Myxovirus Parainfluenza Research Articles

Virologic study of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children admitted to the paediatric department of Blida University Hospital, Algeria.

Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis are major causes of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years of age. The main microbial agents responsible for ALRTI are either bacterial agents (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Mycoplasma pneumoniae) or viruses (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, also known as human orthopneumovirus), Myxovirus influenzae, Myxovirus parainfluenzae, adenovirus) [1]. More recently, other viruses (rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, coronavirus, bocavirus) have been implicated in ALRTI; their identification has been facilitated by new molecular biology techniques such as real-time PCR. To our knowledge, these emerging viruses have never been the subject of epidemiologic studies in our country.

Isolation of equine herpesviruses from horses with respiratory disease.

Abstract Extract Although respiratory disease is common in horses in New Zealand, little is known of the viruses which are involved. In other countries the principal cause of equine respiratory disease is equine herpesvirus 1 (Studdert, 1974 Bachmann, P. A., Hartl, G., Thein, P., Bibrack, B. and Mayr, A. 1972. Occurrence and distribution of viruses possibly concerned with respiratory disease of horses in West Germany. Zentbl. vet. Med., 19B: 801–813. [Google Scholar]) and equine influenza A virus (Powell et al., 1974 Burrows, R. and Goodridge, D. 1973. “In vivo and in vitro studies of equine rhinopneumonitis virus strains”. In Proc. 3rd int. Conf. equine Infectious Diseases, Paris 1972, 306–321. Basel: Karger. [Google Scholar]; Powell, 1975 Carter, Margery E., Brookbanks, E. O. and Dickson, M. R. 1968. Demonstration of a pseudo-cowpox virus in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 16: 105–108. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Mixedinfections of these viruses have also been reported (Jensen, 1973 Carter, Margery E. and Hunter, R. 1970. Isolation of parainfluenza type 3 virus from sheep in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 18: 226–227. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Rhinoviruses (Plummer, 1962 Ditchfield, J., Zbitnew, A. and Macpherson, L. W. 1963. Association of myxovirus parainfluenza 3 (RE55) with upper respiratory infection of horses. Can. vet. J., 4: 175–180. [Google Scholar]; Hofer et al., 1973 Doll, E. R. and Bryans, J. T. 1963. Epizootiology of equine viral rhinopneumonitis. J. Am. vet. med. Ass., 142: 31–37. [Google Scholar]), adenoviruses (Todd, 1969 Doll, E. R., Bryans, J. T., McCollum, W. H. and Crowe, M. E. W. 1957. Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares. Its differentiation from equine abortion (influenza) virus. Cornell Vet., 47: 3–41. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]), parainfluenza 3 virus (Ditchfield et al., 1963 Erasmus, B. J. 1970. “Equine cytomegaloviruses”. In Proc. 2nd int. Conf. equine Infectious Diseases, Paris, 1969, 46–55. Basel: Karger. [Google Scholar]) and equine arteritis virus (Doll et al., 1957 Feldman, H. A. and Wang, S. S. 1961. Sensitivity of various viruses to chloroform. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 106: 736–740. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) have also been isolated from horses with upper respiratory disease, and serological evidence of reovirus infections in horses has been reported (Bachmann et al., 1972 Harden, T. J., Pascoe, R. R., Spradbrow, P. B. and Johnston, K. G. 1974a. The prevalence of antibodies to adenoviruses in horses from Queensland and New South Wales. Aust. vet. J., 50: 477–482. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Inhibition of multiplication of parainfluenza 3 virus in prostaglandin-treated WISH cells

Influence of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2alpha (PGF 2alpha) on multiplication of myxovirus parainfluenza 3 was investigated. At concentrations of 0.01--1 mug/ml prostaglandins had no direct cytotoxic effects. PGE2 and PGF2alpha inhibited multiplication of parainfluenza 3 virus at concentrations 0.1--10 mug/ml. The inhibitory effect was most pronounced when the prostaglandins were added to medium for the whole period of virus multiplication (48 hours) while little or no effect was found when prostaglandins were added before virus inoculation or for 2 hours after infection. It is suggested that prostaglandins exert an inhibitory effect on the replication phase of the virus by influencing the growth of the WISH cells.

