Solvents N-hexane Research Articles

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Tragopogon dubius and Tragopogon porrifolium L. subsp. longirostris: Determination of their phytochemical contents by UHPLC-Orbitrap®-HRMS analysis

In this study, dichloromethane (DCM), n-hexane, ethanol, methanol, and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used to extract Tragopogon porrifolium L. subsp. longirostris (Sch. Bip.) Greuter and Tragopogon dubius L. Antioxidant properties (Cu2+ reduction capacity, DPPH, ABTS and Fe3+ reduction) and antimicrobial activities of these extracts were determined. Also, metabolite profiles were determined using UHPLC-Orbitrap®-HRMS. NADES extracts of both species (MIC: 0.18-0.71 mg/ml) showed significantly better antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus compared to other solvents (MIC: 25 mg/ml). The study showed that T. dubius methanol and NADES extracts had better inhibitory effects on DPPH (EC50:45.17 μg/mL, EC50:108.73 μg/mL) and ABTS (EC50:59.54 μg/mL, EC50:95.98 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities than other extracts. Similarly, T. porrifolium methanol and NADES extracts had better inhibitory effects on DPPH (EC50:48.33 μg/mL, EC50:38.72 μg/mL) and ABTS (EC50:77 μg/mL, EC50:58.93 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities than other extracts. Furthermore, Fe3+ and Cu2+ reducing capacities were highest in methanol and NADES extracts of both plants.UHPLC-Orbitrap®-HRMS was used to profile the chemical composition, validating 71 phytochemicals, with the R2 value ranging from 0.9903 to 0.9993. The method's LOD values ranged from 0.45 to 2.94, and LOQ values ranged from 1.50 to 9.78. Recovery percentages at 10, 60, and 100 ng/mL concentrations ranged from 71.73% to 116.91%, 85.36% to 115.38%, and 97.08% to 109.65%, respectively. The analysis identified 29 phytochemicals, with major compounds including chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, apigenin 7-glucuronide, vitexin, schaftoside, orientin+isoorientin, luteoloside, and isoquercitrin. The significant biological impacts of these plants as a compelling reservoir of phytochemicals with therapeutic properties.

Antioxidant Activity and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb Rhizome Fractions

Antiobesity with a lipase inhibitor mechanism will block the hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, while antioxidant compounds are very useful in conditions of obesity to prevent excess damage from degenerative diseases. Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb extract has been proven to have the effect of inhibiting pancreatic lipase so further effects will be seen at the fraction level. The purpose of this research is to investigate the phytochemical components ,antioxidant activity and pancreatic lipase inhibition of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb fractions. Ethanolic extract of the Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome was separated using the solid-liquid chromatography with 3 different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol) to give n-hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF), and ethanol (EF), and the insoluble (IF) fractions. Each fraction detected phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids/steroids. EF has the highest total flavonoid and phenolic content. Antioxidant activity of all fractions were measured using DPPH reduction, ABTS, and FRAP methods. The best antioxidant activity of all fractions using the DPPH method was EF with IC50 21.93 ± 3.39µg/mL, ABTS method was HF with IC50 24.56±1,03 µg/mL and FRAP method was IF with IC50 20.79±1,03 µg/mL. Totals of phenolics and flavonoids in EF strongly support the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method. The highest inhibition of pancreatic lipase was found in EAF at 35.16±0.24 % (100 µg/ml). There was significant difference between EAF and xenical (orlistat) (p

Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Biochemical Content of Homalothecium philippeanum (Spruce) Schimp.

