States Of N2 Research Articles

Evaluation of Promising Lines of Lai Patta (Brassica juncea var rugosa L.) Suitable for Cultivation in North Eastern India

The present study was carried out with ten accessions of laipatta (Brassica juncea var rugosa L.) in Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat in order to identify suitable high yielding variety(s) with desirable quality characters. The accessions viz., JorMLG-1, JorMLP-2, MLG-3, MLP-4, MLG-5, MLP-6, ShLG-7, KjLP-8, ChL-9 (Check), and KL-10(Check) were collected from different districts of Assam and North East. They were evaluated consecutively for three years in station trials in the Dept. of Horticulture, AAU, Jorhat for plant yield and other quantitative and quality characters. The accessions were tested in Multilocation trials in five research stations. In these trials. among all genotypes JorMLG-1 and JorMLP-2 were found to be the best for plant yield and other component characters. The On Farm trials conducted in 12 farmers’ fields in Jorhat and Kokrajhar districts of the state exhibited average plant yield of 350.1 q/ha in JorMLG-1 and 318.2 q/ha in JorMLP-2 with 34 – 48% yield increase over the best check variety (ChL-9). JorMLG-1was a green leaf variety whereas JorMLP-2 was a greenish purple variety. The edible leaves could be harvested upto 60 days in JorMLG-1 and 55 days in JorMLP-2 after transplanting till the initiation of bolters. However, the best check variety ChL-9 showed bolting at 25 days after transplanting. Estimation of quality characters revealed 147.6 mg ascorbic acid, 186 mg calcium and 11.21 mg iron per 100g in JorMLG-1 whereas 145.2 mg ascorbic acid, 176 mg calcium and 10.61 mg iron per 100g in JorMLP-2. They have been recommended in the Zonal Research Committee Meeting and Annual Technical Committee Meeting held at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during 2019-20 for release in the state of Assam. In view of yield performance, consumer preference and taste, the varieties are spreading very fast and getting popularity throughout entire NE states. However, more study is required on quality traits, genetic parameters and molecular aspects.

Life's a ditch: demographic history and environmental factors shape fine-scale local adaptation within small populations of brook trout

Many studies have investigated the loss of adaptive potential in endangered or exploited species experiencing recent population declines. Less research has studied adaptive genomic variation in small populations known to have persisted for long periods, despite the unique contribution that such populations provide for determining mechanisms underlying population persistence in evolutionary and conservation modeling. Small populations of Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have persisted in Cape Race, Newfoundland for >12,000 years. We used genotyping-by-sequencing data to investigate the demographic history and adaptive genomic variation of 26 populations with effective population sizes (Ne) ranging from 11 to 442, and to explore mechanisms underlying long-term persistence. We show that all populations experienced demographic declines following postglacial colonization but have remained in their current, small Ne state for thousands of years. We also reveal greater homozygosity in adaptive alleles within the smallest populations and found signatures of adaptive divergence in small populations relating to several abiotic and biotic factors. Our study illustrates how the demographic history of a species can influence the adaptive dynamics of small populations persisting over long time periods.

High-resolution spectroscopic study of asymmetric [formula omitted] stretch [formula omitted] Torsion [formula omitted] combination band and other higher-lying vibrational fundamental, overtone, combination, and hot bands of astrophysically significant methanol [formula omitted] molecule

In this paper, the spectrum of high energy vibrational bands has been recorded in the range 1900-6000cm-1with the highest possible resolution. New assignments have been obtained for a large number of transitions belonging to several fundamental and combination bands. Varios bands of importance in the range 1950 − 3420 cm-1 are shown in Fig. 1. Notable are those belonging to a new combination band comprising the asymmetric CH3- Stretch band and OH internal rotation (or torsion) band lying in a very crowded region of the three coupled fundamental CH3- stretching bands. A large number of ΔK=±1 transitions have been observed from the ground and the first excited torsional states of the ground vibrational state. In addition, new transitions have been obtained for the torsionally excited OH- stretch band. The majority of the transitions have been confirmed using closed combination loops. In addition, detailed assignment work has been performed with improved accuracy on the overtone CO stretch band 2ν8, CO- Stretch:CH3-rock (ν8+ν7) combination band, and the overtone asymmetric CH3-bending band 2ν4. Due to an accidental state mixing in the first excited torsional state of the ground vibrational state, many forbidden transitions have been detected in the torsional band of the OH–stretch state (ν1). Lastly, a new and elegant method has been employed to obtain the pure torsional energies of many vibrational states. The most exciting finding from these studies has been the inversion of A/E energy structure. Some explanations from the literature have been reviewed, and more work is needed to understand the coupling between torsion and vibration in methanol. The work should be helpful in the astronomical search for methanol in interstellar space.