Variation in carrier rates of Pasteurella haemolytica in sheep : II. Diseased flocks

In outbreaks of Pasteurella haemolytica infection in sheep, studies of carrier rates and serotype distribution have shown that in some flocks the disease has all the characteristics of a contagious process involving the spread of a particular serotype through the population. In at least one flock the evidence points more toward a totally endogenous infection, with little sign of spread within the flock. There was no evidence that Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 was involved in any of four outbreaks, two of septicaemia and two of pneumonia, where such evidence was specifically sought.

Experimental pneumonia of sheep: Clinical, microbiological and pathological responses to infection with Myxovirus parainfluenzae 3 and Pasteurella haemolytica

Experimental pneumonia induced by Pasteurella haemolytica was slightly more severe clinically when Myxovirus parain fluenza 3 was inoculated 3 days previously. The greater severity was shown by earlier deaths, higher fatality and more prolonged febrile periods in the survivors. Virus inoculation alone resulted in almost imperceptible illness. The pathological changes also tended to be more severe in animals receiving dual infections, but there was no evidence of synergism between the 2 agents. Lesions in surviving animals showed a quantitative variation unrelated to the dose of Past. haemolytica. There was insufficient evidence to suggest a key role for the virus in the pathogenesis of enzootic pneumonia.

Isolation of Parainfluenza type 5 virus from sheep in New Zealand.

Abstract Extract Sir,—The isolation of ovine strains of Parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) virus was first recorded by Hore (1966 Hore, D. E. 1966. Isolation of ovine strains of Parainfluenza virus serologically related to type 3. Vet. Rec., 79: 466–467. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) in the United Kingdom, and subsequently by Ditchfield (1966 Ditchfield, J. 1966. Isolation of Parainfluenza type 3 from Canadian sheep. Vet. Rec., 79: 773–773. [Google Scholar]) in Canada, and St. George (1969 St. George, T. D. 1969. The isolation of Myxovirus Parainfluenza type 3 from sheep in Australia. Aust. vet. J., 45: 321–325. [Google Scholar]) in Australia. Fastier and Hansen (1966 Fastier, L. B. and Hansen, N. F. 1966. The occurrence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Parainfluenza 3 viruses in sera from New Zealand cattle. N.Z. vet. J., 14: 27–32. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) demonstrated antibodies to PI3 virus in the sera of cattle in New Zealand.

Reaction of young adult sheep to vaccination and infection with myxovirus parainfluenza 3

An effect of vaccination against PI 3 virus by measuring the amount of virus excreted in the nasopharynx in vaccinated and in untreated sheep up to 5 days after challenge is described.

Histoenzymatic activities of three KB cell lines latently infected by Myxovirus parainfluenzae, type 3, strain EA-102. I. Aminopeptidase activity.

Three lines of KB cells (KBEA 1, KBEA 2, and KBEA 3) latently infected by Myxovirus parainfluenzae, type 3, were tested in situ for their leucine aminopeptidase activity (AP). A difference in the activity of this enzyme was demonstrated between the 3 KBEA cell lines and the KB uninfected cell line. Evidence is presented that this activity is related to viral infection. KB cells display a particularly strong AP activity 1 hour after having been infected by the myxovirus. The AP test was found to be reliable in detecting M. parainfluenzae infection in these cells, and other possible applications of the technique are discussed. Also discussed is the role of aminopeptidase activity in the biology of the Paramyxoviruses.

Histoenzymatic activities of three KB cell lines latently infected by Myxovirus parainfluenzae, type 3, strain EA-102. II. Hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activity.

