Myrocarpus Frondosus Research Articles

Climate sensitive tree growth modelling of Myrocarpus frondosus in Southern Brazil using tree-ring time series and distributed generalized additive lag models

Abstract Climate change is expected to strongly affect the functioning of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems around the globe, and tree-ring analysis is proving increasingly useful for understanding the changing dynamics in these environments. However, traditional dendroecological methods were not originally designed to jointly consider inter-annual and inter-tree variations, often assuming linear growth-climate relationships, and limiting the potential to address in-deep questions regarding the tree growth sensitivity to environmental drivers. In the present study, we applied a flexible generalized additive model to assess the climate-sensitivity of the species Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão growing in a subtropical Atlantic Forest (AF) site in southern Brazil. Tree-ring width time series from 117 stem cores together with monthly climate data of temperature and precipitation covering the period from 1968 to 2021 were used for model construction. The model was designed to simultaneously encompass detrending, to capture nonlinear effects of climate variables and their interactions and to predict mean tree-ring widths for the species. Based on a distributed lag model approach, we also tested the influence of different lengths of lagged climate series over the model accuracy. Both precipitation and temperature proved to be strong drivers of M. frondosus radial growth in the subtropical AF. An interaction effect between these regressor variables revealed a likely water stress scenario arising from warm and dry summer conditions, with strongly negative impacts for the species. Detrimental impacts on tree dormancy period can also be expected due to milder winters, with legacy effects on the radial increments across two subsequent years. In addition to monitoring, the approach applied here meets the needs for more robust predictions of the impacts of future climate conditions on species and communities, contributing to efforts aimed at the management and conservation in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, particularly in the AF.

Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por Myrocarpus frondosus em bovinos

ABSTRACT: An outbreak of photosensitization in Holstein and Jersey cattle occurred after the passage of an extratropical cyclone in Southern Brazil. On that occasion, several trees fell, including some of the species Myrocarpus frondosus (Fabaceae family) popularly known as “gabreúva”, “cabriúna” or “gabriúna”. Five heifers consumed the leaves of this plant, and all of them became ill. The main clinical signs were decreased appetite, permanence in the water, decreased ruminal movements, dry stools, congested and icteric sclera and conjunctivae, dark urine and restlessness when exposed to the sun. One heifer showed circling, incoordination, restlessness and death six days after the onset of clinical signs. From the seventh day, three heifers showed improvement; one remained apathetic, with jaundiced mucous membranes, ulceration, and scaling on the tongue, increased respiratory rate, and fever, and died 18 days after ingestion of the plant. At necropsy, photosensitivity lesions were observed on the depigmented skin, snout, teats, and ear tip, characterized by discontinuity of the skin with the formation of crusts, inflammatory exudate associated with redness of the skin, in addition to ulceration in the mouth, snout and ventral portion of the tongue and jaundice and edema in the submandibular region. The liver was enlarged, with an orange color, full gallbladder, and wall edema. Through microscopy, liver lesions were characterized by moderate and diffuse necrosis of hepatocytes, vacuolar and centrilobular degeneration, bilirubin retention and proliferation of biliary epithelium. The literature shows no reports of M. frondosus toxicity in cattle. Experiments were carried out in cattle to clarify the possible clinical-pathological picture produced by this plant. A survey of the epidemiological data of the diagnosed spontaneous outbreak was carried out, and subsequently, three cattle received the plant’s green leaves, and a fourth received the dried leaves. After administering the plant, blood samples were collected daily for blood count, measurement of liver enzymes (gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transferase), bilirubin, measurement of vital parameters and liver biopsy from the onset of signs. In case of death, a necropsy was performed with collection of viscera samples for macro and microscopic evaluation. The experimental part was developed at the Laboratory of Animal Pathology, CAV-UDESC. The single dose of 33g/kg of green leaves caused severe clinical signs, while the administration of 22g/kg and 11g/kg caused mild to moderate signs of the disease. The supply of desiccated leaves in a single dose did not cause clinical manifestations. M. frondosus can be blamed as a cause of spontaneous hepatogenous photosensitization in cattle. Experimentally, the ingestion of green leaves of this plant, in doses greater than 11g/kg can lead to clinical changes, with subsequent recovery, or progress to death with severe liver damage.

