Myristate Research Articles

Effect of Dietary Olive Leaf Integration on Qualitative Characteristics of Sheep Cheese During Ripening

Olive leaf by-products may be an important feed source for ruminants in the Mediterranean area, due to their nutritional value and high levels of functional metabolites. Additionally, their use can enhance the environmental and economic sustainability of the productions. To evaluate the effect of olive leaf supplementation on the fatty acid profile of sheep cheese, two farms with Comisana breed sheep with free access to pasture and fedwith 300 g/head/day of concentrate were considered. One farm supplemented the feed with clover hay ad libitum (NOL) and the other farm replaced hay with olive leaves (OLI) in the autumn period. Cheese analyses were performed at 15, 30, and 60 days of ripening. Saturated fatty acids were lower in OLI cheese than NOL cheese, while MUFA and PUFA n-3 and n-6 were higher in OLI cheese. Myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were lower in OLI cheese compared to NOL (8.31% vs. 8.90% and 21.52% vs. 24.95%, respectively), while oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) was higher in OLI cheese (20.66% vs. 18.78%). Also, CLA cis-9 trans-11 (0.98% vs. 0.84%), and other isomers were higher in OLI cheese. Health indexes, such as the thrombogenic and atherogenic index, were lower in OLI than in NOL cheese (1.96 vs. 2.38 and 1.69 vs. 2.05, respectively) showing the improvement in the health quality of cheese due to olive leaf integration in directly on farm sheep feeding.

Fatty Acid Profiling in Greek Wines by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS)

In recent years, the interest in lipids present in wines has increased, because these natural components, even at low or very low concentrations, play an important role in wine evolution and quality and contribute substantially to the taste and mouthfeel of wines. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the profiling of free fatty acids (FFAs) in wines. The method is fast and allows the simultaneous determination of twenty-seven saturated and unsaturated FFAs in wine samples, avoiding any prior derivatization step. After validation, a variety of white and rose commercial wine samples from the Greek market, either sparkling or non-sparkling, were analyzed by the present method. The majority of wine FFAs are saturated long aliphatic, in particular palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, followed by myristic (C14:0) and pentadecanoic (C15:0) acids, while oleic (C18:1), palmitoleic (C16:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids were quantified among the unsaturated FAs. The medium-chain C6:0 and the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:2 acids were found at higher concentrations in rose wines compared to white.

Deterrence and behavioral mode of coconut oil-derived free fatty acids on Zeugodacus cucurbitae oviposition.

Previous studies have shown oviposition deterring properties of 8 coconut free fatty acid (CFFA) compounds on fruit flies with different key deterrent components for different species. Here we evaluated oviposition deterrence of CFFA using laboratory 2-choice bioassays against Zeugodacus cucurbitae, determined key-bioactive deterrent compounds, and evaluated their behavioral mode. Unlike other reported fruit fly species, CFFA mixture increased Z. cucurbitae oviposition when directly applied on an oviposition substrate. When tested individually in subsequent tests, 4 compounds (caprylic, capric, oleic, and linoleic acids) significantly reduced the oviposition ("negative-compounds"), 1 compound (stearic acid) had no effect ("neutral-compound"), and 3 compounds (lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids) stimulated the oviposition ("positive-compounds"). The 4-component negative-compound blend was effective at reducing oviposition. However, adding stearic acid to the 4-component blend (5-component blend, 5c) further reduced oviposition. Adding any of the positive-compounds to the 5c resulted in loss of oviposition deterrence, suggesting the 5c as the key deterrent component blend. The blend was also effective in no-choice assays and when applied on cucumbers, a preferred host of Z. cucurbitae. When given a choice, Z. cucurbitae made 48.5% fewer visits, spent 39% less time, and oviposited 88.2% fewer eggs per min on 5c treated pumpkin agar than on control agar, suggesting that the 5c blend has both spatial repellency and contact deterrence. Given that all compounds are registered food additives and generally regarded as safe, this blend has potential application in behavioral control strategies, such as push-pull, to protect host fruit against Z. cucurbitae.