Abstract 466: microRNA regulators of neuroendocrine differentiation in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Abstract Therapy-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), an extremely aggressive variant of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is increasing in incidence with the widespread use of highly potent androgen receptor (AR)-pathway inhibitors (APIs) via a reversible trans-differentiation process, referred to as neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). The molecular basis of NED is not completely understood leading to a lack of effective molecular markers for its diagnosis. We hypothesized that alterations in key miRNAs drive NED, leading to lineage switching and emergence of NEPC. The aims of our study are: (i) identify key miRNA alterations that occur as PCa cells undergo neuroendocrine differentiation; (ii) develop a miRNA-based classifier for predicting/diagnosing NEPC; (iii) understand the functional role of key miRNA alterations. To systematically investigate the key miRNAs alterations driving therapy induced NED, we performed small RNA-NGS in a retrospective cohort of human metastatic CRPC clinical samples + PDX models with adenocarcinoma features (CRPC-adeno) vs those with neuroendocrine features (CRPC-NE). Further, with the application of machine learning algorithms to sequencing data, we trained a ‘miRNA classifier’ that could robustly classify ‘CRPC-NE’ from ‘CRPC-Adeno’ cases. The performance of classifier was validated in additional cohorts of mCRPC patients acquired from independent sites by employing single model prediction algorithm. We further sought to understand the functional role of these miRNAs by overexpessing in PCa cell lines followed by functional assays. In vivo xenograft studies were performed using PC3 cells overexpressing miR-28/control miRNA. We demonstrate for the first time, that lineage switching to NE states is accompanied by key miRNA alterations. Our analysis, measured using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.8318, confirming the robustness of our classifier in distinguishing CRPC-NE from CRPC-Adeno. Furthermore, we identified a select group of 5 miRNAs that were pivotal in distinguishing between these two prostate cancer subtypes. We focused on miR-28-3p, little studied miRNA in prostate cancer. Our in vitro and in vivo data with prostate cancer cell lines and xenograft model suggests that miR-28-3p acts as a tumor suppressor miRNA in advanced stage prostate cancer. We further found mesenchymal gene Vimentin to be a direct miR-28-3p target. We propose that loss of miR-28-3p promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby favoring NED. Our study has important clinical implications and transformative potential as our 'miRNA classifier' can be used as a molecular tool to stratify mCRPC patients into those with/without NED and guide treatment decisions. Further, we identify novel miRNA NED drivers that can be exploited for NEPC therapeutic targeting. Citation Format: Diana Asante, Sandip Nathani, Tae Jin Lee, Ashok Sharma, Sharanjot Saini. microRNA regulators of neuroendocrine differentiation in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 466.

Vibrational state-specific nonadiabatic photodissociation dynamics of OCS+ via A2Π1/2 (ν1 0 ν3) states.

The identification and analysis of quantum state-specific effects can significantly deepen our understanding of detailed photodissociation dynamics. Here, we report an experimental investigation on the vibrational state-mediated photodissociation of the OCS+ cation via the A2Π1/2 (ν1 0 ν3) states by using the velocity map ion imaging technique over the photolysis wavelength range of 263-294nm. It was found that the electronically excited S+ product channel S+(2Du) + CO (X1Σ+) was significantly enhanced when the ν1 and ν3 vibrational modes were excited. Clear deviations in the branching ratios of the electronically excited S+ channel were observed when the vibrational modes ν1 and ν3 were selectively excited. The results reveal that vibrationally excited states play a vital role in influencing the nonadiabatic couplings in the photodissociation process.