Chemical evaluation of two tropical wood species for use as grilling planks

This research evaluated the possible use of tropical hardwood species (Myrocarpus frondosus and Ocotea porosa) for grilling plank production. Physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties were evaluated and compared with properties of a well-used wood species for grilling planks, western red cedar (Thuja plicata). For chemical analysis, one technique was used: hydrodistillation. Normality tests and analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used for the comparisons between Thuja plicata and tropical hardwoods. The results of the organoleptic, chemical, and statistical analyses demonstrated the possibility of using Myrocarpus frondosus and Ocotea porosa in grilling plank production.

Physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão diaspores stored in different environments

Cabreúva (Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão) is a native species with ecological, ornamental, medicinal, and timber potential. This study aimed to evaluate the physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of Myrocarpus frondosus diaspores over 360 days in different storage environments. The initial characterization of the batch included the weight of 1,000 seeds, moisture content, electrical conductivity, germination potential (with substrates being between and on sand or vermiculite, and a paper roll) and sanitary quality (blotter test). The diaspores were stored in a room with ambient conditions, a dry and cold room, a wet and cold chamber, and a refrigerator. Evaluations were performed at 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 days. The substrates between sand and between vermiculite are recommended for the germination of diaspores. Diaspores showed no recalcitrant behavior in relation to storage and can be stored in a dry and cold room (18 °C and 49% RH) for 360 days, with 57% germination. Fungal incidence increased the deterioration of the diaspores after 180 days of storage in a cold and dry environment.

Physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão diaspores stored in different environments

Cabreúva (Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão) is a native species with ecological, ornamental, medicinal, and timber potential. This study aimed to evaluate the physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of Myrocarpus frondosus diaspores over 360 days in different storage environments. The initial characterization of the batch included the weight of 1,000 seeds, moisture content, electrical conductivity, germination potential (with substrates being between and on sand or vermiculite, and a paper roll) and sanitary quality (blotter test). The diaspores were stored in a room with ambient conditions, a dry and cold room, a wet and cold chamber, and a refrigerator. Evaluations were performed at 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 days. The substrates between sand and between vermiculite are recommended for the germination of diaspores. Diaspores showed no recalcitrant behavior in relation to storage and can be stored in a dry and cold room (18 °C and 49% RH) for 360 days, with 57% germination. Fungal incidence increased the deterioration of the diaspores after 180 days of storage in a cold and dry environment.

Aromatic profiling of flavor active compounds in sugarcane spirits aged in tropical wooden barrels

Abstract The production of high quality spirits implies an aging period in wooden barrels, resulting in numerous physicochemical reactions between the wood and the beverage. Oak is the main wood used in the aging process of alcoholic beverages worldwide. However, in Brazil, the use of tropical wood species can be a viable option, allowing for innovation in the characteristics of spirits. This study aimed to determine the aromatic profiling of flavor active compounds in Brazilian sugarcane spirit (cachaça) after a 12-month aging period in new 225-L toasted and non-toasted barrels made from the tropical wood species cerejeira [Amburana cearensis (Fr. Allem.) A.C. Smith], castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa Humboldt & Bonpland), and cabreúva (Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão). The chemical characterization was carried out using the Gas-Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) scan mode, and the identification targeted on flavor active compounds (esters, alcohols, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes). Toasted and non-toasted cerejeira barrels intensified the contents of phenolic compounds in cachaça. The samples aged in cerejeira barrels exhibited the most complex profile, mainly related to organic acids and phenolic compounds. However, cabreúva barrels transferred significant aromatic terpenes to cachaça. This research presented a novel focus on the aromatic profiling of flavor active compounds in cachaça aged in barrels made from tropical wood species.