Effect of electron beam irradiation pretreatment on the structural, physicochemical properties of potato starch-fatty acid complexes and the proliferation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis

The effects of different electron beam irradiation doses (5 KGy, 10 KGy, 20 KGy) on the complexation of potato starch with four saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths, i.e., lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA), palmitic acid (PA), and stearic acid (SA), were investigated, including structural properties, physicochemical properties, digestive properties, and the effect of Bifidobacteria proliferation. The complexing index increased significantly with increasing irradiation dose and showed the following order: 20 KGy > 10 KGy > 5 KGy > native starch. At irradiation dose of 20 KGy, PA (88.75 %) showed the highest complexing index, followed by MA (87.40 %), SA (82.95 %) and LA (72.33 %). The results of microstructure, relative crystallinity, gelatinization enthalpy, contact angle, and resistant starch content in starch-fatty acid complexes were consistent with the complexing index. In vitro digestion indicated that at irradiation dose of 20 KGy, the addition of PA yielded the highest content of resistant starch (50.35 %), followed by MA (49.25 %), SA (47.05 %) and LA (44.72 %). The four complexes were eventually assessed for their effects on Bifidobacteria's proliferation, with PA exerting the strongest proliferative effects, followed by MA, SA and LA. Overall, electron beam irradiation exhibited good application prospects in the field of starchy food processing and functional foods development.

Structural Design, H-Bonding Interactions, Vibrational Properties, Periodic-DFT Calculations, and Antibacterial Activity of a Nicotinamide Cocrystal Using Tetradecanoic Acid as a Coformer

Structural Design, H-Bonding Interactions, Vibrational Properties, Periodic-DFT Calculations, and Antibacterial Activity of a Nicotinamide Cocrystal Using Tetradecanoic Acid as a Coformer

Dietary oyster mushroom fermented Vachellia erioloba pods enhance Boschveld chicken meat healthiness without altering its physicochemical quality, growth performance and physiology

The high content of fibre and antinutritional phytochemicals limit the utilization of Vachellia erioloba tree pods as nutraceutical feed additive for indigenous chicken diets. The pods can however be solid-state fermented using oyster mushrooms to enhance the nutritional utility of their spent substrate for the nutrition of the native birds. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary incorporation of V. erioloba pods oyster mushroom spent substrate (OMSS) on growth performance, carcass traits, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry, and meat quality including its fatty acid composition in Boschveld chickens. In a completely randomized design, 250 4-week old mixed gender Boschveld chicks were randomly allotted to 25 pens in which they were offered treatment diets (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10% OMSS) each with 5 replicates of 10 for 12 weeks and then slaughtered. While there were neither linear nor quadratic effects of diet on overall feed intake (FI) (P > 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) (P > 0.05), dietary incorporation of OMSS decreased overall feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (quadratic: P < 0.05) particularly in weeks 5 (linear: P < 0.05), 6 (quadratic: P < 0.01) and 11 (quadratic: P < 0.05) with no effects in subsequent weeks (P > 0.05). Also, OMSS induced no effects on all carcass characteristics, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry and meat physico-chemical quality (P > 0.05) except for the increase in serum albumin (quadratic: P < 0.05) and bilirubin (quadratic: P < 0.05) as well as 24 h post-slaughter meat lightness (linear: P < 0.01), redness (quadratic: P < 0.05), yellowness (linear: P < 0.05), hue angle (quadratic: P < 0.05), and drip loss (quadratic: P < 0.05). Further, the spent substrate decreased meat myristic (linear: P < 0.01), palmitic (linear: P < 0.05), palmitoleic (linear: P < 0.01), and oleic (linear: P < 0.01) acids, as well as its total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (linear: P < 0.05), monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) (quadratic: P < 0.01), and n-6 PUFAs (linear: P < 0.05). Furthermore, it decreased the meat n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (quadratic: P < 0.01), with meat from birds fed diets incorporated with 2.5% OMSS eliciting the lowest ratio of 3.63. In contrast, dietary OMSS increased meat stearic (linear: P < 0.001), docosahexaenoic (quadratic: P < 0.01), and tricosanoic (linear: P < 0.001) acid concentrations as well as its total saturated FAs (SFAs) (linear: P < 0.01) and n-3 PUFAs (quadratic: P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary feeding of V. erioloba pods-derived OMSS enhanced meat nutritional healthiness without majorly altering its physico-chemical quality as well as growth performance, carcass traits, and haemato-biochemistry in Boschveld indigenous chickens. It is recommended for inclusion in indigenous chicken diets at 2.5% level.

