N2-fixing Cyanobacteria Research Articles

Single-colony MALDI mass spectrometry imaging reveals spatial differences in metabolite abundance between natural and cultured Trichodesmium morphotypes.

Trichodesmium, a globally significant N2-fixing marine cyanobacterium, forms extensive surface blooms in nutrient-poor ocean regions. These blooms consist of a dynamic assemblage of Trichodesmium species that form distinct colony morphotypes and are inhabited by diverse microorganisms. Trichodesmium colony morphotypes vary in ecological niche, nutrient uptake, and organic molecule release, differentially impacting ocean carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. Here, we assessed the poorly studied spatial abundance of metabolites within and between three morphologically distinct Trichodesmium colonies collected from the Red Sea. We also compared these results with two morphotypes of the cultivable Trichodesmium strain IMS101. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) coupled with liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) tandem mass spectrometry (MS2), we identified and localized a wide range of small metabolites associated with single-colony Trichodesmium morphotypes. Our untargeted MALDI-MSI approach revealed 80 unique features (metabolites) shared between Trichodesmium morphotypes. Discrimination analysis showed spatial variations in 57 shared metabolites, accounting for 62% of the observed variation between morphotypes. The greatest variations in metabolite abundance were observed between the cultured morphotypes compared to the natural colony morphotypes, suggesting substantial differences in metabolite production between the cultivable strain IMS101 and the naturally occurring colony morphotypes that the cultivable strain is meant to represent. This study highlights the variations in metabolite abundance between natural and cultured Trichodesmium morphotypes and provides valuable insights into metabolites common to morphologically distinct Trichodesmium colonies, offering a foundation for future targeted metabolomic investigations.IMPORTANCEThis work demonstrates that the application of spatial mass spectrometry imaging at single-colony resolution can successfully resolve metabolite differences between natural and cultured Trichodesmium morphotypes, shedding light on their distinct biochemical profiles. Understanding the morphological differences between Trichodesmium colonies is crucial because they impact nutrient uptake, organic molecule production, and carbon and nitrogen export, and subsequently influence ocean biogeochemical cycles. As such, our study serves as an important initial assessment of metabolite differences between distinct Trichodesmium colony types, identifying features that can serve as ideal candidates for future targeted metabolomic studies.

Nitrogen-fixing organelle in a marine alga.

Symbiotic interactions were key to the evolution of chloroplast and mitochondria organelles, which mediate carbon and energy metabolism in eukaryotes. Biological nitrogen fixation, the reduction of abundant atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) to biologically available ammonia, is a key metabolic process performed exclusively by prokaryotes. Candidatus Atelocyanobacterium thalassa, or UCYN-A, is a metabolically streamlined N2-fixing cyanobacterium previously reported to be an endosymbiont of a marine unicellular alga. Here we show that UCYN-A has been tightly integrated into algal cell architecture and organellar division and that it imports proteins encoded by the algal genome. These are characteristics of organelles and show that UCYN-A has evolved beyond endosymbiosis and functions as an early evolutionary stage N2-fixing organelle, or "nitroplast."

Crocosphaera watsonii - A widespread nitrogen-fixing unicellular marine cyanobacterium.

Crocosphaera watsonii is a unicellular N2-fixing (diazotrophic) cyanobacterium observed in tropical and subtropical oligotrophic oceans. As a diazotroph, it can be a source of bioavailable nitrogen (N) to the microbial community in N-limited environments, and this may fuel primary production in the regions where it occurs. Crocosphaera watsonii has been the subject of intense study, both in culture and in field populations. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the phylogenetic and physiological diversity of C. watsonii, its distribution, and its ecological niche. Analysis of the relationships among the individual Crocosphaera species and related free-living and symbiotic lineages of diazotrophs based on the nifH gene have shown that the C. watsonii group holds a basal position and that its sequence is more similar to Rippkaea and Zehria than to other Crocosphaera species. This finding warrants further scrutiny to determine if the placement is related to a horizontal gene transfer event. Here, the nifH UCYN-B gene copy number from a recent synthesis effort was used as a proxy for relative C. watsonii abundance to examine patterns of C. watsonii distribution as a function of environmental factors, like iron and phosphorus concentration, and complimented with a synthesis of C. watsonii physiology. Furthermore, we have summarized the current knowledge of C. watsonii with regards to N2 fixation, photosynthesis, and quantitative modeling of physiology. Because N availability can limit primary production, C. watsonii is widely recognized for its importance to carbon and N cycling in ocean ecosystems, and we conclude this review by highlighting important topics for further research on this important species.