Living organisms produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the oxygen processing process. ROS damage biomolecules and causes oxidative stress. Antioxidants prevent cellular damage against these harmful effects of ROS by neutralizing free radicals. Medicinal plants provide a rich source of antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress and play an important role in the treatment of diseases. Bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols and flavonoids, protect cells against oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals. Bryophytes, especially mosses, are one of the plant groups that attract attention in this area. Mosses show biologically active properties with secondary metabolites such as terpenes and flavonoids they contain. In this study, extraction of Homalothecium philippeanum moss with ethanol, methanol and n-hexane solvents was carried out and the biochemical content analysis of the extracts was investigated. 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester was detected as the major component in the ethanol and methanol extracts of the H. philippeanum. Biologically active alkanes such as Tetradecane and Hexadecane were found in the n-hexane extract. The antioxidant activity of moss ethanol extract was investigated using the DPPH method and the EC50 value was determined as 7.084 mg/ml.

Interfacial Polymerization of Aromatic Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membranes.

Polyamide membranes are widely used in reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment, yet the mechanism of interfacial polymerization during membrane formation is not fully understood. In this work, we perform atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to explore the cross-linking of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) monomers at the aqueous-organic interface. Our studies show that the solution interface provides a function of "concentration and dispersion" of monomers for cross-linking. The process starts with rapid cross-linking, followed by slower kinetics. Initially, amphiphilic MPD monomers diffuse in water and accumulate at the solution interface to interact with TMC monomers from the organic phase. As cross-linking progresses, a precross-linked thin film forms, reducing monomer diffusion and reaction rates. However, the structural flexibility of the amphiphilic film, influenced by interfacial fluctuations and mixed interactions with water and the organic solvent at the solution interface, promotes further cross-linking. The solubility of MPD and TMC monomers in different organic solvents (cyclohexane versus n-hexane) affects the cross-linking rate and surface homogeneity, leading to slight variations in the structure and size distribution of subnanopores. Our study of the interfacial polymerization process in explicit solvents is essential for understanding membrane formation in various solvents, which will be crucial for optimal polyamide membrane design.

Reformulated Kinetics of Immobilized Enzymes in Non-Conventional Media: A Case of Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification

Several approaches have been reported that aim to achieve simplified standardizations of the kinetic behavior of immobilized enzymes under specific experimental conditions. We have previously published simplified rate equations based on the kinetics of immobilized enzymes. Recently, new experimental results have become available on the kinetics and mechanisms of esterifications catalyzed by immobilized lipase in unconventional media, and consequently, a reformulation of their kinetics is necessary. In this work, we report the development of simplified rate equations relating the aforementioned reaction conditions on a new basis, considering our kinetic and mechanistic results. We provide experimental evidence that two different mechanisms describe the esterifications catalyzed by immobilized lipase, either in anhydrous organic solvent (n-hexane) or under non-solvent conditions. A ping-pong bi–bi mechanism with double dead-end substrate inhibition by both the fatty acid and the alcohol has been found to apply in the former case, while in the latter case the esterification proceeds via an ordered bi–bi mechanism with single dead-end substrate inhibition by ethanol. This study may be biotechnologically useful, as the increased use of immobilized enzymes, whether in academic research or in industry, requires sustainable development of new and environmentally friendly synthetic processes.

Growth performance and enzymatic activities in monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) supplemented with Najas indica along with the compound identification of the extracts.

Recent research has looked at various macroalgae species as dietary components or feed additives for a variety of fish species due to their nutritional value. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of Najas indica, a macroalgae extract, on the growth performance, proximate composition, and metabolic activities of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), while also isolating the compounds present. Three distinct solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) were used to extract bioactive compounds from a coarse powder of macroalgae after drying and grinding, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to detect bioactive compounds. The extracts were combined with commercial feed (0.4%) and applied to the treatment with three replications and a control containing 50 fingerlings per tank for 5 weeks. The findings indicated a significant increase in the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate among the treated fish, whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed to decrease in comparison to the control group. Significantly higher levels of protein and lipids were found in treated fish, whereas moisture and ash levels were significantly lower compared to control fish. In treated fish, the digestive enzyme amylase was significantly higher, but the protease enzyme reduced significantly. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) was significantly higher in the treatment group, whereas the catalase (CAT) enzyme did not differ significantly. A total of 47 bioactive compounds were identified in N. indica, among which the prominent compounds included n-hexadecanoic acid, neophytadiene, phytyl palmitate, d-mannitol, and heptanoic acid. The results obtained from this study indicate that the utilization of N. indica macroalgae extract has the potential to serve as an additional dietary component, therefore, enhancing the growth performance and metabolic functions of fish.