Seventeen tests were performed in situ to investigate a part of the enzymatic system of three KB cell lines latently infected by Myxovirus parainfluenzae, type 3, strain EA-102. The activity of 5 hydrolytic and 12 oxidative enzymes is reported. No metabolic change was detected by histoenzymatic techniques in a comparative study of the three KB cell lines latently infected by the virus or in the uninfected KB cells. Furthermore no enzymatic difference was observed between a cell line of neoplastic origin (KB) and a non-neoplastic chorionic cell line (Laval 113). Six of the 17 enzymatic tests were questionable or negative when conducted on primary monkey kidney cells (MK).

Respiratory infection of cattle associated with Myxovirus parainfluenza 3.

Abstract Extract Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) infection of cattle appears to be common as serological surveys in several countries have shown a high incidence of specific antibody in the serum of otherwise normal cattle. These findings have been interpreted as indicating that, in many cases, infection was subclinical. In New Zealand, Fastier and Hansen (1966) also found serological evidence of previous infection in many cattle in the absence of clinical illness. Presence of passively transferred antibody in calves up to the fifth or seventh week of age suggested that seropositives in many herds of older cattle might reflect active infections acquired originally under the cover of a waning passive immunity.

Growth of Myxovirus parainfluenza type 3 in organ cultures of guinea pig tissue.

Craighead, J. E. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.). Growth of Myxovirus parainfluenza type 3 in organ cultures of guinea pig tissue. J. Bacteriol. 92:751-761. 1966.-Organ cultures of adult guinea pig nasal mucosa, lung, and pleura were infected with Myxovirus parainfluenza type 3. Observations were made on the growth of virus at intervals after inoculation. An inoculum of 10(2.5) tissue culture infectious doses (tcid(50)) initiated infection in each of the tissues. Cultures of nasal mucosa yielded up to 10(6.0)tcid(50) per 6 hr for periods of as long as 2 weeks. Virus production was not affected by the "immune" status of the animal used as a source of tissue. Introduction of antiserum into the medium appeared to suppress virus release but failed to "cure" the infection. Interferon was not detected in fluids bathing the nasal mucosa. Cultured fragments of lung produced virus for 28 days after inoculation. As much as 10(5.0)tcid(50) per 6 hr was released by the tissue. Pleural mesothelial cells lining the diaphragm yielded up to 10(6.0)tcid(50) per 6 hr over a 14-day period. Histological sections showed that the tissues retained differentiated morphological features during maintenance in vitro. Cytological changes unequivocally associated with infection were not recognized. The techniques described give reproducible, quantitative results. Organ cultures are feasible for the study of virus growth and cytopathology in differentiated tissues.

Antibodies to Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 In Sera of Wild Deer

Antibodies to Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 In Sera of Wild Deer

PERSISTENT INFECTION OF HUMAN CONJUNCTIVA CELL CULTURES BY MYXOVIRUS PARAINFLUENZA 3.

A human conjunctiva cell line persistently infected with the SF-4 strain of Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 (PIV-3) was studied.Normal cultures inoculated at a multiplicity of infection of 10 exhibited no cytopathic changes provided the cultures were kept in growth medium, while the use of maintenance medium did result in culture destruction. Since neither antibodies nor inhibitors were demonstrable in the growth medium, it was concluded that the maintenance of the carrier state was dependent, at least in part, on active cell growth and metabolism.During 76 subpassages, fluorescent antibody (FA), hemadsorption, inclusion staining, and cell-cloning procedures indicated infection of 61 to 97% of the cells.The carrier exhibited moderate resistance to superinfection with polio virus and ECHO 6 virus, but showed no resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus, Herpesvirus hominis, or Guaroa virus. Interferon was not demonstrated.Subpassage of a carrier culture for 5 months in antibody-containing growth medium produced a gradual decrease in the proportion of infected cells, although a "cure" was not effected. This gradual decrease of infected cells suggested an intracellular transfer of the virus during mitosis which was confirmed by FA and cloning procedures.