Invasive Seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Activity

Rugulopteryx okamurae (RO) is a species of brown seaweed that has invaded several shorelines worldwide, including the Spanish Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar coasts, causing serious environmental and economic problems. This work aimed to characterize the bioactive composition of RO. A high content of carbohydrates (58.7 ± 2.6 wt%), fats (17.1 ± 0.4 wt%), and ashes (14.3 ± 0.2 wt%) were found, together with lower protein content (5.5 ± 1.8 wt%). Holocellulose was the most abundant polysaccharide fraction (49.2 ± 1.3 wt%), showing 43.4 ± 2.0 wt% of cellulose and 5.8 ± 0.7 wt% of hemicellulose, followed by lignin (18.9 ± 2.5 wt%). The monosaccharides composition showed a high level of glucose (13.2 ± 1 wt%) and glucuronic acid (9.3 ± 0.5 wt%). RO contained high levels of essential nutrients (Ca, K, Na, S, Mg), trace minerals (Mn, Mo, Se, and Cu), and some toxic heavy metals (Ni, Cd, As). The main fatty acid present in RO was palmitic acid (C16:0, 30.8 ± 3.0 mg/100 g), followed by myristic acid (C14:0, 19.3 ± 2.4 mg/100 g) and eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4, 19.2 ± 1.3 mg/100 g). The extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) presented significant contents of polyphenols (2.7 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (3.0 ± 0.4 mg TE/g DPPH, 4.5 ± 0.3 mg TE/g ABTS, 4.7 ± 0.3 mg TE/g FRAP). Six main polyphenols were identified by HPLC-MS/MS, showing higher contents of gallic acid (20.7 ± 1.5 mg/g) and chlorogenic acid (9.7 ± 0.5 mg/g). These results highlight the possibilities offered in the valorization of RO to obtain bioactive compounds with antioxidant performance in several applications.

Hibernation changes tissue specific lipophilic profile of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)

Chilo partellus undergo hibernation to survive under harsh winter conditions. We investigated changes in lipophilic profiles of larval and pupal whole body and tissues (haemolymph, fat bodies and integument) of hibernation and non-hibernation C. partellus strains. Significantly higher amount of lipids was found in whole body of pre-hibernation and hibernation larvae than non-hibernation larvae. At tissue level, total lipids were significantly higher in haemolymph and fat bodies of pre-hibernation, and integument of non-hibernation larvae. In whole body of larvae and pupae of hibernation and non-hibernation strains, most abundant fatty acids were oleic acid (16.4%–23%), palmitic acid (14.6%–19.3%), linoleic acid (9.3%–11.6%), palmitoleic acid (3.7%–7.3%) and stearic acid (1.7%–2.8%). Further, at tissue level, myristic, palmitoleic, palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids in fat bodies; and stearic acid in the integument of hibernation larvae were higher as compared to other body parts and larval stages of C. partellus. In pupal tissues, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids were higher in the haemolymph and fat bodies of non-hibernation pupae than post-hibernation pupae. Among the unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), the palmitoleic acid significantly increased in all the larval tissues, and linoleic acid in fat bodies and integument, while oleic acid significantly decreased in integument of hibernation as compared to non-hibernation larvae of C. partellus. These information on adaptive remodelling of lipids at tissue level might help in future physiological, molecular, ecological and pest management studies on C. partellus.