Responses of globally important phytoplankton species to olivine dissolution products and implications for carbon dioxide removal via ocean alkalinity enhancement

Abstract. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are leading to global temperature increases, ocean acidification, and significant ecosystem impacts. Given current emissions trajectories, the IPCC's reports indicate that rapid abatement of CO2 emissions and development of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies are needed to address legacy and difficult-to-abate emissions sources. These CDR methods must efficiently and safely sequester gigatons of atmospheric CO2. Coastal enhanced weathering (CEW) via the addition of the common mineral olivine to coastal waters is one promising approach to enhance ocean alkalinity for large-scale CDR. As olivine weathers, it releases several biologically active dissolution products, including alkalinity, trace metals, and the nutrient silicate. Released trace metals can serve as micronutrients but may also be toxic at high concentrations to marine biota, including phytoplankton, which lie at the base of marine food webs. We grew six species representing several globally important phytoplankton species under elevated concentrations of olivine dissolution products via a synthetic olivine leachate (OL) based on olivine's elemental composition. We monitored their physiological and biogeochemical responses, which allowed us to determine physiological impacts and thresholds at elevated olivine leachate concentrations, in addition to individual effects of specific constituents. We found both positive and neutral responses but no evident toxic effects for two silicifying diatoms, a calcifying coccolithophore, and three cyanobacteria. In both single and competitive co-cultures, silicifiers and calcifiers benefited from olivine dissolution products like iron and silicate or enhanced alkalinity, respectively. The non-N2-fixing picocyanobacterium could use synthetic olivine-derived iron for growth, while N2-fixing cyanobacteria could not. However, other trace metals like nickel and cobalt supported cyanobacterial growth across both groups. Growth benefits to phytoplankton groups in situ will depend on species-specific responses and ambient concentrations of other required nutrients. Results suggest olivine dissolution products appear unlikely to cause negative physiological effects for any of the phytoplankton examined, even at high concentrations, and may support growth of particular taxa under some conditions. Future studies can shed light on long-term eco-evolutionary responses to olivine exposure and on the potential effects that marine microbes may in turn have on olivine dissolution rates and regional biogeochemistry.

Better together? Lessons on sociality from Trichodesmium.

The N2-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is an important player in the oceanic nitrogen and carbon cycles. Trichodesmium occurs both as single trichomes and as colonies containing hundreds of trichomes. In this review, we explore the benefits and disadvantages of colony formation, considering physical, chemical, and biological effects from nanometer to kilometer scale. Showing that all major life challenges are affected by colony formation, we claim that Trichodesmium's ecological success is tightly linked to its colonial lifestyle. Microbial interactions in the microbiome, chemical gradients within the colony, interactions with particles, and elevated mobility in the water column shape a highly dynamic microenvironment. We postulate that these dynamics are key to the resilience of Trichodesmium and other colony formers in our changing environment.

Investigation of in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Nostoc calcicola biosynthesized gold nanoparticles.

The cyanobacteria are the promising candidate for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their ability to accumulate heavy metals from the cellular environment and additionally contain varied bioactive compounds as reducing and stabilizing agents. This study describes the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc calcicola-mediated bioreduction of AuNPs and the inherent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities in vitro. Biosynthesized Nc-AuNPs were characterized by spectral characterization techniques. The formation of AuNPs was physically confirmed by the colour change from pale green to dark violet. The UV-Vis analysis, further, proved the reduction in Nc-AuNPs with the cyanobacterium and showed a spectral peak at 527nm. FESEM-EDX images suggested the surface morphology of the NPs as spherical, cuboidal, and size between 20 and 140nm. The antimicrobial studies of Nc-AuNPs were carried out by agar-well diffusion method and MIC values against five pathogenic bacterial and two fungal strains were noted. The AuNPs exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against h-pathogenic bacteria with inhibitory zones ranging at 11-18mm; against fungi ranging at 13-17mm. Significant antioxidant potentialities were explored by a DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 55.97μg/ mL. Furthermore, in the anticancer efficacy assay, the Nc-AuNPs inhibited cellular proliferation in human breast adenocarcinoma and cervical cancer cell lines at IC50 concentration, 37.3μg/ml, and 44.5μg/ml, respectively. Conclusively, N. calcicola would be an excellent source for synthesizing stable colloidal AuNPs that had significant credibility as phycological (algal) nanomedicines as novel prodrugs with multiple bioactivities.