DIFFERENT SHADING INTENSITIES INTERFERE WITH THE GROWTH OF Myrocarpus frondosus ALLEMÃO SEEDLINGS IN THE NURSERY?

Native tree species present different responses depending on their adaptability to varying degrees of sunlight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Myrocarpus frondosus seedlings under different shade conditions in a nursery. The experimental design included randomized blocks in a factorial scheme, corresponding to treatments of full sun (0%), or one of three shading intensities (30%, 50%, and 70%), with evaluation times of 30, 90, 150, 210, 270, 330, and 390 days after emergence – d.a.e. The evaluation of the morphological attributes height (H) and stem diameter (SD) were determined every 60 days, and H/SD ratio were calculated. At 390 d.a.e, the following attributes were evaluated: aerial dry matter, (ADM), root dry matter (RDM), total dry matter, (TDM), Dickson quality index (DQI), leaf area (LA), root volume (RV), and root length. The pigment contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll a/b ratio were also identified, along with carotenoid content, maximum quantum yield PSII (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rate (ETR). Myrocarpus frondosus requires shading in its initial stage of growth, at an ideal intensity of 50% or 70% for producing seedlings.

Progeny selection of "Myrocarpus frondosus" for improved growth vigor of seedlings

In this study, we aimed to evaluate half-sibling progenies of Myrocarpus frondosus based on morphological characteristics and to select seedlings with high growth vigor and quality. Seedlings were evaluated for shoot height and diameter, shoot height/diameter ratio, and number of leaves. The shoot height showed the highest estimations of linear correlation with the other characteristics. The linear correlation of shoot height between two consecutive evaluations was high from 60 days of cultivation, indicating that selection should be applied after this period. Selection of 101 seedlings within the best progenies resulted in a genetic gain of 15.13% for shoot height. The greatest indirect gain from selection was for the shoot height/diameter ratio, whereas the lowest indirect gain was for the stem diameter. Myrocarpus frondosus progenies can be selected for shoot height at 60 days of nursery cultivation, resulting in high direct gain for growth and indirect gain for stem height/diameter ratio.

SUBSTRATE AND FERTILIZATION IN THE QUALITY OF Myrocarpus frondosus SEEDLINGS

Myrocarpus frondosus is a native species with high commercial timber value. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of seedlings of Myrocarpus frondosus in the nursery and to indicate the most adequate substrate and fertilization for the production of seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replications, in a factorial scheme, composed of four combinations of substrates: S1-100% commercial substrate (CS); S2 - 80% CS and 20% carbonated rice husk (CRH); S3 - 60% CS and 40% CRH; S4 - 40% CS and 60% CRH, and four fertilizations: NF – No fertilization; CRF – controlled release fertilizer (ammonium sulfate, simple superphosphate and potassium chloride); RRF – ready release fertilizer and micronutrients. Physical and chemical analyses were performed on the substrate. At 300 days after emergence, the following morphological variables were evaluated: (height, stem diameter, H/SD ratio, leaf area, root length, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, Dickson quality index) and the physiological variables chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, initial fluorescence, maximum fluorescence, Fv/Fm ratio and electron transport rate). Regardless of the substrate and fertilization, slow growth of the species was observed, even for the best treatment, which was verified from the height (17.87 cm) and stem diameter (2.62 mm). The use of the commercial substrate (40%) with carbonated rice husk (60%) associated with the concentration of 6 g L-1 of controlled release fertilizer is recommended, since they present the best results for the morphological and physiological variables in the nursery in general.