Enhancing gene delivery efficiency with amphiphilic chitosan modified by myristic acid and tertiary amino groups

The aim of this study is to synthesize new amphiphilic chitosan containing myristic acid as the hydrophobic tail and tertiary amine groups as the hydrophilic head and to evaluate the gene delivery efficiency. In this context, the primary amine groups of chitosan were first modified with myristic acid (Chi-M), followed by the modification of the methylol groups with 3-dimethylamino-1-propyl chloride hydrochloride. The chemical characterization of this chitosan formulation (Chi-MA) was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and gel permeation chromatography-size exclusion chromatography. Chi-MA nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation, and particle size, polydispersity and zeta potential were determined. The nanoparticles were evaluated for their proton buffering capacity and gene complexing capacity. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of Chi-MA on HEK293T cells was determined via MTT assay, and the transfection efficiency of Chi-MA was analyzed by a flow cytometer. The results indicate a significant increase in gene complexing capacity (8-fold) and nanoparticle formation ability of Chi-MA compared to other chitosan formulations. Chi-MA nanoparticles showed no toxicity against HEK293T cells and exhibited the highest transfection efficiency with significantly lower nanoparticle: gene ratios compared to previous studies. These findings demonstrate the effective use of amphiphilic Chi-MA as a gene carrier.

Effects of Methionine on Milk Performance and Milk Constituents of Lactating Donkeys.

This study investigated the effects of adding methionine (Met) in milk production and the milk and blood metabolites of lactating donkeys. Eighteen healthy multiparous donkeys in early-stage lactation were selected for this study. The donkeys were randomly divided into three groups and fed diets with different levels of Met: control group (C, Met 0 g/d), Met group I (M1, Met 5 g/d), and Met group II (M2, Met 15 g/d). The total duration of the experiment was 5 weeks. Donkey milk and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. The milk yield and composition, milk, and serum metabolites were analyzed. The results showed that the addition of 5 g of Met significantly increased milk yield as well as the milk composition contents of protein, fat, lactoferrin, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PFA), solids, and solids-not-fat (SNF) (p < 0.05). Significant differences in metabolites were detected among the different samples of milk (p < 0.05). The addition of Met increased the levels of milk metabolites, such as myristic acid, d-glutamine, l-aspartic acid, and LPS 16:0. A total of 753 metabolites were detected in the serum, including 17 differential metabolites between C and M1 and 48 differential metabolites between C and M2. The levels of serum metabolites, such as l-ascorbate, inositol, and l-lysine, were up-regulated by the addition of Met (p < 0.05). The above results indicated that Met increased donkey milk production and milk composition yield and improved milk metabolites by regulating serum metabolites. These results provide a foundation for improving the nutritional needs of lactating donkeys and the nutritional regulation of donkey milk synthesis.

Synthesis of the Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) Seed Oil for Use as the Main Ingredient in the Production of Herbal Massage Oil

This study focused on synthesizing fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed oil via transesterification for use as the primary ingredient in herbal massage oil production. Optimal conditions included 5 wt.% of KOH catalyst compared to the oil weight, 15:1 molar ratio of ethanol to Krabok seed oil, 60 min for reaction time and reaction temperature of 78 ± 3 °C, resulting in FAEE yields as high as 99.83 ± 0.17 %. Analysis using FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC techniques revealed FAEE as ester-type compounds, primarily comprising lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), constituting 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids and 3 wt.% unsaturated fatty acids. Physicochemical properties indicated clear yellow liquids with viscosity of 1.73 ± 0.03 cSt/s, density of 0.8199 ± 0.0049 g/cm3, cloud point of +4 °C, and pour point of –1 °C. Acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, water content and oxidation stability were measured at 0.703 ± 0.001 mg KOH/g of oil, 0.354 ± 0.001 wt.%, 0.59 ± 0.04 g I2/100 g of oil, 1482.3 ± 6.15 ppm, and greater than 12 h, respectively. When the synthesized FAEE was used to produce herbal massage oil products, the results showed that the herbal massage oil products were characterized as a clear yellow liquid with no sediment, low viscosity, and pH in the range of 5 - 6, meeting standard criteria. Thus, FAEE derived from Krabok seed oil is suitable as a primary ingredient for herbal massage oil production, enhancing the value of local resources within the community. HIGHLIGHTS Under optimal conditions of 5 wt.% KOH catalyst, 15:1 ethanol to oil ratio, 60 min at 78 ± 3 °C, FAEE was synthesized from Krabok seed oil for herbal massage oil, yielding 99.83 ± 0.17 %. FAEE, identified via FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC, comprises 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and myristic acid) and 3 wt.% unsaturated. The herbal massage oil derived from FAEE as the primary ingredient meets clarity, low viscosity, and pH 5 - 6 standards. FAEE from Krabok seed oil enhances the value of local resources. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Experimental investigation of dodecanoic acid–tetradecanoic acid–dodecanol ternary mixture based nanoparticle enriched-phase change material for food preservation applications

