N-alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride Research Articles

Investigation of the Resistance of Some Disinfectant Active Substances in ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

In this study, a total of 200 samples, including 100 neck skin and 100 cecum samples, were collected and analyzed from various poultry slaughterhouses on different sampling days. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were isolated and ESBL production was confirmed phenotypically by combined disk diffusion and E-test gradient strips. While ESBL production was confirmed in 10 (10%) of 100 neck skin samples, no significant ESBL production could be confirmed in 100 cecal samples. The broth microdilution method of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was used to determine the resistance profiles against benzalkonium chloride (BC), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (PPMS) disinfectants in 10 neck skin isolates with confirmed ESBL production. In the study, it has been determined that MIC50 and MIC90 values were respectively ADBAC (8 and 16 mg/L), BC (16 and 32 mg/L), CPC (16, and 32 mg/L), PPMS (≥ 1024 mg/L). The impacts of Enterobacteriaceae strains on food safety and public health are significant; Disinfectant resistance can lead to increased transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, leading to serious infections in humans that are difficult to treat. For that reason, it is of great importance to develop effective control methods, including appropriate disinfectant use, hand hygiene and appropriate isolation measures, to prevent the spread of disinfectant resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains in food production systems.

Efficacy of N-alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride and Bacillus Subtilis for Control of Cercospora Leaf Spot Disease of Sugar Beet: in Vitro and in Vivo Studies

Efficacy of N-alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride and Bacillus Subtilis for Control of Cercospora Leaf Spot Disease of Sugar Beet: in Vitro and in Vivo Studies

Disinfectant and heavy metal resistance profiles in extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolates from chicken meat samples

Biocidal compounds are frequently used as disinfectants in poultry industry and their widespread usage has risen concern due to the co-selection and persistence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria. In this study, extended spectrum β-lactamase producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli isolates (n = 60) obtained from chicken meat were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and further tested for disinfectant and heavy metal resistance phenotypically and genotypically. Plasmid replicon types of these isolates were also determined. ESBL producing E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin (48.3 %) and gentamicin (15 %). The majority of these isolates (46.5 %) carried blaCTX-M-55 gene. The isolates showed higher minimal inhibitory concentrations to cetylpyridinium chloride (90 %), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (50 %), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (46.7 %), triclosan (38.3 %), benzalkonium chloride (28.3 %), chlorhexidine (21.7 %), acriflavine (3.3 %), benzethonium chloride (1.7 %) and N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1.7 %), but 18.3 % of the isolates were resistant to triclosan. Of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) tolerance genes, mdfA, sugE(c), ydgE and ydgF were most present in all isolates, but the qacE, qacG, oqxA and oqxB genes were not detected. Of genes mediating the heavy metal resistance, the zitB gene was detected in all isolates, whereas the copA and cueO genes were detected in 96.67 % and 95 % of isolates, respectively. The IncFIB plasmid was commonly present (93.3 %) in ESBL producing E. coli isolates. Consequently, given the detection of genes mediating disinfectant and heavy metal resistance commonly in ESBL producing E. coli isolates as well as high rate of MICs against disinfectant compounds, the use of QACs for decontamination of the facilities may not be as effective as expected in poultry sector in Turkey.

Evaluation of Commercial Disinfectants for Efficacy at Inactivating Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in Water: A Preliminary Study

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercial disinfectants at inactivating Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in water. Disinfectant I contained 6.15% sodium hypochlorite, and disinfectant II contained both 2.25% n-alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and 2.25% n-alkyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. Disinfectant I was added to distilled water to obtain a range of residual chloride concentrations at 50 ppm intervals with a maximum of 1-1,000 ppm. Disinfectant II was prepared at concentrations ranging from 1-200 ppm with 5 ppm intervals. Exposure time for all solutions was 10 min. In total, 58 E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains were tested in this study. Nine isolates were obtained from clinical samples, and 49 isolates were obtained from environmental samples. Seven strains (6 clinical and 1 environmental) were able to survive in 100 ppm disinfectant I, and a maximum of 5 ppm of disinfectant II. Fifty one strains (3 clinical and 48 environmental) were not killed in 10 ppm of disinfectant I and 1 ppm of disinfectant II in water. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that clinical E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains displayed 5- to 10-fold higher resistance to disinfectants than environmental E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) strains. Disinfectant II, containing quaternary ammonium compounds, was shown to be more potent in inactivating E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in water used to clean infant formula manufacturing equipment than disinfectant I.