Extraction of Bio-chemicals for Pharmaceutical and Food Industry from Myrocarpus frondosus, Robinia presudoacacia and Three Quercus Species

The amount of phytochemicals of interest for the pharmaceutical and food industry extractable from wooden biomasses largely exploited in the furniture and construction sectors as Myrocarpus frondosus, Robinia presudoacacia and three Quercus species were investigated. Adopting modified methanol based extraction protocols, particularly high amounts of antioxidant as ferulic acid 1.596 mg/g, syringaldehyde 0.74 mg/g, vanillic acid 0.327 mg/g and gallic acid 0.114 mg/g were extracted. (E)-coniferyl alcohol, ranging from 0.006 mg/g to 0.099 mg/g, was found in all the samples suggesting its use as an indicator of lignin degradation under alkali hydrolysis.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Oil and Plant Extract <i>Myrocarpus frondosus</i> Allemão

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile of extracts (aqueous and ethanol) and the essential oil of Myrocarpus frondosus Allem?o, the sensitivity of strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes, front the extracts and essential oil, by means of the microdilution method in broth, the antioxidant activity by the ABTS method, and the content of phenolic compounds present in the extracts and oil. For the preparation of extracts from plant leaves used with ethanol and water, then separated, the chemical identification of compounds was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (CLAE-DAD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrum (CG/MS). With the chemical analysis of the extracts obtained the presence of the major compound rutin, and oil major compound was found germacrene B. In the microdilution method in broth, oil and extracts showed inhibition against all the bacteria tested in the concentrations 1 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml, except for Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml of the essential oil and trans-caryophyllene. The results of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration showed that the essential oil had bactericidal activity at a concentration of 1mg/ml for all bacteria tested and trans-caryophyllene at the same concentration only for Listeria monocytogenes. In relation to the essential oil, antioxidant activity showed higher radical reduction capacity of 40.92% and the content of phenolic compounds ethanol extract showed more 12.72%. The in vitro results support the conclusion that the essential oil is very promising both in antimicrobial action as antioxidant activity and the leaf extracts on antioxidant activity.

VARIAÇÃO DA ESTRUTURA DA FLORESTA ESTACIONAL DECIDUAL NO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A ALTITUDE E CLIMA

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509817465O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as possíveis similaridades estruturais entre remanescentes da Floresta Estacional Decidual (FED) em Santa Catarina e associar os grupos à influência de condicionantes ambientais. Associado a este objetivo primário, também se buscou a identificação das zonas de contato entre esta tipologia florestal e a Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM). Foram analisados os dados de 78 unidades amostrais (UA) instaladas em remanescentes da FED entre 2008 e 2009 pelo Inventário Florístico Florestal de Santa Catarina (IFFSC). Os dados foram tratados através da Análise de Correspondência Corrigida (DCA) e da Análise de Correspondência Canônica (ACC), valendo-se de uma matriz de densidade de espécies e uma matriz de variáveis ambientais, esta constituída por altitude e parâmetros climáticos. A proporção da variância explicada pelos três primeiros eixos da DCA foi baixa, somando aproximadamente 21% do total de informação contida no conjunto original de dados. Este resultado ofereceu baixo poder de interpretação para os resultados. No entanto, quando a DCA foi aplicada sobre os dados de densidade média das espécies em cada bacia hidrográfica, os resultados apontaram para autovetores muito explicativos do conjunto (58,1% da variação). Observada somente a ordenação provocada pelo primeiro eixo da DCA, vê-se a disposição das bacias de leste, em um extremo, e das bacias de oeste, no outro extremo deste eixo. Na extremidade direita do primeiro eixo estão dispostas as bacias do rio Canoas, Pelotas e do Peixe, as quais são caracterizadas pela presença de espécies como Ocotea pulchella, Zanthoxylum fagara, Lithrea brasiliensis, Matayba elaeagnoides, Cinnamodendron dinisii, comumente associadas com a Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Na extremidade esquerda estão distribuídas as bacias de oeste, grupo que inclui as bacias dos rios Jacutinga, Irani, Chapecó, Antas e Peperi-Guaçu. Dentre as espécies que mais fortemente influenciaram os resultados na análise, cabe destacar Apuleia leiocarpa, Rauvolfia sellowii, Bastardiopsis densiflora, Chrysophyllum gonocarpum, Cordia trichotoma, Holocalyx balansae, Myrocarpus frondosus e Pisonia zapallo, as quais são frequentes em florestas estacionais do interior meridional do Brasil. A análise através da ACC apontou para resultados similares e a interpretação conjunta dos dados ambientais indicou que as UA situadas nas bacias de leste estão associadas a climas mais frios, em que as geadas são mais frequentes, como consequência de altitudes mais elevadas. Considerando que as altitudes tendem a declinar das porções lestes para oeste e, diante do resultados apresentados, os autores propõem a existência de uma zona de transição entre as duas regiões fitoecológicas (FOM e FED) na faixa dos 600 m s.n.m., onde ocorre a interdigitação de elementos da flora estacional e aqueles da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, resultando na delimitação de uma área core da FED abaixo deste patamar altimétrico.