In this research, a novel phase change material (PCM), containing dodecanoic acid-tetradecanoic acid-dodecanol ternary mixture, designated as pure mixture, dispersed with two carbon-based nanoparticles, i.e., graphene nanoplatelets - multiwall carbon nanotube and graphene nanoplatelets-titanium dioxide, with 1% weight fraction, is prepared and is designated as nanoparticle-enriched-phase change material. The chemical and thermal analysis of pure ternary mixture and nanoparticle-enriched-phase change material was conducted using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, Thermo gravimetric analyser and Thermal conductivity analyser techniques. The pure mixture possess melting and freezing temperature of 15.6°C and 8.4°C with a melting-freezing latent heat (LH) of 131.5 J/g and 125.4 J/g, respectively. The thermal conductivity exhibited a significant increase of 187.6% in the case of pure mixture with graphene nanoplatelets- multiwall carbon nanotube and 41.7% for pure mixture with graphene nanoplatelets-titanium dioxide. Moreover, the PCM remained thermally stable in both cases, even with the incorporation of nanoparticles. The melting as well as freezing LHs were reduced by about 18.17% and 18.02% for graphene nanoplatelets- multiwall carbon nanotube dispersed PCM and, 12.49% and 9.49% for graphene nanoplatelets- titanium dioxide dispersed PCM, respectively, in comparison with the pure mixture. Similarly, the melting/freezing temperatures, gets also reduced by 9.6%/8.3% and 10.9%/8.3%, respectively, for both mixtures. The pure mixture with graphene nanoplatelets- multiwall carbon nanotube exhibited a substantial decrease in both charging and discharging times, with reductions of 28.48% and 18.73%, respectively, in comparison to pure mixture, at an air inlet velocity of 3 m/s.

Dysbiosis index and fecal concentrations of sterols, long-chain fatty acids and unconjugated bile acids in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy.

Canine protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a syndrome characterized by gastrointestinal loss of proteins. While fecal microbiome and metabolome perturbations have been reported in dogs with chronic enteropathy, they have not been widely studied in dogs with PLE. Therefore, the study aims were to investigate gut microbiome and targeted fecal metabolites in dogs with inflammatory PLE (iPLE) and evaluate whether treatment affects these changes at short-term follow-up. Thirty-eight dogs with PLE and histopathological evidence of gastrointestinal inflammation and 47 healthy dogs were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected before endoscopy (T0) and after one month of therapy (T1). Microbiome and metabolome alterations were investigated using qPCR assays (dysbiosis index, DI) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (long-chain fatty acids, sterols, unconjugated bile acids), respectively. Median (min-max) DI of iPLE dogs was 0.4 (-5.9 to 7.7) and was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than median DI in healthy dogs [-2.0 (-6.0 to 5.3)]. No significant associations were found between DI and selected clinicopathological variables. DI did not significantly differ between T0 and T1. In iPLE dogs, at T0, myristic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, cis-vaccenic, stearic, arachidonic, gondoic, docosanoic, erucic, and nervonic acids were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than healthy dogs. In iPLE dogs, oleic acid (p = 0.044), stearic acid (p = 0.013), erucic acid (p = 0.018) and nervonic acid (p = 0.002) were significantly decreased at T1. At T0, cholesterol and lathosterol (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in iPLE dogs compared to healthy dogs, while total measured phytosterols were significantly lower (p = 0.001). No significant differences in total sterols, total phytosterols and total zoosterols content were found at T1, compared to T0. At T0, total primary bile acids and total secondary bile acids did not significantly differ between healthy control dogs and iPLE dogs. No significant differences in fecal bile acid content were found at T1. Dysbiosis and lipid metabolism perturbations were observed in dogs with iPLE. Different therapeutic protocols lead to an improvement of some but not all metabolome perturbations at short-term follow-up.