Guide for Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Organic Solvent Transport in Nanopores: The Case of 2D MXene Membranes.

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) stands out as an energy-efficient and low-carbon footprint technology, currently reliant on polymeric membranes. With their exceptional chemical stability and tunable sieving properties, two-dimensional (2D) nanolaminate membranes present distinct advantages over conventional polymer-based membranes, attracting tremendous interest in the OSN community. Computational approaches for designing innovative 2D nanolaminates exhibit significant potential for the future of OSN technology. Imitating the pressure gradient in filtration processes by applying an external force to atoms within a predefined slab, boundary-driven nonequilibrium molecular dynamics ((BD)-NEMD) is a state-of-the-art simulation method with a proven track record in investigating the water transport in nanopores. Nevertheless, implementation of (BD)-NEMD for a broad range of solvents poses a challenge in estimating the OSN performance of theoretical membranes. In this work, we developed a (BD)-NEMD protocol that elucidates the effects of several computational details often overlooked in water simulations but are crucial for bulky solvent systems. We employed a MXene (Ti3C2O2) nanochannel as a model membrane and examined the transport of nine solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, n-hexane, n-heptane, toluene, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and water) having different properties. First, the impact of ensemble type, thermostatting, channel wall model, and restraining force constant was elaborated. After optimizing the thermostatting approach, we demonstrated that the location of the force slab particularly affects the flux of bulky solvents by changing the density distribution in the feed and permeate sides. Similarly, the uniformity of intramolecular force distribution in bulky solvents and resulting flux are shown to be prone to manipulation by slab boundaries. Next, the magnitudes of the external force generating a linear relation between the pressure gradient and solvent flux were identified for each solvent to ensure that calculated fluxes could be extrapolated to experimentally related pressures. This linear relation was also validated for a mixture system containing 50% ethanol and 50% water. We then correlated the calculated solvent permeances with various solvent properties, such as viscosity, Hansen solubility parameters, kinetic diameter, and interaction energy. Remarkably, we observed a linear correlation with an R2 value of 0.96 between permeance and the combined parameter of viscosity and interaction energy. Finally, the solvent permeances calculated with our proposed methodology closely align with the experimentally reported data. Overall, our work aims to serve as a practical guide and bridge the gap in established simulation methods that are suited for a broad range of solvents and membrane materials.

Dyeing ability of C. longa L. and T. stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth on unmordanted and mordanted silk and cotton fabrics

The work was on the extraction of both the C. longa rhizomes and the petals of T. stans using four different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane). The dyeing potential of the C. longa and T. stans extracts was evaluated on cotton and silk fabrics without or with mordants using potash alum, phosphomolybdic acid, iron (II) sulphate, and tartaric acid at varied temperatures and tested for colour fastness properties (wash and light fastness). The pH and absorbance of the dye bath before and after dyeing were studied. However, cotton, which is cellulosic, was better dyed than silk, which is proteinous, which showed a better choice for fabrics dyeing at 80 °C; hence, it had a good colour efficiency. Iron (II) sulphate exhibited complexes in the octahedral configuration of the coordination six with CH2O- of cotton and NH3+ and COO- of silk fabric. In addition, it was also observed that the higher the dyeing temperature, the greater the dyeing intensity. The spectroscopic characterization of the extracts was determined with the help of UV-Vis and FTIR. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectral analyses revealed the chromophore, auxochrome groups, and functional groups, respectively, within the extracts. Curcumin and rutin were identified as being responsible for the dyeing of the fabric.