Evaluation of climatic factors on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Myrocarpus frondosus

The species Myrocarpus frondosus is native to southern Brazil, and it is known as cabreúva. It is a large tree, and its wood is used as a reservoir for distilled spirits, especially Cachaça. In this pioneering work, the essential oil was extracted monthly from the leaves of M. frondosus, for a period of 1 year. The essential oil was extracted by using hydrodistillation and the determination of the chemical composition of essential oil was performed by using the chromatographic techniques GC-FID and GC–MS. Thirty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil and bicyclogermacrene was the major compound. Through multivariate analysis, it was determined that β-caryophyllene, limonene and terpinen-4-ol were directly proportional to climatic factors. The yield of the oil was directly proportional to temperature and radiation.

In vitro biological evaluation of eight different essential oils against Trypanosoma cruzi, with emphasis on Cinnamomum verum essential oil.

BackgroundEssential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of secondary metabolites from various plants. It has been shown that several EOs, or their constituents, have inhibitory activity against trypanosomatid protozoa. Thus, we analyzed the biological activity of different EOs on Trypanosoma cruzi, as well as their cytotoxicity on Vero cells.MethodsThe following EOs were evaluated on T. cruzi epimastigote forms: Cinnamomum verum, Citrus limon, Cymbopogon nardus, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Eugenia uniflora, Myrocarpus frondosus, and Rosmarinus officinalis. Inhibitory activity against T. cruzi (IC50/24 h) and cytotoxicity against Vero cells (CC50/24 h) were evaluated by the MTT assay. The EO of C. verum was selected for further evaluation against trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, as well as on parasite metacyclogenesis. Constituents of C. verum EO were identified by GC-MS. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad version 5.01.ResultsCinnamomum verum EO was the most effective against T. cruzi epimastigotes (IC50/24 h = 24.13 μg/ml), followed by Myrocarpus frondosus (IC50/24 h = 60.87 μg/ml) and Eugenia uniflora (IC50/24 h = 70 μg/ml). The EOs of C. citriodora, E. globulus, and R. officinalis showed no activity at concentrations up to 300 μg/ml. Incubation of T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes with C. verum EO resulted in IC50/24 h values of 5.05 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml, respectively. Therefore, trypomastigotes are more susceptible than epimastigotes, with selectivity index (SI) about 4.7-fold higher (9.78 and 2.05, respectively). Analysis of C. verum EO by GC–MS showed mainly (E)-cinnamaldehyde (81.52%) and eugenol (16.68%).ConclusionsC. verum essential oil is effective against T. cruzi (epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes) and interferes with the parasite differentiation process in vitro. Thus, it represents a strong candidate for further studies to improve its activity on pathogenic trypanosomatids.