Effect of Common Aquaculture Chemicals against Edwardsiella ictaluri and E. tarda

Edwardsiellosis is an important bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fishes. Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish, and E. tarda causes emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish and fish gangrene in various species; these diseases have considerable economic effects on the aquaculture industry. In addition, E. tarda is an important zoonotic pathogen. Thus, the reduction or elimination of these pathogens from an aquarium or aquaculture facility is imperative. This study examined a variety of commercially available chemicals for their ability to reduce or eliminate E. ictaluri and E. tarda from the aquatic environment. The various concentrations of chemicals were tested in vitro in microcentrifuge tubes with a known concentration of bacteria at room temperature. In this study, ethyl alcohol (30, 50, or 70%), benzyl-4-chlorophenol/phenylphenol (1%), sodium hypochlorite (50, 100, 200, or 50,000 mg/L), n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1:256), povidone iodine (50 or 100 mg/L), glutaraldehyde (2%), and potassium peroxymonosulfate/sodium chloride (1%) were effective disinfectants, as each reduced or eliminated the number of detectable organisms within 1 min of contact time. However, neither Chloramine-T (15 mg/L) nor formalin (250 mg/L) substantially reduced bacterial counts even after 60 min of contact time.

Pattern of corrosive ingestion in southwestern Saudi Arabia

Background/Aims:Ingested corrosive material is a major pediatric emergency all over the world. The corrosive material can cause damage to the digestive tract, ranging from minor injury to strictures, and sometimes even death. We aimed to review the pattern of corrosive ingestion in children who had been admitted to Aseer Central Hospital in the Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia.Methods:This is a retrospective study of all children who had been admitted with a history of corrosive ingestion to Aseer Central Hospital over a period of five years period from 1990 to 1995. The records of 72 patients (38 males and 34 females) were reviewed. The data included age, sex, time lapse till admission, action taken by parents, presenting symptoms, general management given to the child, barium study, endoscopy, and the postcorrosive ingestion outcome of the child.Results:The mean age of the pediatric patients was 28 ± 20 months. Different types of corrosives were encountered. The most common type was 5.25% hypochlorite in 36 patients (50%), kerosene in 12 patients (16.7%), caustic soda in nine patients (12.5%), hydrogen chloride and N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (HC and ADB) in eight patients (11.1%), and other material in seven patients (9.7%). Endoscopy was done in 30 patients (31.7%), 14 of whom were abnormal. Barium swallow was performed in 11 patients; five of them showed strictures that required frequent dilatation whereas one needed interposition surgery.Conclusion:Corrosive injury is still a major pediatric emergency among young children. It carries a major risk of complications (mainly stricture) and requires standardized management based on evidence-based medicine.

Fowl Typhoid: Assessment of a Disinfectant Oral Dose to Reduce Horizontal Spread and Mortality

To determine the most appropriate dose in drinking water of the disinfectant N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TIMSEN), a fowl typhoid challenge trial was carried out using 21-day-old Salmonella-free chickens. In a pretrial, performed with six groups of 10 chickens each, it was shown that the disinfectant was atoxic and safe when administered during 15 days at doses of 0 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 800 ppm, 1600 ppm, or 3200 ppm. Thereafter, a challenge trial was performed with 390 chickens divided into six groups of 65 birds each. Chickens were treated during 9 days with oral doses of 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm (groups identified as A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively). Twenty-four hours after the beginning of the treatment, 30 chickens of each group were orally inoculated with 10(9) colony-forming units of Salmonella Gallinarum strain INTA 91 per bird. The remaining 35 unchallenged chickens from each group were left in the same cage in close contact with the other challenged birds of their group. All surviving chickens were sacrificed 8 days after challenge. Livers from all birds were examined for the presence of Salmonella Gallinarum. Salmonella Gallinarum was isolated from all challenged chickens and from some unchallenged chickens of groups A (4/35), E (3/35), and F (6/35), but not from any unchallenged chicken from groups B, C, and D. Doses of 50 ppm (group C) significantly reduced mortality (30%) in comparison with the untreated control group A (65%). Mortality in group B (45%) was not significantly different from group C. Administration of higher doses of the disinfectant resulted in significantly higher mortality rates, 70% in group E and 85% in groups D and F. Increased infection and mortality rates of groups D, E, and F might have been caused by inhibition of the protective action of the normal gut flora. To reduce horizontal infection and mortality, the manufacturer's prescribed oral dose of 25 ppm may be increased up to 50 ppm. Nevertheless, higher doses should be avoided because they may cause horizontal increased spread of the disease and mortality.