Research on optimization of the synthesis endo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene from dicyclopentadiene

Endo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (endo-THDCPD) serves as a crucial precursor in the synthesis of exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (exo-THDCPD), the primary component of JP-10 , a single-component hydrocarbon fuel utilized for high-performance cruise missiles, rockets, and supersonic aircraft propulsion. Endo-THDCPD was synthesized through the hydrogenation reaction of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) using a Pd/C catalyst. In this study, optimal conditions for the hydrogenation process have been thoroughly investigated. Specifically, the reaction is carried out in n-hexane solvent at a reaction temperature of 90 °C, a total H2 pressure of 0.5 MPa, a reaction time of 4 hours, and a catalyst/DCPD mass ratio of 10%.

In Silico Studies for Multi-Targeting Justicia Secund Phytochemicals Against Ovarian Cancer

ntroduction/Background of study: Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women, accounting for more deaths than any other female gynaecological cancer, which includes cervical, uterine, vaginal and vulvar cancers. Current treatment options include surgery, platinum-based chemotherapy, radiation therapy and the use of targeted therapy such as poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP inhibitors), as well as immunotherapy. These therapy options, however, are subject to high rates of resistance and many side effects. AIM/ OBJECTIVES: This research aims to study other viable drug targets for ovarian cancer treatment, as well as new phytocompounds that can serve as new drug options using the in-silico approach. Materials/Methods: The ethanolic leaf extract of Justicia secunda was obtained using conventional methods. Liquid Liquid-liquid fractionation was performed with N-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol solvents to obtain their fractions alongside the aqueous fraction. Vacuum Liquid Chromatography was performed with the N-hexane fraction and gradient mixtures of N-hexane/ethyl acetate and Dichloromethane/Methanol in various ratios to obtain the subfractions. The compounds were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Full pharmacognostic profiling was performed on the J.secunda leaves. The identified compounds were downloaded from Pubchem and subjected to Molecular docking simulations to obtain their binding affinities with the receptors of interest. Drug-likeness and toxicity assessments were performed on frontrunner compounds. Results: After assessment of the frontrunner compounds, four multitargeting J.secunda phytochemicals were identified: Luteolin, Diosmetin, 5H-Quindoline and 10H-Quindoline.

Green superhydrophobic surface engineering of PET fabric for advanced water-solvent separation

This paper presents the preparation of the PET membrane for effective organic solvent separation achieved through an advanced superhydrophobic surface engineering of PET fabric utilizing biomimicry and a green chemistry approach. The superhydrophobicity of the PET surface was reached through a hierarchical nanocomposite coating that involved the integration of biomimetic polydopamine (PDA) coating, green-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), and non-fluorinated quaternary ammonium cation silane (Si-QAC) coverage. The morphology and surface chemical composition of the resultant Si-QAC/ZnO/PDA@PET membrane were characterized by SEM, EDS, FT-IR, XRD, and AFM analysis. The surface topography and water contact angle were also correlated with surface roughness and its superhydrophobicity. The resulting Si-QAC/ZnO/PDA@PET membrane exhibited promising superhydrophobic properties, characterized by a water contact angle ranging from 150° to 160° and a roll-off angle between 5° and 2° as well as stability against severe conditions, including acidic and alkaline exposure, mechanical abrasion, and UV radiations. Moreover, the Si-QAC/ZnO/PDA@PET membrane exhibited bacterial repulsive properties against E. coli and Staphylococcus sp. The separation efficiency of various aliphatic and aromatic organic solvents (n-hexane, toluene, chloroform, and petroleum ether) from water higher than 90 % was also observed, making the membrane a potential candidate for different industrial applications, particularly for the separation of organic solvents from water.