Income and Borrowing of Farmers in North-Eastern Region: Inferences from NSSO SAS 2013 and NAFIS 2017

Abstract: NAFIS was launched in 2016-17 as a national level survey that offers, after NSSO SAS 2013, a comprehensive overview of the farmer’s behaviour in terms of income, earning sources, borrowing and indebtedness. NSSO 70th round of 2012-13 revealed many aspects of Indian farmers of which many parameters were covered by NAFIS. By employing these two surveys, the paper attempts to answer what are the changes that have taken place from 2013 to 2017 in terms of income and indebtedness of farmers in Northeastern region (NER) of India. Non-farm business income has seen large change in most of the states of the region with all NE states having higher average than the national average in 2017. The comparative analysis of SAS 2012-13 and NAFIS 2016-17 indicates that NER has improved a lot in terms of income and borrowing of agriculture households, however, changing scenario indicates income growing is inadequate, borrowing is low and outstanding debt has expanded rapidly. Large presence of subsistence agriculture, unregulated markets, negligible Agricultural Marketing Committees, lack of implementation of Minimum Support Price (MSP), low credit absorptive capacity, absence of land laws in large areas, poor infrastructure and geographical isolation are some of the major pertinent issues in the region that made agriculture underdeveloped. However, the two reports may not comparable in complete sense, therefore, necessary adjustment in parameters and calculation have been made to have a comparative scenario and to draw inferences.

New Data on Autoionizing States of Ne Induced by Low-Energy Electrons from 45 to 64 eV

The lowest single and doubly excited autoionizing states of neon have been studied using a non-monochromatic electron beam and a high-resolution electrostatic analyzer at incident electron energies from 43.37 to 202 (±0.4) eV at three ejection angles, 40°, 90° and 130°. The 2s2p63s(3,1S) and 2s2p63p(3,1P) as well as the 2p43s3p doubly excited states have been observed and their energy determined. The influence of the PCI effect in the energy region of the 2s2p63s(3,1S) states has been investigated. New features in the ejected electron spectra in the low kinetic energy region 3–20 eV at 202 eV incident energy have been observed and assigned.

Photofragmentation and fragment analysis; Coriolis interactions in excited states of CH3.

Methyl radicals in their ground state (CH3(X)) were created and excited by two- and one- color excitation schemes for CH3Br and CH3I, respectively, to record (2+1) REMPI spectra of CH3 for resonant transitions to the Rydberg states CH3**(npz2A2); n = 3, 4. Various new and previously observed vibrational bands were identified and analyzed to gain energetic information for the Rydberg states. Particular emphasis was placed on analysis of the rotational structured spectra centered at 70 648 and 60 700 cm-1, due to transitions from to and for both Rydberg states, respectively. Vibrationally forbidden transitions between the and states, gain transition probabilities as a result of mixing of the ν2 and ν4 vibrational states due to Coriolis coupling between the two vibrational modes (intensity borrowing effect). As a result, the spectra are dramatically affected, both regarding line intensities and positions. This is the first direct evidence of a Coriolis interaction between two vibrational modes in Rydberg states of CH3 (and in XH3 molecules) based on simultaneous observation of spectra due to transitions to both interacting states. The analyses reveal close similarities between the Rydberg states and the ground state cation in terms of energy properties as well as the Coriolis interaction, as evident from comparison with recent work in relation to observation of CH3+(X) in space (O. Berné et al., Nature, 2023, 621, 56-59). The effect of Coriolis interactions on predissociation of the Rydberg states/hence fragment products is discussed.

Three-stage hybrid NSD/DC plasma assisted n-C5H12/O2/N2 ignition: Improved energy efficiency and reduced NOx/N2O emissions