Bactericidal Effect of Several Chemicals on Hatching Eggs Inoculated with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium

Breeder flocks and commercial hatcheries represent an early contamination point for Salmonella entry into commercial integrated poultry operations. Utilizing effective antimicrobial treatments for hatching eggs is a critical part of reducing the incidence of Salmonella-colonized chicks on the farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of several chemicals on Salmonella-contaminated hatching eggs. Four replications (n = 10/treatment per replicate) were conducted to determine the efficacy of 7 commercially available compounds. The compounds tested were as follows: 1) hydrogen peroxide, 2) water-oil emulsion droplets stabilized by detergent, 3) peroxyacetic acid, 4) 4 quaternary ammonium compounds attached to a polymer, 5) 2 quaternary ammonium compounds, 1 biguanide compound and bronopol attached to a polymer, 6) N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and stabilized urea, and 7) polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride. A naladixic acid-resistant Salmonella serovar Typhimurium was inoculated (103 cfu/mL) onto fertile hatching eggs by drip-inoculation. Controls included a positive control (no spray application) and a water control (spray containing water to take into account rinsing effects). Compounds 5 and 7 had a 100% reduction, and both of these chemicals included a biguanide. Compounds 4 and 3 were also effective with a 95 and 93.5% reduction, respectively. Compounds 6 and 2 were the least effective of all chemicals, with a reduction of 47.5 and 40%, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (compound 1), which has been used by the poultry industry, had a 70% reduction, and the water control produced a 10% reduction due to the rinsing effect. Several antimicrobials tested were more effective than hydrogen peroxide. More detailed studies will be required to adequately evaluate these antimicrobials.

Efficacy of a Sanitizer and Disinfectants To Inactivate Encephalitozoon intestinalis Spores

The order Microsporidia contains a number of ubiquitous pathogens that can infect various animals, including humans. Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis have been associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans. The effect of four disinfectants—ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and two commercial disinfectants containing peroxyacetic acid (Tsunami) and N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Timsen)—on E. intestinalis spores was examined using exposure times of 1, 5, and 15 min. Spore viability was determined in vitro with RK-13 cells. Hydrogen peroxide was most efficient at inactivating microsporidial spores at all tested concentrations and treatment times, whereas ammonium hydroxide was effective only at the highest concentration at all exposure times. Tsunami (40 μg/ml) and Timsen (200 and 400 ppm) could inactivate spores when incubated for 5 and 15 min.

Evaluation of the Protection Conferred by a Disinfectant Against Clinical Disease Caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum Serovars A, B, and C from Argentina

This work evaluates the efficiency of the administration of the disinfectant N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TIMSEN) in the prevention of the horizontal transmission of serovars A, B, and C of Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of avian infectious coryza. This disinfectant was administered in drinking water (50 ppm) and once or twice per day by coarse spray (800 ppm, 8 ml per m3 during 3 seconds). In three trials conducted with vaccinated birds, the disinfectant reduced the clinical signs of infectious coryza significantly (P < 0.05). There was no significant effect when the product was used in a fourth trial with unvaccinated birds. Furthermore, the application of only one daily environmental spraying was sufficient to significantly reduce clinical signs. According to these results, in order to diminish the clinical signs of infectious coryza in birds vaccinated against A. paragallinarum, it is recommended to administer this disinfectant in drinking water and by environmental spraying.

Sphere to rod transitions in homologous alkylpyridinium salts: A Stauff-Klevens-type equation for the second critical micelle concentration

In the present paper, we analyze the dependence of the second critical micelle concentration (second cmc) of ionic amphiphiles on the number of atoms in the hydrocarbon molecular chain, n c . A molecular thermodynamic model for the interaction energy between the end caps of rodlike micelles, g ( N ) , is introduced and the linear dependence of this object on n c analyzed, thus leading to a Stauff-Klevens-like behavior of the second cmc. The predictions agree with previously reported data for n-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C n BACl) for n-alkylpyridinium chloride (C n PyCl) and n-alkyltrymethylammonium bromide (C n TABr) at 35 °C. These conclusions are reinforced by the conductivity, density, and ultrasound velocity measurements of the second cmc of several C n PyCl ( n = 12 , 14, 16) and n-alkylpyridinium bromides (C n PyBr, n = 12 , 14, 15, 16) presented in this paper.