Development and characterisation of myristic acid-paraffin wax, silica fume and zinc oxide cementitious composites for thermal control in buildings

This study focuses on the development of a cement-based phase change material (CBPCM) to improve thermal performance in construction applications. The CBPCM was synthesised by blending 90 wt% of myristic acid with 10 wt% of paraffin wax, absorbed into 10 wt% of silica fume to prevent leakage. Additionally, 5 wt% of zinc oxide was added to improve thermal conductivity. A leakage test conducted with 10 wt% of SF exhibited no signs of leakage during thermal cycling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) established the uniform dispersion of the nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) within the cement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed no chemical structure changes after 100 thermal cycles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed thermal stability in the temperature range of 74.8–236.64 °C with a mass loss of 6.3 wt%. The material demonstrated minimal variation in phase change temperatures and latent heats after 100 cycles. The latent heat of the CBPCM was 1.09 J/g during melting and 1.887 J/g during solidification. Incorporating NEPCM into the cement increased the thermal conductivity of the cement matrix to 0.559 W/m K. These findings underline the potential of the CBPCM for energy-efficient construction, offering enhanced thermal storage, stability, and conductivity.

The fabrication of gastrointestinal pH-responsive sodium alginate surface-modified protein vehicles to improve limonin digestive stability, bioaccessibility and trans-intestinal mucus barrier capacity

Protein-based delivery systems tend to degrade too quickly in the gastrointestinal tract. Applying polysaccharide-based surface coatings on protein carriers is an effective strategy to prevent interference from gastric acid and proteases during the digestive process. This study prepared gastrointestinal pH-responsive bovine serum albumin (BSA)-myristic acid (MA) carriers using sodium alginate (SA)-based surface coating technology to improve the digestive properties and intestinal mucus penetration of limonin (LM). The results showed that ultrasonication caused uniform hydrophilic BSA and MA particle formation in optimal conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations confirmed that SA adhered to the BSA-MA particle surfaces via electrostatic interaction at pH 4, causing the controlled gastrointestinal release of the self-assembled BSA-MA complexes. The subsequent SA-BSA-MA complexes displayed an LM encapsulation yield (EY) of >84%. In vitro, simulated gastrointestinal digestion indicated that compared with free LM, the SA-BSA-MA particles significantly increased the intestinal LM retention rate, bioaccessibility, and micellization rate by 45.49%, 155.48%, and 102.14%, respectively. The results of the artificial intestinal mucus experiments demonstrated that the trans-intestinal mucus barrier capacity of SA-BSA-MA particle-loaded LM was significantly enhanced. Its apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) (6.53 × 10−6 cm/s for free LM) and intestinal mucus permeability (17.56% for free LM) increased substantially to 14.22 × 10−6 cm/s and 38.22%. This study presents a gastrointestinal pH-responsive delivery system that effectively improves the ability of hydrophobic nutrients to cross the intestinal mucus barrier.