This work presents a three-stage hybrid nanosecond discharge (NSD) and direct current (DC) discharge assisted n-C5H12/O2/N2 ignition with lower discharge energy and higher energy efficiency. The reaction rate coefficients between O2(a1Δg) and n-C5H12 are updated by mass/Master equation simulation. The promotive ignition enhancement via reaction channel O2(a1Δg) + n-C5H12 → C5H10 + H2O2 in the hybrid NSD/DC discharge is demonstrated. The results show that the ignition delay time of the three-stage hybrid plasma assisted ignition is 1–2 orders of magnitude shorter than that of the two-stage hybrid discharge when the reduced electric field strength in the DC discharge stage is over 10 Td. Meanwhile, the plasma-enhanced energy efficiency of three-stage hybrid discharge increases. This improved efficiency on ignition enhancement is due to the kinetic enhancement by the electronically excited species and radicals (O2(a1Δg), O(1D), N2(B) and O). The kinetic and thermal effects by plasma are effectively intergated to enhance ignition. However, more discharge energy deposited in the vibrationally excited states N2(v) in the two-stage hybrid discharge is less efficient on ignition enhancement due to the thermal contribution via vibrational-translational relaxation. In the aspect of NOx/N2O emissions, reduction efficiency of the three-stage hybrid discharge is two times higher than that of the two-stage hybrid discharge. By controlling the N/N(2D) production pathway e + N2 → e + N + N(2D), the three-stage hybrid discharge reduces NOx and N2O production by 61.1 % and 90 %, respectively. The results show that the ignition delay time is non-monotonically dependent on the discharge pulse number. There exist optimal pulse number, reduced electric field and effective threshold power density of DC discharge to achieve maximum ignition enhancement and low NOx/N2O emissions. This study provides valuable insights into the use of NSD/DC hybrid discharge technology in advanced engines to achieve energy-efficient ignition enhancement and reduce NOx/N2O emissions.

Supersonically expanded sodium metal-dilute halogen gas interactions. The importance of reaction populated and energy storing reservoir states and population inversion created amplification in Na2.

The reactions of Cl, Br, and I with Nan=2,3 produced in a supersonic expansion form Na2* and Na* excited states extending across the visible and ultraviolet regions. Emission in the region extending from 410 to 600nm indicates selectively formed excited state Na2 emission features. Experimental evidence suggests that this emission is associated with Na3 + X reactions. Broadband (0.5cm-1) laser measurements demonstrate gain (population inversion) for select features at∼524-528(1%), ∼492(0.3%), and ∼458.7-461(0.8%) nm. Single mode (0.007cm-1) measurements extending from 528.03 to 527.63nm demonstrate amplification involving five to six individual rovibronic levels with a maximum gain close to 3% recorded at 527.9nm. The observed gain is associated with select transitions from levels of the Na2 11Πu state populated, via identified curve crossings, through collision induced transfer from long-lived Na2 21Σg+ and 11Πg reservoir states. Collision induced population buildup in the lowest vibrational levels of these reservoir states and collision induced transfer to the Na2 11Πu state create a population inversion in transitions to the X 1Σg+ state of Na2. The observed amplification is aided by rapid vibrational and rotational relaxation in both the Na2 ground and excited reservoir states producing amplifiers in the visible region like the HF amplifier in the infrared. This study suggests the importance of reaction populated and energy storing long-lived reservoir states in small sodium molecule combustion processes and indicates the potential for providing new short wavelength visible and ultraviolet amplifiers for future laser-based chemical propulsion concepts.

Enforcement of Preventive Detention Law in Manipur

The preventive detention laws have been invoked and used vigorously to detain members of outlawed organizations in the insurgency affected state of Manipur for the last many years. It is well settled that the detention of a person under the preventive detention laws is not to punish him for something he has done but to prevent him from doing it. Since the detention is made on the basis of subjective satisfaction of executive, the preventive detention laws are being extensively abused and misused, especially in the NE state of Manipur. In the catena of cases decided by the constitutional courts of India held that if the detaining authority is aware of the fact that the detenu is in custody and the detaining authority is reasonably satisfied with cogent materials that there is likelihood of his release and in view of his antecedent activities he must be again detained so as to prevent him from indulging in such prejudicial activities, the detention order can validly be made. It is pertinent that the order of detention of a person shall, obviously deprive of his cherished rights and freedoms; henceforth, the laws pertaining to preventive detention need to be meticulously invoked and followed substantively and procedurally by the concerned authority. The paper also examines the recent trends of the High Court of Manipur in issuing the writ of habeas corpus against the misuse of preventive detention laws by executive authorities in the state of Manipur.