Open ocean and coastal strains of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium UCYN-A have distinct transcriptomes.

Decades of research on marine N2 fixation focused on Trichodesmium, which are generally free-living cyanobacteria, but in recent years the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium Candidatus Atelocyanobacterium thalassa (UCYN-A) has received increasing attention. However, few studies have shed light on the influence of the host versus the habitat on UCYN-A N2 fixation and overall metabolism. Here we compared transcriptomes from natural populations of UCYN-A from oligotrophic open-ocean versus nutrient-rich coastal waters, using a microarray that targets the full genomes of UCYN-A1 and UCYN-A2 and known genes for UCYN-A3. We found that UCYN-A2, usually regarded as adapted to coastal environments, was transcriptionally very active in the open ocean and appeared to be less impacted by habitat change than UCYN-A1. Moreover, for genes with 24 h periodic expression we observed strong but inverse correlations among UCYN-A1, A2, and A3 to oxygen and chlorophyll, which suggests distinct host-symbiont relationships. Across habitats and sublineages, genes for N2 fixation and energy production had high transcript levels, and, intriguingly, were among the minority of genes that kept the same schedule of diel expression. This might indicate different regulatory mechanisms for genes that are critical to the symbiosis for the exchange of nitrogen for carbon from the host. Our results underscore the importance of N2 fixation in UCYN-A symbioses across habitats, with consequences for community interactions and global biogeochemical cycles.

Study the effect of some environmental factors on the assimilation of sugars by N2 FIXING Cyanobacterium mastigocladus lamious

The effect of some sugars(Glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, Ribose, mannitol, xylose) in different concentrations 1,2,3 mg/ ml on growth of species Mastigocladus lamious under continuous light and alternative light and darkness period (8 light,16 darkness)h , Result showed that sugars in all concentrations had needs a period of time to adapts for some concentrations themself before it can metabolize. 
 Also the study showed that the species Mastigocladus lamious able to assimilate the different sugar and different concentration under continuous light and alternative light and darkness period.

Elevated CO2 significantly increases N2 fixation, growth rates, and alters microcystin, anatoxin, and saxitoxin cell quotas in strains of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Dolichospermum

The effect of rising CO2 levels on cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) is an emerging concern, particularly within eutrophic ecosystems. While elevated pCO2 has been associated with enhanced growth rates of some cyanobacteria, few studies have explored the effect of CO2 and nitrogen availability on diazotrophic (N2-fixing) cyanobacteria that produce cyanotoxins. Here, the effects of elevated CO2 and fixed nitrogen (NO3−) availability on the growth rates, toxin production, and N2 fixation of microcystin, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a - producing strains of the genus Dolichospermum were quantified. Growth rates of all Dolichospermum spp. were significantly increased by CO2 or both CO2 and NO3− with rates being highest in treatments with the highest levels of CO2 and NO3−for all strains. While NO3− suppressed N2 fixation, diazotrophy significantly increased when NO3−-enriched Dolichospermum spp. were supplied with higher CO2 compared to cultures grown under lower CO2 levels. This suggests that diazotrophy will play an increasingly important role in N cycling in CO2-enriched, eutrophic lentic systems. NO3− significantly increased quotas of the N-rich cyanotoxins, microcystin and saxitoxin, at ambient and enriched CO2 levels, respectively. In contrast, elevated CO2 significantly decreased cell quotas of microcystin and saxitoxin, but significantly increased cell quotas of the N-poor cyanotoxin, anatoxin. N2 fixation was significantly negatively and positively correlated with quotas of N-rich and N-poor cyanotoxins, respectively. Findings suggest cellular quotas of N-rich toxins (microcystin and saxitoxin) may be significantly reduced, or cellular quotas of N-poor toxins (anatoxin) may be significantly enhanced, under elevated CO2 conditions during diazotrophic cyanobacterial blooms. Finally, in the future, ecosystems that experience combinations of excessive N loading and CO2 enrichment may become more prone to toxic blooms of Dolichospermum.