Mecanismos de regeneração natural em remanescente de Floresta Estacional Decidual

Diante da perda da biodiversidade e do habitat natural decorrentes da fragmentação das florestas, surge a necessidade de alternativas que possibilitem a recuperação desses ambientes. Assim, este estudo objetivou obter informações sobre o potencial dos mecanismos de regeneração natural (chuva de sementes, banco de sementes do solo, banco de plântulas e regeneração natural estabelecida) em um remanescente de Floresta Estacional Decidual, visando à conservação e recuperação destes ecossistemas. O estudo foi realizado de forma sistemática, a partir da demarcação de 14 unidades amostrais de 2.000 m², dentro das quais foram selecionadas, aleatoriamente, 70 subparcelas onde foram avaliados os mecanismos de regeneração. A chuva de sementes foi avaliada durante um ano, com base no material obtido mensalmente a partir de coletores. Para o estudo do banco de sementes foram tomadas amostras de solo, com uso de um gabarito de ferro com 25x25x5 cm de dimensões, monitoradas durante 7 meses mediante germinação das sementes. A regeneração natural foi avaliada em duas classes: banco de plântulas e regeneração natural estabelecida, onde foram identificados e medidos indivíduos com h≥30 cm e DAP<5 cm. A chuva de sementes apresentou densidade média de 1350 sementes.m-² na área, dentre as quais se observou 73 espécies, predominantemente, arbóreas. No banco de sementes do solo, foram observadas 108 espécies, sendo 74% herbáceas. No banco de plântulas foram encontradas 48 espécies, sendo estas esciófilas e heliófilas, já na regeneração estabelecida foram encontradas 37 espécies, em sua maioria esciófilas. Concluiu-se que as espécies com maior potencial para perpetuar na área estudada foram Gymnanthes concolor, Sorocea bonplandii, Eugenia rostrifolia, Trichilia claussenii, Trichilia elegans e Dasyphyllum spinescens, sendo as mesmas indicadas para enriquecimento. Já as espécies Myrocarpus frondosus, Cupania vernalis, Nectandra megapotamica e Syagrus rommanzoffian apresentam certa restrição, dependendo de tratamentos silviculturais na floresta para garantir sua perpetuação na área.

Estructura poblacional de <i>Myrocarpus frondosus </i>Allemão en un bosque en galería de la Selva Paranaense en Misiones, Argentina

Para describir la estructura poblacional de Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão fue estudiada una población de la especie, caracterizando los estadios de tamaño y la distribución espacial de los individuos, en un bosque en galería de la Selva Paranaense en Misiones, Argentina, a 27º39'00" S y 55º44'30" O. La especie fue estudiada en parcelas circulares. En las parcelas fueron considerados todos los individuos de Myrocarpus frondosus con diámetro DAP (a 1,3 metros de altura) mayor o igual a 10 cm para el estrato arbóreo y para la regeneración natural fueron considerados los plantines de la especie con DAP variando de 2 cm hasta 9,9 cm. Fueron encontrados 396 individuos (431 ind. ha-1), de los cuales 180 pertenecieron al estrato arbóreo y 216 correspondieron a la regeneración natural. Los resultados muestran que la amplitud de tamaño en diámetro varió desde 2 cm hasta 50 cm, con una distribución de la población estudiada en forma de J invertida, representando una población con substancial reclutamiento de individuos en sus primeras etapas de desarrollo. La especie presentó un patrón agrupado de distribución espacial.

Eficiência de um composto de iodo orgânico contra fungos apodrecedores de madeiras e térmitas.