12548 Mammary De Novo Lipogenesis During A Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp

Abstract Disclosure: T.M. Fordham: None. M. Ramos-Roman: None. E.J. Parks: Consulting Fee; Self; Simply Good Foods. Stock Owner; Self; Sagimet Biosciences. Other; Self; Past President of The Obesity Society. Introduction: The mammary produces large amounts of medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Long-chain saturated fatty acids found in human milk primarily derive from the maternal diet or from the mobilization of stored triglycerides. Previous studies have established the importance of insulin in stimulating mammary differentiation, milk synthesis, and lipogenesis. However, no studies have assessed how changes in insulin concentrations alter human mammary de novo lipogenesis (DNL) nor what effect gestational diabetes may have on insulin’s relationship to lipogenesis during lactation. Through the utilization of stable isotopes and the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique, we tested the differing concentrations of insulin to stimulate mammary DNL. Methods: Eight women (32±4 yrs) with (GDM, n=4) or without (NGT, n=4) recent gestational diabetes and overweight or obesity (28.2±2.9 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in this study at 6 weeks postpartum. The night before the study, participants orally consumed 3 doses of 70% deuterated water to label newly made fatty acids. Participants arrived in the morning for IV placement and immediately pumped milk contralaterally for 20 minutes. Milk was pumped two hours later, again at the end of step 1 of the clamp (10 mU/m2/min) and once more after step 2 (either 20 or 40 mU/m2/min). Milk triglycerides were extracted and prepared for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The incorporation of deuterium into milk triglyceride-fatty acids was the primary outcome. Results: Fasting insulin concentrations were significantly associated with newly-made 16:0 in milk triglycerides (r=0.85, P=0.01). Of all measured triglyceride 16:0, 1.6±1.0% were made de novo. This percentage increased 1.5-fold by the end of step 2 of the clamp (P=0.06). Fasting milk DNL 14:0 was 12.3±4.8% which was significantly greater than DNL 16:0 (P&amp;lt;0.01). DNL 14:0 increased 1.7-fold during step 2 (P=0.04). For both milk triglyceride 12:0 and 14:0 derived from DNL, a significant effect across clamp-stage was observed (P&amp;lt;0.001 for both), but not an effect of group (P=0.12, P=0.11, respectively). Bonferroni posthoc analyses revealed that the insulin effect was significant for both groups for 12:0 (GDM, P=0.02; NGT, P &amp;lt;0.01) and 14:0 (GDM, P&amp;lt;0.01; NGT, P=0.01). Interpretation: The present study is the first to assess the acute effect of a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp on the synthesis of newly-made triglyceride fatty acids in human milk. These results suggest that the increases in mammary DNL may be fatty acid specific, favoring that of lauric and myristic acids, but not longer chain fatty acids like palmitate. Mammary lipogenesis was stimulated by insulin in all subjects regardless of recent gestational diabetes diagnosis. The role mammary DNL plays in overall milk fat content deserves further investigation. Presentation: 6/3/2024

12548 Mammary De Novo Lipogenesis During A Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp

Abstract Disclosure: T.M. Fordham: None. M. Ramos-Roman: None. E.J. Parks: Consulting Fee; Self; Simply Good Foods. Stock Owner; Self; Sagimet Biosciences. Other; Self; Past President of The Obesity Society. Introduction: The mammary produces large amounts of medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Long-chain saturated fatty acids found in human milk primarily derive from the maternal diet or from the mobilization of stored triglycerides. Previous studies have established the importance of insulin in stimulating mammary differentiation, milk synthesis, and lipogenesis. However, no studies have assessed how changes in insulin concentrations alter human mammary de novo lipogenesis (DNL) nor what effect gestational diabetes may have on insulin’s relationship to lipogenesis during lactation. Through the utilization of stable isotopes and the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique, we tested the differing concentrations of insulin to stimulate mammary DNL. Methods: Eight women (32±4 yrs) with (GDM, n=4) or without (NGT, n=4) recent gestational diabetes and overweight or obesity (28.2±2.9 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in this study at 6 weeks postpartum. The night before the study, participants orally consumed 3 doses of 70% deuterated water to label newly made fatty acids. Participants arrived in the morning for IV placement and immediately pumped milk contralaterally for 20 minutes. Milk was pumped two hours later, again at the end of step 1 of the clamp (10 mU/m2/min) and once more after step 2 (either 20 or 40 mU/m2/min). Milk triglycerides were extracted and prepared for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The incorporation of deuterium into milk triglyceride-fatty acids was the primary outcome. Results: Fasting insulin concentrations were significantly associated with newly-made 16:0 in milk triglycerides (r=0.85, P=0.01). Of all measured triglyceride 16:0, 1.6±1.0% were made de novo. This percentage increased 1.5-fold by the end of step 2 of the clamp (P=0.06). Fasting milk DNL 14:0 was 12.3±4.8% which was significantly greater than DNL 16:0 (P&amp;lt;0.01). DNL 14:0 increased 1.7-fold during step 2 (P=0.04). For both milk triglyceride 12:0 and 14:0 derived from DNL, a significant effect across clamp-stage was observed (P&amp;lt;0.001 for both), but not an effect of group (P=0.12, P=0.11, respectively). Bonferroni posthoc analyses revealed that the insulin effect was significant for both groups for 12:0 (GDM, P=0.02; NGT, P &amp;lt;0.01) and 14:0 (GDM, P&amp;lt;0.01; NGT, P=0.01). Interpretation: The present study is the first to assess the acute effect of a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp on the synthesis of newly-made triglyceride fatty acids in human milk. These results suggest that the increases in mammary DNL may be fatty acid specific, favoring that of lauric and myristic acids, but not longer chain fatty acids like palmitate. Mammary lipogenesis was stimulated by insulin in all subjects regardless of recent gestational diabetes diagnosis. The role mammary DNL plays in overall milk fat content deserves further investigation. Presentation: 6/3/2024