Effects of WS2 Nanosheets on N2-fixing Cyanobacteria: ROS overproduction, cell membrane damage, and cell metabolic reprogramming

The ecotoxicity of tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanomaterials remains unclear so far. Here, the toxicity of WS2 nanosheets on N2-fixing cyanobacteria (Nostoc sphaeroides) was evaluated. Specifically, Nostoc were cultivated in media spiked with different concentrations of WS2 nanosheets (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L) for 96 h. Relative to unexposed cells, WS2 nanosheets at 0.5 mg/L significantly decreased cell density, content of total sugar and protein by 10.9 %, 0.43 %, and 6.1 %, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based metabolomics revealed that WS2 nanosheets exposure altered the metabolite profile of Nostoc in a dose-dependent manner. Energy metabolism related pathways, including the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, were significantly inhibited. In addition, WS2 nanosheets exposure resulted in downregulation (20–40 %) of S-containing amino acids (cystine, methionine, and cysteine) and sulfuric acid. Additionally, fatty acids and antioxidant-related compounds (formononetin, catechin, epigallocatechin, dehydroascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol) in Nostoc were drastically decreased by 4–50 % upon exposure to WS2 nanosheets, which implies oxidative stress induced by the nanomaterials. Biochemical assays for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) confirmed that WS2 nanosheets triggered ROS overproduction and induced lipid peroxidation. Taken together, WS2 exposure perturbed carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfate (S) metabolism of Nostoc, which may influence C, N, and S cycling, given the important roles of cyanobacteria in these processes. These results highlight the need for caution in the application and environmental release of WS2 nanomaterials to prevent unintended environmental impacts due to their potential ecotoxicity.

Improved biohydrogen production by co-cultivation of N2-fixing cyanobacterium Fischerella muscicola TISTR 8215 and microalga Chlorella sp.

Improved biohydrogen production by co-cultivation of N2-fixing cyanobacterium Fischerella muscicola TISTR 8215 and microalga Chlorella sp.

Sulfate (SO42−) Decline Supported Lake Kinneret (Israel) Invasion of N2-Fixing Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum

Since 1990, the Lake Kinneret trophic status has shifted from phosphorus to nitrogen limitation. In the summer of 1994, an outbreak of N2 fixing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum invaded the epilimnion of Lake Kinneret. Since then, sporadic densities of harmful cyanobacteria (HFCB) reappeared in the lake together with other toxic non-N2 fixing cyanobacteria. This predicted ecological modification developed because of a worldwide well-known background condition of descent N/P mass ratio. Reevaluation of the lake and its watershed ecosystems data exposed additional potential support of the process reduction of the epilimnetic sulfate (SO42−) concentration. Climate condition changes resulted in sulfate input reduction and its potential competitive interaction with molybdenum (MoO42−) enhanced the HFCB growth rate. The working hypothesis was the reevaluated incorporation of long-term records including rainfall, river discharge, depth of ground water table in the Hula valley peat soil, total moisture capabilities, and Kinneret epilimnion sulfate concentration. Results justify conclusive inference in Lake Kinneret of the following: sufficient phosphorus, insufficient nitrogen, and sulfate decline availabilities induced the HFCB outbreak in the summer of 1994.

Colonies of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium optimize dust utilization by selective collection and retention of nutrient-rich particles

SummaryTrichodesmium, a globally important, N2-fixing, and colony-forming cyanobacterium, employs multiple pathways for acquiring nutrients from air-borne dust, including active dust collection. Once concentrated within the colony core, dust can supply Trichodesmium with nutrients. Recently, we reported a selectivity in particle collection enabling Trichodesmium to center iron-rich minerals and optimize its nutrient utilization. In this follow-up study we examined if colonies select Phosphorus (P) minerals. We incubated 1,200 Trichodesmium colonies from the Red Sea with P-free CaCO3, P-coated CaCO3, and dust, over an entire bloom season. These colonies preferably interacted, centered, and retained P-coated CaCO3 compared with P-free CaCO3. In both studies, Trichodesmium clearly favored dust over all other particles tested, whereas nutrient-free particles were barely collected or retained, indicating that the colonies sense the particle composition and preferably collect nutrient-rich particles. This unique ability contributes to Trichodesmium's current ecological success and may assist it to flourish in future warmer oceans.

