Mytilus Viridis Research Articles

Comparison of blasting cream anadara granosa with mytilus viridis in white rat skin(rattus novergicus)

Collagen is the result of determination from chitosan blood shells (Anadara granosa) and green shells (Mytilus viridis). Previous research, extraction was carried out to obtain collagen. The yield of collagen produced is 2.03% with a concentration of acetic acid 0.75 M. Collagen can penetrate the main components of the dermis skin layer (the bottom of the epidermis) made by fibroblast cells. Based on the results of previous studies, the collagen produced will be made into a dosage form so that it can be better utilized. Based on the description above, researchers are interested in comparing blood clam shells and green mussel shells with a study entitled the comparison of physical test blasting creams of Anadara granosa with green shells Mytilus viridis against the skin of male white rats. Laboratory experimental research using a post test control design research design in the form of post only design which is divided into 5 treatment groups with each group consisting of 5 male white rats. The negative control group by giving a base cream and the test group by giving blasting cream Anadara granosan with Mytilus viridis concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The parameter observed was skin moisture level. The results of statistical analysis using the ANOVA test. The results of this study are blasting cream Anadara granosa and Mytilus viridis can provide a moisturizing effect on rat skin. The most optimal concentration as a moisturizing effect on rat skin is a concentration of 25%

Byssus Thread: A Novel Support Material for Urease Immobilization

Byssus threads are tough biopolymer produced by mussels (Mytilus viridis) to attach themselves to rocks. These were collected from mussels in their natural habitat (N) and from animals maintained in laboratory condition (L) as a novel support. Byssus thread surfaces were characterized by SEM analysis, chemically modified and used for adsorption of urease. The efficiency of the immobilization was calculated by examining the relative enzyme activity of free and the immobilized urease. The pH stabilities of immobilized urease were higher (0.5 unit) than free enzyme. Immobilized enzymes on byssus (both N and L) when stored at 6 °C retained 50% of its activity after 30 days, but they were more stable in dry condition. The optimum temperature of immobilized enzymes was found to increase (25 °C). A Michaelis-Menten constant (K (m)) value for immobilized urease was also elevated (2.08 mol).

METHYL MERCURY IN GREEN MUSCLE (Mytilus viridis L.) FROM FISH MARKET MUARA ANGKE : BEFORE AND AFTER COOKING

The determination of methyl mercury content in green muscle (Mytilus viridis L.) that were taken from Pasar Pelelangan Ikan Muara Angke, Jakarta Bay has been carried out. Sampling was taken in November 2005 and March 2006, the samples were bought from the green muscle sellers. The aim of this research is to know the effect of cooking on the content of methyl mercury in green muscle. Samples were homogenized, weighed and washed with aceton and toluene. After washing, the homogenized material was added with HCl solution, extracted with toluene, then the methyl mercury content in toluene extract was analyzed using gas chromatography. The results of this research showed that methyl mercury concentration in raw and cooked green muscle respectively were 0.803 + 0.019 mg/g and 0.443 + 0.035 mg/g (in November 2005) and 0.096 + 0.014 mg/g and 0.079 + 0.016 mg/g (in March 2006) respectively. The methyl mercury content in raw (in November 2005) was higher than in cooked green muscle as permitted concentration in the sea biota by WHO and FAO, it is 0.5 ppm (mg/g), on the other hand the result of the second sampling in March 2006 showed that methyl mercury content in green muscle was lower than permitted concentration. Cooking process of the green muscle decreased methyl mercury content 44.85% (sampling in November 2005) and 17.71% (sampling in March 2006), because methyl mercury that bonded to protein were distributed to boiling water. Methyl mercury content in green muscle after cooking was still lower than the permitted concentration. Keywords: methyl mercury, green muscle, Mytilus viridis L., Muara Angke

Mercury and cadmium content in green mussel, Mytilus viridis L. from Onrust waters, Jakarta Bay.