パラインフルエンザウイルス (HVJ) のPS細胞における増殖と持続感染に関する研究

Myxovirus parainfluenzae 1 (HVJ) multiplied readily and could be passaged serially in the cells of an established strain, PS cell. The viral growth in PS cells was recognized easily by marked cytopathic changes, production of hemagglutinin, and positive cyto-hemadsorption. The infectivity titers of HVJ in PS cell were almost the same as EID50 titers, even when the egg-adapted virus was tested. It was concluded that PS cell was one of the most suitable host systems for HVJ.The intracellular development of viral antigen in HVJ-infected PS cells was studied by the fluorescent antibody technique. Specific viral antigen was first found as fine granules in the perinuclear area. The antigen steadily increased in quantity and was observed as numerous granules distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Later, the fluorescent material began to form larger aggregates and, in some cases, such large masses occupied most of the cytoplasm. No fluorescent material was found in the nucleus at any stage of the infection. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were found in the cells infected with HVJ. The nature of this inclusion body is now under investigation.Viral carrier culture was obtained by prolonged cultivation of the cells which had survived HVJ-infection. The culture continued to produce virus over a period of many months. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that about 30% of cells in the culture appeared to contain viral antigen. Varying amount of viral antigen was contained in each of these cells. Thus, the cells which possessed very small amount of antigen as fine granules and the cells which contained large masses of fluorescent material were found simultaneously in the same culture. The nature of this viral carrier state was discussed in the light of the results obtained.

Antibodies in Danish Cattle Against Myxovirus Para-Influenza Type 3 (Strain Ko-23)

Eighty paired sera from cattle with present or previous experiences with the mucosal disease complex were studied for antibodies against PI-3 virus. Ten animals with a significant increase in antibodies during the course of the disease were divided into two groups: one resembling mucosal disease, the other virus diarrhea. The question of dual infection or common partial antigens between the viruses is discussed.

パラインフルエンザウイルス (HVJ) によるHeLa細胞の持続感染に関する研究

During studies on the growth characteristics of Myxovirus parainfluenzae 1 (HVJ) in various host systems, it was found that a viral carrier state could be obtained in HeLa cell culture infected with this virus. The nature of the carrier culture was then investigated. Results are as follows.1. The following two different procedures were found to establish carrier state. a) When egg-grown HVJ was used as inoculum at primary infection, carrier state was observed in long-term cultures following concomitant destruction of cells and new cell growth. b) On the other hand, in HeLa cells infected with HeLa cell-grown virus, carrier state was established readily without any detectable cytopathic changes.2. In spite of frequent reseeding of the cells, these cultures could be maintained as their noninfected counterparts as long as 15 months up to now, with continuous virus production. No differences were found between normal and carrier HeLa cells in their growth rate and in morphology as far as tested with low magnification microscope.3. Carrier cultures were highly resistant to infection with a large amount of homologous virus, while they had no resistance to infection with several kinds of heterologous virus, i. e., NDV and poliovirus. It was also found, however, that HVJ could be adsorbed to cells of carrier culture at a same rate as to normal HeLa cells. Interferon-like, virus inhibitory substances could not be detected in the fluid medium of the carrier culture.4. Investigations with hemadsorption tests and fluorescent antibody technics revealed that only a small proportion of cells in the culture (5 to 10 percent) appeared to contain viral antigens.