One step beyond for CNSL‐based plasticizers for PVC: Use of cardol

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is a widely employed plastic across diverse industries and is often associated with plasticizers, additives that decrease the inherent rigidity and brittleness of the material. Conventional phthalate‐based plasticizers raise substantial toxicity concerns, encouraging the exploration of bio‐based alternatives. One such alternative is the inedible oil, cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), mainly composed of cardanol and cardol. Recent efforts have focused on developing a cardanol‐based PVC plasticizers but the isolation of cardanol involves time‐consuming, energy‐intensive, and costly steps, limiting its market competitiveness. This study aims to assess for the first time, the efficiency of cardol esters, synthesized using acetic acid and different fatty acids (octanoic acid and myristic acid), in order to evaluate the influence of the alkyl chain on plasticizer properties. The chemical structures of these plasticizers were fully characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties and thermal behavior of PVC films plasticized with these additives were investigated. Finally, the endocrine activity was evaluated for cardol and cardanol acetates.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity and Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Horsfieldia polyspherula Bark (Myristicaceae).

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition brought on by aging and characterised by progressive decline in cognitive function and abnormalities in the central cholnergic system. β-amyloid deposits, neurofibril tangle aggregation, oxidative stress or reduced level of acetylcholine are a few causes that have been linked to AD. In this study, the bioassay-guided isolation from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Horsfieldia polyspherula bark led to the isolation of nine compounds namely, 16-phenylhexadecanoic acid (1), undecylbenzene (2), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3), dodecanoic acid (4), tetradecanoic acid (5), pentadecanoic acid (6), 1-tridecene (7), stigmasterol (8) and trimyristin (9). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, lignin, alkaloids, phytosterol and triterpenoids. The DPPH scavenging activity of EtOAc extract was related to the phenolic content (116.67 ± 16.98 GAE mg/g) and other non-phenolics such as lower fatty acids. Meanwhile, the DPPH scavenging activity was found to be concentration-dependent and correlated with both flavonoid and phenolic content. Furthermore, EtOAc and methanol (MeOH) extracts of H. polyspherula bark showed significant inhibitory activity at 100 μg/mL on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), with EtOAc extract showing 77.2% and 64.1% inhibition and MeOH extract showing 37.5% and 39.2% inhibition, respectively. Additionally, the IC50 for BuChE and AChE of the EtOAc extract were found to be effective, with 15.41 ± 0.78 μg/mL and 7.67 ± 0.13 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 1 exhibited dual inhibition of 40.99 ± 1.99 μM (BuChE) and 46.83 ± 2.44 μM (AChE), while compounds 2 and 3 showed IC50 values above 200 μM. This study revealed that this plant shows a significant potential as anti-cholinesterase focusing on acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). This is the first report on Horsfieldia polyspherula and their biological activity.

Linking Ab initio density functional theory with modelling reaction microkinetics to understand catalytic fatty acids hydro-deoxygenation intermediate species selectivity

Catalyst surfaces enable the catalytic reactions via binding of substrates and lowering the reaction barriers to obtain the desired products. Separating the binding process from the reaction barriers enables us the understanding of surface properties and enables the reaction engineering strategies such as choice of solvents or functional groups protections. Through the modelling of the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of fatty acids, namely Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic, Myristic and Decanoic acid we show why the alkanes are the ideal solvent choice for NiMoS catalyst, why the alcohols side products form, regardless of the kinetic constant indicating fast dehydration, why the aldehydes intermediates are rarely detected and why hydrogenation of double bonds supersedes other kinetics events. We confirm the DFT calculations by integrating them into the kinetic model which confirms that the obtained results are sensible and usable in reaction engineering. The results are supported by the detailed characterization of the NiMoS catalyst.