Shellfish are known for their ability to accumulate trace metals from their environment. The relatively small increase in ambient metal concentration due to pollution will be reflected in measurable increase in mussel metal concentration. The abnormally high concentration of heavy metals in the surface water of Jakarta Bay has been reported. It was reported that the concentration of heavy metals tends to increase, and in surface water around Onrust Island the mercury and cadmium concentration had reached up to 35 ppb and 450 ppb, respectively. The green mussel, Mytilus viridis L., was cultivated around Onrust Island, Jakarta Bay. So far, there is no available information on mercury and cadmium contents in marine organisms from the surrounding waters of Onrust Island. The present study reports the result of an observation of the total mercury and cadmium contents in the soft tissue of Mytilus viridis L. collected from Onrust Island waters.

Aspects of Gametogenesis in the Marine Mussel Mytilus Edulis L.

INTRODUCTIONMarine bivalve molluscs have in recent years attracted considerable attention for a variety of reasons, not least of which is their importance as a source of food for man. Much of this research has concentrated on studies of reproduction; Mytilus viridis (India: Nagabhushanam & Mane, 1975), M. edulis aoteanus and Aulacomya maoriana (New Zealand: Kennedy, 1977);Choromytilus meridionalis and Aulacomya ater (South Africa: Berry, 1978); Mytilus (= Perna) perna (Brazil: Lunetta, 1969); M. edulis planulatus (Australia: Wilson & Hodgkin, 1967); Mytilus californianus and M. edulis (U.S.A.: Hines, 1979); Mytilus galloprovincialis (France: Lubet, 1959) and M. edulis (U.K.: Chipperfield, 1953; Seed, 1975; Bayne et al. 1978). A review of the literature revealed that in the majority of studies cytology was used as a descriptive tool for the ‘staging’ (Chipperfield, 1953; Lubet, 1957; Seed, 1975, 1976) of the developing gametes and certain anomalies were apparent with regard to the nomenclature of the connective tissue matrix of the mantle lobes.

LARVAL REARING AND SPAT PRODUCTION OF GREEN MUSSEL Mytilus viridis LINNAEUS IN FRENCH POLYNESIA

ABSTRACTTo develop mussel culture in the South Pacific and especially in French Polynesia, trials for producing spat of Mytilus viridis were conducted at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique (COP) of the Centre National pour l'Exploitation des Océans (CNEXO) in Tahiti.Spawning is attained through thermal stimulation. Larval rearing is conducted in 800‐liter cylindroconical tanks. Every two days the water is changed and antibiotics are added as a preventive treatment.Monochrysis lutheri and an Isochrysis locally isolated are used as food. Metamorphosis and settlement are achieved between the 10th and 17th days. A 15 m3 tank supplied with flowing water from a shrimp rearing pond is used for the pre‐growth. The marketable spat size (7–8 mm, 40 mg) is reached in one month after settlement. The survival rate between D stage and marketable spat size is 10% and 2 million spat were produced. The actual hatchery, with six 800‐liter tanks, should give 2 to 3.106 spat/month.

Experimental studies on the accumulation of copper and zinc in the green mussel

Toxicity of copper and zinc to the green mussel, Mytilus viridis was evaluated by short-term bioassays. Probit analysis was used for calculating 48 h median tolerance limits, 95% fiducial limits and slope functions ( S). The rates of copper and zinc accumulation were determined by analysing the metal content in the soft parts of the mussels at fixed intervals of time by atomic absorption spectrometry. Bioaccumulation was determined as a function of metal concentration in the experimental medium. The correlations for the regression lines ( P < 0.1%) indicate that the uptake of metal is linear at least for the first five weeks. During a more extended experimental period, adjustment to a steady state probably occurs.

Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of Mytilus viridis at Ratnagiri on the West Coast of India

1. The seasonal variation in the water, protein, fat and glycogen contents of the mussel, Mytilus viridis has been studied for the year March, 1974 to March, 1975. 2. The water level increased during the monsoon season and decreased in summer. 3. The level of protein, fat and glycogen showed correlation with the reproductive cycle of the mussel. 4. The protein level was high when the mussels were mature and dropped during the breeding period. 5. During sex change from male to female in May the protein level remained high whereas during sex change from female to male in October and November it was low. 6. The fat level was high in mature mussels and declined on spawning. 7. The glycogen level was at its peak in immature mussels and low in mature.