Overwhelming Legislative Intervention and its Impact on NE State of Manipur

Law maker occupies a significant status and position in a state. The very purpose of legislation is not only to serve for the welfare and happiness of the people but also to harmonize the relation between the state and its citizens. Every legislation ought to be the expression of the will of general masses. An ideal state requires just, fair and reasonable law that essentially aims to promote and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens of this country. On the other hand, such law shall not overstep its legitimate boundary because the ultimate end of the law in a democratic country is to render justice to all the needy people without discrimination. Law is an instrument of social change and it invariably occupies a significant position in every human society. It always aims to harmonise the relation between the rulers and their subjects, as it happens to be the connecting link between the two entities. It also facilitates to construe a good governance inter alia a friendly atmosphere between the state and its citizens for which observance of due respect to the principles of rule of law and constitutionalism remains yet to be realized, especially for maintaining peace, harmony and development in the NE state of Manipur

Line positions and intensities of the ν1 band of 12CH3I using mid-infrared optical frequency comb Fourier transform spectroscopy

We present a new spectral analysis of the ν1 and ν3+ν1−ν3 bands of 12CH3I around 2971 cm−1 based on a high-resolution spectrum spanning from 2800 cm–1 to 3160 cm–1, measured using an optical frequency comb Fourier transform spectrometer. From this spectrum, we previously assigned the ν4 and ν3+ν4−ν3 bands around 3060 cm–1 using PGOPHER, and the line list was incorporated in the HITRAN database. Here, we treat the two fundamental bands, ν1 and ν4, together with the perturbing states, 2ν2+ν3 and ν2+2ν6±2, as a four-level system connected via Coriolis and Fermi interactions. A similar four-level system is assumed to connect the two ν3+ν1−ν3 and ν3+ν4−ν3 hot bands, which appear due to the population of the low-lying ν3 state at room temperature, with the 2ν2+2ν3 and ν2+ν3+2ν6±2 perturbing states. This spectroscopic treatment provides a good global agreement of the simulated spectra with experiment, and hence accurate line lists and band parameters of the four connected vibrational states in each system. It also allows revisiting the analysis of the ν4 and ν3+ν4−ν3 bands, which were previously treated as separate bands, not connected to their ν1 and ν3+ν1−ν3 counterparts. Overall, we assign 4665 transitions in the fundamental band system, with an average error of 0.00071 cm–1, a factor of two better than earlier work on the ν1 band using conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The ν1 band shows hyperfine splitting, resolvable for transitions with J ≤ 2 × K. Finally, the spectral intensities of 65 lines of the ν1 band and 7 lines of the ν3+ν1−ν3 band are reported for the first time using the Voigt line shape as a model in multispectral fitting. The reported line lists and intensities will serve as a reference for high-resolution molecular spectroscopic databases, and as a basis for line selection in future monitoring applications of CH3I.

New measurement of 4He and proton decays from resonant states in 19Ne* *Supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (2018YFA0404403, 2022YFA1602302), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11875074, 11875073, 12235020, 12027809, 11961141003, U1967201, U2167204, 11775004, 11775003), the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (WDJC-2019-13), the State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University (NPT2020KFY10),

A Li(O,Ne)H multi-nucleon transfer-reaction experiment was performed to populate the highly excited states in Ne. The subsequent decay particles, He or protons from the Ne resonant states, were detected in coincidence with the recoil H. The excitation-energy spectra of Ne were reconstructed using the detected proton or He and the deduced F or O data, respectively. A broad resonance at about 7.85 MeV (1/2) was observed, with partial decay widths different from the previously reported values, which may have a significant impact on the destruction of F in astrophysical processes. Several resonances up to very high excitation energies have been identified with a large α-clustering strength, which confirm the formation of the cluster structure with a one-hole configuration in light nuclei and encourage further systematic studies of the cluster structure in Ne.

Measurement of self-broadening coefficients and line intensities of ν1 + ν3 + ν4 ‒ ν4 band of acetylene in 1.5 μm spectral region: External cavity diode laser based absorption study

Acetylene is considered to be an important molecule for spectroscopic research due to its role in environmental chemistry, astrophysics, biochemistry and photochemistry of various planets. The high resolution spectroscopic studies of acetylene (12C2H2) in the 6474–6515 cm−1 spectral range have been performed using in-house developed external-cavity diode laser absorption spectroscopy technique. The study is focused on experimental measurement of self-broadening coefficients (γself) and line intensities of 27 l-doublet ro-vibrational lines belonging to the P-branch transition of ν1 + ν3 + ν4 ‒ ν4 hot band lying in the 6474–6515 cm−1 spectral range. The γself and line intensity have been retrieved by modelling of each experimentally observed rotational line with standard Voigt line profile using custom written python based computer program. The measured γself and line intensities were compared with the values present in HITRAN2020 database, showing mean difference of about -1.9% and 2.48%, respectively. In contrast to the line intensity, where rotational and symmetry dependency are readily visible, γself exhibits only rotational dependency. The l-type doubling constants of both ν1 + ν3 + ν4 and ν4 states of ν1 + ν3 + ν4 ‒ ν4 hot band have also been obtained. Detailed understanding of these molecular parameters will play an important role in modelling of planetary atmospheres.