Unique functional insights into the antioxidant response of the cyanobacterial Mn-catalase (KatB)

KatB, a hexameric Mn-catalase, plays a vital role in overcoming oxidative and salinity stress in the ecologically important, N2-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena. The 5 N-terminal residues of KatB, which show a high degree of conservation in cyanobacteria, form an antiparallel β-strand at the subunit interface of the KatB hexamer. In this study, the contribution of these N-terminal non-active site residues, towards the maintenance of the structure, biochemical properties, and redox balance was evaluated. Each N-terminal amino acid residue from the 2nd to the 7th position of KatB was individually mutated to Ala (to express KatBF2A/KatBF3A/KatBH4A/KatBK5E/KatBK6A/KatBE7A) or this entire 6 amino acid stretch was deleted (to yield KatBTrunc). All the above-mentioned KatB variants, along with the wild-type KatB protein (KatBWT), were overproduced in E. coli and purified. In comparison to KatBWT, the KatBF2A/KatBH4A/KatBTrunc proteins were less compact, more prone to chemical/thermal denaturation, and were unexpectedly inactive. KatBF3A/KatBK5E/KatBK6A showed biophysical/biochemical properties that were in between that of KatBWT and KatBF2A/KatBH4A/KatBTrunc. Surprisingly, KatBE7A was more thermostable with higher activity than KatBWT. On exposure to H2O2, E. coli expressing KatBWT/KatBE7A showed considerably reduced formation of ROS and increased survival than the other KatB variants. Utilizing the KatB structure, the molecular basis responsible for the altered stability/activity of the KatB mutants was delineated. This study demonstrates the physiological importance of the N-terminal β-strand of Mn-catalases in combating H2O2 stress and shows that the non-active site residues can be used for rational protein engineering to develop Mn-catalases with improved characteristics.

Trichome Lengths of the Heterocystous N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria in the Tropical Marginal Seas of the Western North Pacific

Calothrix rhizosoleniae and Richelia intracellularis are heterocystous cyanobacteria found in the tropical oceans. C. rhizosoleniae commonly live epiphytically on diatom genera Chaetoceros (C-C) and Bacteriastrum (B-C) while R. intracellularis live endosymbiotically within Rhizosolenia (R-R), Guinardia (G-R), and Hemiaulus (H-R); although, they occasionally live freely (FL-C and FL-R). Both species have much shorter trichomes than the other marine filamentous cyanobacteria such as Trichodesmium spp. and Anabaena gerdii. We investigated the trichome lengths of C. rhizosoleniae and R. intracellularis in the South China Sea (SCS) and the Philippine Sea (PS) between 2006 and 2014. On average, H-R had the shortest trichome lengths (3.5 cells/trichome), followed by B-C and C-C (4.9–5.2 cells/trichome) and FL-C (5.9 cells/trichome), and R-R, G-R, and FL-R had the longest trichome lengths (7.4–8.3 cells/trichome). Field results showed the trichome lengths of C-C and B-C did not vary seasonally or regionally. However, FL-C and H-R from the SCS and during the cool season had longer trichomes, where/when the ambient nutrient concentrations were higher. R-R, G-R, and FL-R also showed regional and seasonal variations in trichome length. Ultrastructural analysis found no gas vesicles within the C. rhizosoleniae cells to assist in buoyancy regulation. Results suggest that the trichome lengths of C. rhizosoleniae and R. intracellularis might be regulated by their diatom hosts’ symbiotic styles and by ambient nutrients. Short trichome length might help C. rhizosoleniae and R. intracellularis to stay in the euphotic zone regardless as to whether they are free-living or symbiotic.

Biomass pre-treatments of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Tolypothrix for co-production of methane

Tolypothrix, a self-flocculating, fast growing, CO2 and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, can be cultivated in nutrient-poor ash dam waters of coal-fired power stations, converting CO2 emissions into organic biomass. Therefore, the biomass of Tolypothrix sp. is a promising source for bio-fertiliser production, providing micro- and macronutrients. Energy requirements for production could potentially be offset via anaerobic digestion (AD) of the produced biomass, which may further improve the efficiency of the resulting biofertilizer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pre-treatment conditions and subsequent methane (CH4) production of Tolypothrix under out-door cultivation conditions. Pre-treatments on biogas and methane production for Tolypothrix sp. biomass investigated were: (1) thermal at 95 °C for 10 h, (2) hydrothermal by autoclave at 121 °C at 1013.25 hPa for 20 min, using a standard moisture-heat procedure, (3) microwave at an output power of 900 W and an exposure time of 3 min, (4) sonication at an output power of 10 W for 3.5 h at 10 min intervals with 20 s breaks and (5) freeze-thaw cycles at −80 °C for 24 h followed by thawing at room temperature. Thermal, hydrothermal and sonication pre-treatments supported high solubilization of organic compounds up to 24.40 g L−1. However, higher specific CH4 production of 0.012 and 0.01 L CH4 g−1 volatile solidsadded. was achieved for thermal and sonic pre-treatments, respectively. High N- and low C-content of the Tolypothrix biomass affected CH4 recovery, while pre-treatment accelerated production of volatile acids (15.90 g L−1) and ammonia-N-accumulation (1.41 g L−1), leading to poor CH4 yields. Calculated theoretical CH4 yields based on the elemental composition of the biomass were ~55% higher than actual yields. This highlights the complexity of interactions during AD which are not adequately represented by elemental composition.