Aquaculture of the green mussel, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus, in Malaysia

Successful induced spawning of the mussel, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus, was obtained primarily through a combination of four 20-min temperature cycles between 25 and 35°C in a seawater medium containing 0.2% NH 4OH. Artificial fertilization and life cycle studies indicated the usual life cycle observable for all mussel species. Natural spawning was found to occur twice a year in the months of March and April and October and November, in close association with the monsoon seasons of this region. Physiologically, the species has a 50% survival salinity tolerance at 24 and 80‰, 50% survival temperature tolerance at 10 and 35°C and 50% pH survival tolerance at pH 3.5 and 9 for periods of 2 weeks. These values are fairly wide in range when compared to those for the European mussel, Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. However, its optimum level of salinity, temperature and pH for normal growth are between 27 and 65‰, 26 and 32°C and 6 and 8.2, respectively. Conditions in the local waters are such that they are fairly saturated in oxygen, ca 6 ml/l, primary productivity is 5.2 μg chlorophyll/l, water temperatures are high the year through, ca 29.5°C, and salinity is high, ca 32‰. These factors are extremely favourable for mussel culture so that the local species, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus, attains marketable size within 7–8 months which is about twice as fast as the European mussel. Nutrition studies also indicated this species attains a high protein content at harvesting time, ca. 18%, which is fairly high compared to the European mussel's value of 9–13% of the wet weight. Its raw flesh to shell weight ratio is ca 60% which is also pretty high compared to the European mussel's ratio of 49–50%. Different modes of culture tried out indicated that the suspended rope culture technique, practised efficiently in other parts of the world, is the most productive method in this region. Of the few collectors used to collect spat from natural spatfalls, meshed nylon netting seemed promising, through expensive. Intestinal content studies indicated that the mussel, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus, selectively ingested the diatom, Coscinodiscus nodulifer A. Schmidt, the dominant phytoplankton in the waters around the culture station, which has no toxic effects for humans on consumption.

The effects of exposure and crawling behaviour on the survival of recently settled green mussels ( Mytilus viridis L.)

The tolerance of recently settled spat of the green mussel ( Mytilus viridis Linnaeus) to exposure was investigated. The survival rate was lower with longer periods of exposure. The effect of exposure on spat survival is discussed. Two types of crawling behaviour exhibited by the mussel spat were observed. The value of this behaviour to the animal's survival is discussed. The optimal tidal levels for spat settlement in Singapore waters were determined.

Studies on the growth and breeding of certain sedentary organisms in the madras harbour

1. The rate of growth and period of breeding of the following sedentary organisms in the Madras Harbour have been worked out:—Laomedea (Obella)spinulosa, Hydroides norvegica, Crisia sp.,Membranipora sp. (growth alone),Ostrea madrasensis, Mytilus viridis, Patella (Cellana)cernica (breeding alone),Balanus amphitrite, Polycarpa sp., andDiandrocarpa brackenhielmi. 2. The environment and the methods employed in this study are described. 3. The rates of growth of the different forms studied, have been compared with those of corresponding or related forms in different parts of the world. 4. The species investigated attain their sexual maturity very early in their life. 5. There seems to be continuous growth throughout the year. 6. Reference is made to the breeding of other tropical marine animals and it is found that breeding takes place:—(a) once a year, not lasting the whole year round, (b) twice a year, with a quiescent phase between the two periods, (c) continuously but with an intensity during a certain portion of the year, (d) continuously without any marked intensity and (e) discontinuously depending on the phases of the moon. 7. The influence of temperature on breeding in marine animals in the tropics is discussed and it is inferred that temperature is not the only factor influencing breeding.

Magnetic anisotropy of naturally occurring substances

The magnetic anisotropies of the nacre of Turbo, Haliotis, M. margaratifera, Mytilus viridis and Nautilus pompilius, respectively, have been determined. The observations indicated that the c-axes of the aragonite crystals are in every case normal to the elementary laminae. A random orientation of the a and b axes in Turbo and Haliotis, and a preferred orientation, with the a-axes approximately along the line of growth for M. margaratifera and Mytilus viridis, are tentatively suggested. A quasi-crystalline structure for conchyolin is suspected. The absolute susceptibilities of the shells have also been determined.