Foi avaliada a eficiência de um composto de iodo orgânico de baixa toxidez como fungicida e inseticida por meio de ensaio acelerado em laboratório de acordo com a normalização japonesa. O composto foi avaliado nas concentrações de 0,5, 0,75 e 1,0% utilizando etanol como solvente. Para a avaliação inseticida, foram utilizados térmitas subterrâneos da espécie Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, e para a fungicida os fungos apodrecedores Coriolus versicolor (podridão branca) e Tyromyces palustris (podridão parda). Corpos de prova, nas dimensões de 40 x 20 x 5mm, foram impregnados pelo método de pincelamento a uma taxa de retenção de 11010g/m2. Foram avaliados o índice de perda de peso das amostras de madeira e a mortalidade de térmitas (ação inseticida), assim como a perda de peso das amostras de madeira antes e após o ataque dos fungos (ação fungicida). A eficiência das formulações foi avaliada de acordo com o Valor de Eficiência. Os resultados mostraram que o composto foi pouco ou não-eficiente como inseticida no controle do ataque de Coptotermes formosanus nos três níveis de concentração. Como fungicida, o composto apresentou um bom desempenho no controle do ataque dos fungos Coriolus versicolor e Tyromyces palustris, atingindo um Valor de Eficiência superior a 90 nas três concentrações. Os melhores resultados com o produto foram obtidos a 1,0% de concentração nas amostras de madeira tratadas e não-lixiviadas. Foi observado um ataque mais severo do fungo Tyromyces palustris em relação ao fungo Coriolus versicolor. Por apresentar uma baixa capacidade de fixação na madeira, o produto não é indicado para o tratamento de madeiras que entrarão em contato direto com o solo ou que forem expostas às intempéries.

Composition of the Lecointea clade (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Swartzieae), a re­evaluation based on combined evidence from morphology and molecular data

AbstractWe investigated morphological and DNA sequence data for studying the composition and phylogenetic relationships of the Lecointea clade sensu Herendeen and for testing its monophyly. Twenty nine representing 14 genera were analyzed, including all members of the Lecointea clade and some species of the genera Acosmium, Luetzelburgia, Sweetia, Vatairea and Vataireopsis. Ateleia herbert­smithii, Bocoa mollis, and Myrocarpus frondosus were included as outgroup. Matrices were analyzed using maximum parsimony. Analyses of morphological data, chloroplast DNA trnL sequence data, and combined datasets resulted in similar tree topologies. The Lecointea clade sensu Herendeen, with the additional inclusion of Uribea, is monophyletic in all analyses. Exostyles and Harleyodendron belong to the Lecointea clade and not to the Vatairea clade as recently proposed by Pennington & al.

Revisão taxonômica de Myrocarpus Allemão (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Sophoreae)

Em Myrocarpus, gênero exclusivamente sul-americano, são reconhecidas cinco espécies: Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão, M. leprosus Pickel, M. venezuelensis Rudd, M. fastigiatus Allemãoe M. emarginatus A.L.B. Sartori & A.M.G. Azevedo. Na delimitação das espécies são discutidos dados de morfologia, hábitats e de distribuição geográfica. A morfologia das pétalas e a ornamentação da região seminífera são caracteres relevantes na identificação das espécies, embora não utilizados até o presente. Este estudo apresenta chave de identificação das espécies, descrições, ilustrações, mapa de distribuição e novos registros de ocorrência.

Caracterização anatômica da madeira de sete espécies da amazônia com vistas à produção de energia e papel

Foram estudadas as características anatômicas da madeira de 7 espécies ocorrentes na floresta Amazônia com vistas a geração de energia ou produção de papel. Para qualificação de madeira para produção de papel consideraram-se, dentre outros parâmetros, o coeficiente de rigidez e de flexibilidade, densidade, índice de Runkel, percentual de fibras, vasos, parênquima axial e de raios. Para produção de energia determinaram-se a densidade, a fração parede (%) das células em relação a área ocupada por cada tipo de células, percentual de fibras, de vasos e de parênquima axial e radial. O estudo foi baseado em 3 áreas de seções transversais, orientadas do centro em direção ao alburno. Com base nas características anatômicas e na densidade, Bellucia grossularioides, Cecropia palmata, Duguetia cauliflora, Eschweilera matamata e Parkia multuijuga podem ser usadas para polpa destinada a produção de papel, e Myrocarpus frondosus, Sloaneagrandis podem ser usadas na produção de carvão.