α-cluster decay from 24Mg resonances produced in the 12C(16O,24Mg)α reaction* *Supported by the National Key R& D Program of China (2018YFA0404403), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11875074, 11875073, 12027809, 11961141003, U1967201, 11775004, and 11775003), the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (WDJC-2019-13), and the State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University (NPT2020KFY10).

A transfer reaction and cluster-decay experiment, C(O,Mg α+Ne)α, was performed at a beam energy of 96 MeV. Both recoil and decay α particles were detected in coincidence, allowing us to deduce the energy-momentum of a Ne fragment. A number of resonant states of Mg were reconstructed up to an excitation energy of approximately 30 MeV. Owing to the experimentally achieved excellent resolutions of the Q-value and excitation-energy spectra, the relative decay widths for each resonant state inMg to various final states of Ne were extracted, along with the total decay width. The obtained results provide good testing ground for theoretical descriptions of multiple clustering configurations inMg.

Two-XUV-photon double ionization of neon

Two-XUV-photon double ionization of Ne, induced by an intense few-pulse attosecond train with a \ensuremath{\sim}4 fs envelope duration is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The experiment is performed at ELI-ALPS (Extreme Light Infrastructure Attosecond Light Pulse Source) utilizing the recently constructed 10 Hz gas phase high-order harmonic generation SYLOS GHHG-COMPACT beamline. A total pulse energy up to \ensuremath{\sim}1 \ensuremath{\mu}J generated in argon in conjunction with high-reflectivity optics in the XUV region allowed the observation of the doubly charged state of Ne induced by 40 eV central XUV-photon energies. The interaction of the intense attosecond pulse train with Ne is also theoretically studied via second-order time-dependent perturbation theory equations of motion. The results of this work, combined with the feasibility of conducting XUV-pump--XUV-probe experiments, constitute a powerful tool for many potential applications. Those include attosecond pulse metrology as well as time-resolved investigations of the dynamics underlying direct and sequential double ionization and their electron correlation effects.

Spectroscopic Peculiarities at Ionization of Excited 2p5(2PJf)3s[K]0,1,2 States of Ne: Cooper Minima and Autoionizing Resonances

An extensive study of photoionization from neon excited states was performed. The R-matrix approach was applied to calculate a photoionization cross-section from the metastable 2p5(2PJf)3s[K]0,2 and dipole-allowed 2p5(2PJf)3s[K]1 states. The resonance structures and Cooper minimum accessible in photoionization from the excited states by the photons with energy below 30 eV were analyzed. The parameters of the lowest autoionizing states (AISs) of even parity were extracted by fitting of the photoionization cross-section. For the dipole-allowed states, calculations are presented for unpolarized, linearly and circularly polarized radiation.

The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Outcomes After Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Outcomes After Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Cholesterol improves stability of amphotericin B nanoemulsion: promising use in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Aim: Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antileishmanial drug with high toxicity; however, this drawback might overcome by decreasing the AmB self-aggregation state. This work aimed at evaluating the influence of cholesterol on the aggregation state of AmB loaded in a nanoemulsion (NE-AmB) for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. NE-AmB (1, 4 and 8mg/kg/day) was administered intravenously to animals infected by Leishmania major every 2days for a total of five injections. Results: Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism studies demonstrated that cholesterol reduced AmB aggregation state in NE. NE-AmB was stable after 180days, and its hemolytic toxicity was lower than that observed for the conventional AmB. NE-AmB administered intravenously into animals infected by Leishmania major at 8mg/kg was capable of stabilizing the lesion size and reducing the parasitic load. Conclusion: These findings support the NE potential as a stable nanocarrier for AmB in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.