ANALISIS SIFAT FISIKA DAN SIFAT KIMIA GEL BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK BIJI PALEM PUTRI (Adonidia merrillii)

Biodiesel is an alkyl ester of long-chain fatty acids, the most common of which are methyl esters or ethyl esters. The manufacturing process involves esterification and transesterification. Traditional sources of biodiesel raw materials such as palm oil, soybeans, and jatropha have been widely studied. The princess palm, widely known as an ornamental plant, produces fruit containing seeds with quite high oil potential. This research aims to produce biodiesel and determine the physical and chemical properties from putri palm seeds. This research is experimental research with a quantitative descriptive approach. Putri palm seed oil is extracted using the soxhletation method with n-hexane solvent. The oil was then esterified using methanol with a catalyst of 1% sulfuric acid with a mole ratio of oil and methanol of 1:8 at a temperature of 60°C for 3 hours. The esterified oil is then transesterified using methanol and KOH with a methanol to oil ratio of 1:20 with KOH of 0.8% for 2 hours at a temperature of 60°C. This research has succeeded in making biodiesel from putri palm seeds. The biodiesel produced is in the form of a gel referred to as biodiesel gel with a yellowish brown color with a density of 1,236 gr/ml and a pour point of 36-38°C. The FFA/ALB value is 0.587%, the acid number is 1.177 mg KOH/g, the IOD number is 34.514 (g-I2/100 g), the saponification number is 63.19 mg KOH/g, the heating value is 48.088 MJ/Kg, and the cetane number 38,620. The IOD number, saponification number, and heating value meet the SNI standards for liquid biodiesel in general, while the cetane number and ALB value are close to SNI standards.

Antiplasmodial activities of n-hexane and water fractions of Dennettia tripetala leaf extract in Wistar rats

Many people die from malaria, a global health crisis. Most global malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. The rising resistance of Plasmodium spp. to antimalarial medications is hindering efforts to eradicate the illness. This study tested Dennettia tripetala leaf extract, N-hexane, and water fractions for antimalarial activity in rats. We used standard methods to screen Dennettia tripetala solvent (N-hexane and water) for phytochemical components. We tested the antimalarial potential of rats using Peters' 4-day suppressive, Rane's curative, and prophylactic tests. After conducting an exhaustive investigation, it was discovered that both fractions contained varying amounts of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. There was a significant amount of antimalarial activity demonstrated by both fractions across all test models (P<0.05). Compared to the water fraction, Dennettia tripetala's n-hexane fraction was highly chemosuppressive and curative. Dennettia tripetala n-hexane has chemoprophylactic, curative, and chemosuppressive effects. The curative effect was 62.3% to 72.4%, and the chemosuppressive effect was 51.2% to 88.5%. Chemoprophylactic activity was 32.1%–61.2%. At 250–1500 mg/kg, Combretum nigricans butanol suppressed 40.3%, 54.1%, and 69.1%, respectively. Therapeutic effects were 26.2%, 36.9%, and 34.5%, while chemoprophylaxis was 48.4%, 70.0%, and 87.4%. Both Dennettia tripetala solvent fractions have antimalarial activity, suggesting they may be effective in different malaria therapy stages.

Kamlet-Taft parameters of solvents and their relationship with methylation of hydroxy group by Ag2O

We measured the effects of Kamlet-Taft parameters on methylation of hydroxy group of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) phthalimide by Ag2O. Optimization of methylation was done by tuning the solvents, mixtures of solvents, temperature, and concentrations of primary materials (methyl iodide, methyl-d3 iodide, Ag2O). Solvents had the most effective roles on methylation by Ag2O. Although methylation did not work in polar solvents such as DMF and acetonitrile, it was successful in non-polar solvents (n-heptane, n-hexane, n-pentane, and cyclohexane). Despite using hydrocarbons was favoured for methylation, adding chloroform as a co-solvent significantly improved the yield of the reaction while using less amount of Ag2O. Kamlet-Taft parameters showed the polarizability of the solvent was the most important parameter which controlled the methylation by Ag2O.As a minor goal, subsequently, this reaction was followed by hydrolysis of N-(deuterated 2-methoxyethyl) phthalimide to prepare deuterated 2-methoxyethylamine and the target urea derivative, MTU: N-{2-[(D3) methyloxy] ethyl}-N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea. Deuterium-labelled MTU will be used for isotope tracing in plant cells to shed more light on MTU localization and mode of action in plants. NMR, UV–vis, IR spectroscopies, and mass spectrometry were used to confirm the structures.

