meta kaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) with the inclusion of polypropylene Fibres (PP) are elaborately discussed in this research paper. This Geopolymer Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GPFR) offers myriad of advantages. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are used as the alkali activator solution in this for geopolymerization process. With the inclusion of polypropylene fibres, drying shrinkage decreases and various other factors like chloride penetration and temperature resistance increases. Nevertheless, in all these years only limited study has been done in this particular area. Various tests are to be investigated like Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test (UPV), water absorption test etc for finding its different aspects in different environmental conditions.

Compressive Strength Study based on Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete at the age of 28 days under very High Temperature

Due to creeping process at the burning material, material’s elastic modulus and yield strength will decrease.Three fire protection system are exist in handling the fire problem: active fire protection, passive fire protection, and safety management. In correlation with material problem due to fire, passive fire protection is a strategy to counter it. This paper presents the results of fire protection by using Suralaya fly ash geopolymer concrete. Three molaritas of geopolymer concrete mixture design are 2M, 4M, and 6 M. Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) are used as alkaline activator. The results of the experiment were analysed by compressive strength for the optimum values. This study found that the value of compressive strength of steam curing is higher than that of water curing, the value of geopolymer concrete compressive strength of 2M is higher than that of 4M, and the value of geopolymer concrete compressive strength of 6M is higher than that of 4M.