Sustaining Rice Production through Biofertilization with N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria

Current agricultural productivity depends on an exogenous nutrient supply to crops. This is of special relevance in cereal production, a fundamental part of the trophic chain that plays a vital role in the human diet. However, our agricultural practices entail highly detrimental side-effects from an environmental point of view. Long-term nitrogen fertilization in croplands results in degradation of soil, water, and air quality, producing eutrophication and subsequently contributing to global warming. In accordance with this, there is a biotechnological interest in using nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to enhance crop growth without adding chemically synthesized nitrogen fertilizers. This is particularly beneficial in paddy fields, where about 60% of the synthetic fertilizer that has been applied is dissolved in the water and washed away. In these agricultural systems, N2-fixing cyanobacteria show a promising biotechnological potential as biofertilizers, improving soil fertility while reducing the environmental impact of the agricultural practice. In the current study, Andalusian paddy fields have been explored to isolate N2-fixing cyanobacteria. These endogenous microorganisms have been subsequently re-introduced in a field trial in order to enhance rice production. Our results provide valuable insights regarding the use of an alternative natural source of nitrogen for rice production.

Patterns in Rhizosolenia- and Guinardia-associated Richelia abundances in the tropical marginal seas of the western North Pacific

Abstract Richelia is a widespread, heterocystous, N2-fixing cyanobacterium that occurs in oligotrophic seas. It can be symbiotic within rhizosolenoid hosts, including Rhizosolenia (R-R) and Guinardia (G-R), and occasionally occurs as free-living (FL-R) filaments. We investigated the Richelia abundances in the South China (SCS) and Philippine Seas (PS) during the northeast (NEM) and southwest monsoon (SWM) seasons between 2001 and 2016. Field results showed that G-R was most abundant in the SCS during the SWM. Both R-R and FL-R were more abundant in the PS than the SCS and during the SWM versus the NEM. In general, R-R were more abundant than G-R, except at the SCS-SWM stations where abundances were comparable. Multivariate statistical models indicate that as R-R and G-R were abundant in warmer seawaters, nitrate plus nitrite was a key factor negatively controlling R-R abundance while silicate was more positively related to G-R. Positive correlation between G-R and FL-R abundances and microscopic observations imply that like Rhizosolenia-associated Richelia, filaments released from Guinardia hosts can remain viable outside their diatom hosts for time periods on the order of days. Overall, results reveal different distribution patterns between the two rhizosolenoid-Richelia symbioses and both G-R and R-R likely contribute to FL-R in the field.

David W. Schindler—Icon and Iconoclast

David W. Schindler—Icon and Iconoclast

Isolation, biosynthesis and antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles produced with extracts of Anabaena spiroides.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria have become dangerous in bringing sporadic outbreaks in public health and nosocomial spreads from the addition of antibacterials/antibiotics continually. Obviously, the pharmacy world is in search of antibacterials that would be invincible by the evolved bacteria. Green synthesis of gold-nanoparticles (AuNps) was focused on the use of aqueous chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) and cell-free aqueous extract of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena spiroides collected from a brackish-water, Bay of Bengal at Puri, Odisha; green-synthesized AuNps could be used as antibacterials against MDR bacteria. The synthesized AuNps were subjected to the following characterizations, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, SEM-EDX, XRD and ART-FTIR analysis. An absorption peak at 538nm by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of AuNps. A. spiroides-AuNps were monitored for antibacterial activities against MDR pathogenic bacterial strains isolated from clinical samples, namely, Klebsiella oxytoca, MRSA and Streptococcus pyogenes, in vitro; the individual antibiograms of those bacteria were known. The recorded MIC dose values were 25, 20 and 30mg A. spiroides-AuNps (As-AuNps) against K. oxytoca, MRSA and S. pyogenes, in vitro, respectively. Thus, As-AuNps bear promises as possible antibacterials, in future.