Parentucellia viscosa (growing in Türkiye): Essential oil, phenolic composition, antimicrobial and lipase inhibition

The essential oil (EO) and phenolic constituents of Parentucellia viscosa L. were analyzed by GC-FID-MS and HPLC, respectively. A total of 20 volatile compounds were identified accounting for 99.97% in hydrodistillation. Monoterpenes (50.57%, 5 compounds) were the primary chemical class in the essential oil of P. viscosa. Limonene (44.02%) and 1-octen-3-ol (25.23%) were the major components in the essential oil of P. viscosa. The phenolic constituent analysis for the methanol extract of P. viscosa gave benzoic acid (0.97 mg/g) as the major compound. The antimicrobial activities of the EO and crude solvent (n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol, and water) extracts of P. viscosa were screened in vitro against ten microorganisms. n-Hexane and the acetonitrile extracts of P. viscosa resulted in the best activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with IC50 values of 19.2 µg/mL and 53.8 µg/mL, respectively. The highest lipase enzyme inhibition activity was detected in the n-hexane extract with 44.22±1.1628 µg/mL IC50 value.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity Related to the Mechanism of Work of the Active Fraction of Moringa Leaves (Guilandina Moringa L.) to Staphylococcus Aureus

Biofilm-associated S. aureus bacterial infections are difficult to treat because bacterial cells encased in biofilms can be highly resistant to antibiotics and the immune response of the host. Moringa leaf extract contains active compounds of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and phenols that have activity as antibacterial and antibiofilm. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity and of extracts, mechanism of action of the most active fraction of moringa leaf ethanol extract against S. aureus.Extraction of Moringa leaves using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent, fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water solvents. Antibacterial test using disc diffusion method, followed by dilution test. Observations were made using SEM and AAS. Data from the diffusion test, inhibition of biofilm formation, and biofilm degradation were analyzed using One Way ANOVA. Based on the results of the study, the ethyl acetate fraction is the most active fraction in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus in the diffusion test with an inhibition zone diameter of 15,7 mm at a concentration of 100 mg/mL and a minimum kill concentration value of 25 mg/mL. The water fraction was the most active fraction in inhibiting the formation and degradation of biofilm against S. aureus with an IC50 value of 4,049 ± 0,063 mg/mL and an EC50 value of 4,246 ± 0,050 mg/mL

Fraction Activities Rosella Flower (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L) as an Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922

Rosella flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) contain alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin compounds. The compounds contained in rosella flowers have activity as antibacterial and antibiofilm. Biofilm is the ability of microorganisms that stick to the surface of objects and form a matrix. This study aims to antibacterial and biofilm activity in the form of inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm degradation of E.coli bacteria. Rosella flowers were extracted using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The thick extract was then fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water solvents. Antibacterial activity test using diffusion and dilution methods followed by observation of cell wall and membrane damage using SEM and ion leakage with AAS. Biofilm activity test was conducted using a microplate device and readings were taken at a wavelength of 595 nm. The absorbance results of the inhibition percentage to determine the IC50 and EC50 values. The average IC50 values of biofilm formation inhibition test on extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction against E. coli bacteria are 1.059; 1.070; 0.921; 0.863. The EC50 values of biofilm degradation test on extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl The minimum killing concentration value of rosella flower water fraction against E. coli is 25 mg/ml. the effect of the active fraction of rosella flower on E. coli bacteria is on the cell wall and cell membrane

Phytochemical screening, antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Geranium pusillum leaves.