Ability of Hydrogen Peroxide and Timsen to Eliminate Artificially Inoculated Salmonella from Fertile Broiler Eggs

Varying levels (105 to 107/egg) of Salmonella Typhimurium were inoculated onto fertile hatching eggs by immersion. After this, the inoculated eggs were untreated (control), water treated, hydrogen peroxide (1.5%) treated, or Timsen treated (n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride as a commercial bactericide-fungicide). Hydrogen peroxide was superior to Timsen as an egg treatment to eliminate artificially inoculated Salmonella from fertile eggs, but one-third of the treated eggs remained Salmonella positive. This study demonstrates how difficult it is to eliminate Salmonella that contaminate fertile hatching eggs. Until a more effective system or process is devised and commercially implemented, Salmonella and other organisms will continue to pass from one generation to the next through the fertile egg.

Development of viral disinfectant assays for duck hepatitis B virus using cell culture/PCR

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a worldwide public health problem with chronic carriers at risk for developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Accidental nosocomial infections from inadequately disinfected equipment or exposure to blood and body fluids from patients are major routes. To solve such problems, disinfectants to inactivate HBV must be validated. Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is accepted as a surrogate for HBV, due to their similar sensitivities to disinfectants and its safety. Ducklings are used for disinfectant efficacy assays; however, the same virus titer is obtained using duck embryonic hepatocytes. Viral titration in disinfectant efficacy assay is conducted using Southern hybridization of infected duck serum. However, this test requires radioisotopes. Therefore, disinfectant assessment protocols were developed using duck embryonic hepatocytes with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested PCR. The ease of handling, lowered cost and enhanced sensitivity make PCR desirable. Chicken embryonic hepatocytes were applied to DHBV disinfectant efficacy assay. Results were consistent and could be used under certain conditions. The virucidal activities of two quaternary ammonium chloride disinfectants, n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (10C–12C) were compared and effective concentrations were 1200 and 1800 ppm, respectively. Efficacies of these disinfectants were validated using real-time quantitative PCR. Results confirmed that the efficacy of n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride was higher than alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (10C–12C). This assay was useful for rapid discrimination of killing potentials of disinfectants. In conclusion, these assays can be applied to other viruses that are unable to cause CPE in cell cultures and broadened the utility of DHBV as animal model for HBV.

Application of Carnatrol™ and Timsen™ to Decontaminate Beef

The spray application of two commercial decontaminating agents for reducing bacterial populations associated with fecal contamination on beef was examined in two separate experiments. Individual pieces of prerigor lean beef tissue were inoculated with fresh bovine feces and subjected to a 15-s spray wash (75 lb/in2, 20°C) with water or various concentrations of Carnatrol™, composed of copper sulfate pentahydrate, or Timsen™, 40% N-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride in 60% stabilized urea, and stored under refrigerated (5°C) conditions. When Carnatrol™ was applied to beef tissue at 20, 40, and 80 ppm, bacterial populations were not statistically different (P ≥ 0.05) than water-treated populations at days 0, 1, and 2. When Carnatrol™ was applied to tissues at 160 ppm, bacterial populations were statistically different (P ≤ 0.05) from water-treated tissue on all of the days examined; however, reductions were not greater than 0.58, 0.42, and 0.35 log CFU/cm2 at days 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Remaining bacterial populations resulting from spray applications of Timsen™ to tissues at 200, 400, and 800 ppm were not statistically different than remaining bacterial populations of water-treated tissues at days 0, 1, 2, or 3. Reductions in bacterial populations associated with Timsen™ were no greater than 0.40 log CFU/cm2 on any of the days examined. This study demonstrates that under conditions used in this study, spray washes with either of the two commercially available decontaminating agents were no more effective than water washes for reducing bacterial populations associated with fecal contamination on beef tissue.

Using An Algaecide To Manage Wasps Around Swimming Pools, 1979

Abstract Field tests were performed at swimming pools where Polistes wasps imbibing water were causing a sting hazard. All pools were located in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties and were treated during early September when daily high temperatures exceeded ca. 35 C. Number of wasp visits/hr and number of drowned wasps/day were recorded for 3 days before and for 3 days after additional of n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. This algaecide was applied at ca. 5 ppm, the registered dosage for control of black algae. The algaecide tested is very safe and no waiting period is required for swimmers after the algaecide is applied. Wasps alighting on untreated pool water would drink for up to 30 seconds before flying away directly toward their nests. Less than 0.1% of the wasp visits to untreated pools resulted in the wasp drowning.