HA-2ウイルスの潜伏感染状態にあるHeLa細胞の電顕観察

HeLa cells could have been persistently infected by being inoculated with Hemadsorption type 2 virus (Myxovirus parainfluenzae 1). These cells, in a state of carrier culture, have been maintained in our laboratory for these 2 years with similar multiplication rate to that of uninfected cells. Liberation of hemagglutinins into the growing medium always paralleled with the cellular growth. Surface characteristics of these cells differed from normal cells in adsorbing guinea pig red cells. When these cells were tested by various cytochemical and immunofluorescent techniques, inclusions were distinguishable in the cytoplasma of the cell without exceptionns. The inclusion material was thought to be a ribonucleoprotein, antigenically similar to the viral protein.In the present studies, recognition of the inclusion body material in the electron microscope was attempted.Firstly, for the detection of virus particles, monkey kidney cell culture of the virus was adsorbed to chicken red cells and dialyzed for 24 hours at 2°C against distilled water with 1:10 formalin. One aliquot was used for shadow casting and another aliquot was sectioned. The size of the virus was found to be approximately 200mu. Internal structures can be seen in the form of a limiting membrane surrounding internal bodies. Electron dense nucleotides appeared in various position inside the particles.Secondly, when the fine structures of the cytoplasmic inclusion material in the osmium treated cells were examined at various stages of cellular growth, no virus particles have been found. Whereas these inclusions were distingushiable from normal cytoplasmic components as an area consisting mainly of randomly arrayed filaments of low electron density. Similar structural details were once demonstrated by Kallman et al. (1959) with the HeLa cells infected with measles virus.Thirdly, the surface of these carrier cells were examined in detail to find out the difference from normal cells. On the top of some protrusions, which were different from microvilli of normal cells, virus-like structures wers fiund at a rare occassion.In conclusion, the inclusion in the cytoplasma of persistently infected HeLa cells was assumed to be an area participating in producing viral antigens but not virus particles.

Plaque formation by myxovirus parainfluenza type 2 in grivet monkey kidney cells.

SummaryA method has been described for plaque formation of parainfluenza type 2 virus in grivet kidney monolayer cell culture. The method has shown utility in the assay of virus infectivity. The plaquing technique should also be useful for cloning of this virus for genetic studies.

Laboratory and Field Investigations of Bovine Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 Virus and Vaccine

Summary A study was carried out to evaluate, in cattle, the efficacy of a killed Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus vaccine which was incorporated into an emulsified mineral oil adjuvant. The vaccine was highly active in eliciting neutralizing, HI and CF antibody following a single dose in bovines and in preventing infection following artificial challenge by the respiratory route. By contrast, a prior history of one or two artificially or naturally acquired infections with the virus did not prevent reinfection on challenge. Appraisal of the value of the vaccine in preventing the clinical epidemiologic entity “shipping fever” must await clarification of the etiology and host factors responsible for this syndrome and proof of efficacy under natural conditions in the field. Evidence was presented for natural infection with Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus among initially seronegative calves in isolation. The source of the infection was unknown but might have been of human origin or have resulted from activation of a latent infection. The hemagglutination inhibition test was more sensitive than the neutralization or CF techniques for detecting antibody against Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus.

Laboratory and Field Investigations of Bovine Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 Virus and Vaccine

Summary Comparison was made of the properties of the bovine SF-4 and the human HA-1 strains of Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus. Both grew abundantly in tissue cultures of bovine and monkey renal epithelium, causing characteristic cytopathic change. Antigenic difference between the strains was demonstrated in serum neutralization, CF and HI tests. The SF-4 strain generally appeared to have an antigenic composition more broad than that of the HA-1 virus. The two strains also differed in that the SF-4 antigen agglutinated chicken erythrocytes at room temperature but the HA-1 virus failed to do so. Tests for presence of nonspecific inhibitors of hemagglutination in human, bovine and rabbit antisera against Myxovirus parainfluenza 1 and 3 viruses were negative. It was concluded that nonspecific inhibitors for the parainfluenza viruses tested were either absent entirely or of such low titer as to be without consequence in serodiagnostic and sero-epidemiologic studies with these agents. Complete correspondence in the diagnostic results of paired sera from cases of SF-4 virus infection in calves was obtained using the serum neutralization, CF and HI techniques.