Traditional medicinal plants play an important role in primary health care worldwide. The phytochemical screening and activities of Geranium pusillum were investigated in this research. The dried plant leaves were extracted with ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol, acetone, and aqueous solvents. These extracts were qualitatively analyzed, GC-MS, antimicrobial activities by using the disc diffusion method, antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging, and cytotoxic activity was analyzed by the hemolytic activity of human red blood cells. The results showed phytochemicals such as flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and cardiac glycosides were detected in plant leaves. The ethanol extract at a concentration of 10 mg/mL showed a maximum inhibition zone 17.5 ± 0.09, 15.6 ± 0.11, 14.2 ± 0.17, 18.4 ± 0.11, 16.6 ± 0.15, 12.5 ± 0.13, 15.9 ± 0.10, and 13.1 ± 0.11 mm, and at 15 mg/mL showed 24.5 ± 0.09, 27.2 ± 0.12, 26.3 ± 0.17, 28.4 ± 0.10, 27.9 ± 0.16, 22.5 ± 0.13, 27.1 ± 0.10, and 24.1 ± 0.16 mm against Escherichia coli, Pasturella multocida (gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus (gram-positive), Rhizopus solani, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria alternate (fungal strain), respectively, and dichloromethane showed a minimum inhibition zone as compared to other extracts against bacterial as well as fungal strains. Chloroform extract had maximum antioxidant activity (45.00 ± 0.08%) and minimum in dichloromethane (12.20 ± 0.04%). Cytotoxic activity was found maximum in acetone extract (19.83 ± 0.07%) and minimum in ethanol extract (4.72 ± 0.04%). It is concluded that phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, and others may be responsible for these activities, which is why this plant is used for traditional medicine. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Geranium pusillum has therapeutic properties that exhibit various biological activities beneficial for human health. G. pusillum has significant inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. Chloroform solvent extract indicates potential free radical scavenging abilities. Acetone extract exhibits notable effects on human red blood cells and demonstrates significant cytotoxic activity.

Dioscorea hispida (Dennst.) Tuber: Unraveling The Phytochemical Basis for Anthelmintic and Antifungal effects

Tropical diseases are prevalent ailments that manifest in tropical and subtropical regions in 149 countries. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and worms, are responsible for the onset of tropical diseases. This infectious disease is frequently observed in nations with lower economic resources. The tubers of Dioscorea hispida possess the capacity to demonstrate anthelmintic and antifungal characteristics as a result of the existence of secondary metabolites. The tuber of Dioscorea hispida will undergo extraction followed by liquid-liquid fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol-water solvents. The antifungal activity of the extracts and fractions was evaluated in vitro against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes for antifungal activity, and the anthelmintic activity was evaluated in vitro against Pheretima posthuma during paralysis and death for anthelmintic activity The extract Dioscorea hispida (Dennst) tuber showed good anthelmintic and antifungal efficacy; The phytochemical component in the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest performance at a concentration of 30 g/L with paralysis time of 23.90±2.94 and death time of 34.20±2.31 for anthelmintic, in line with that the ethyl acetate fraction also has antifungal activity which is strong at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 g/L with an inhibition zone diameter of 11.00 ± 0.40. The ethyl acetate fraction contains several metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins, which exhibit notable effectiveness as anthelmintics and antifungals.

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry for screening of common new psychoactive substances and other drugs in biological samples.

The complexity of the drug market and the constant updating of drugs have been challenging issues for drug regulatory authorities. With the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, forensic and toxicology laboratories have had to adopt new drug screening methods and advanced instrumentation. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we developed a screening method for common NPS and other drugs. Two milliliters of mixed solvent of n-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1, v:v) were added to 500 μL of blood or urine sample for liquid-liquid extraction, and methanol extraction was used for hair samples. The developed method was applied to 3897 samples (including 332 blood samples, 885 urine samples, and 2680 hair samples) taken from drug addicts in a province of China during 2019-2021. For urine and blood samples, the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 1.68 pg/mL to 10.7 ng/mL. For hair samples, the LODs ranged from 3.30 × 10-5 to 4.21 × 10-3 ng/mg. The matrix effects of urine, blood, and hair samples were in the range of 47.6%-121%, 39.8%-139%, and 6.35%-118%, respectively. And the intra-day precision was 3.5%-6.0% and the inter-day precision was 4.18%-9.90%. Analysis of the actual samples showed an overall positive detection rate of 58.9%, with 5.32% of the samples indicating the use of multiple drugs.